Dzitetezereni pa nthenda za m’Chakudya

“SINDINATHE kuchoka m’chimbudzi kwa maola 12,” akutero Becky. “Kupota kwa m’mimba kunali kwakukulu. Ndipo ndinatha madzi m’thupi, ndinafunikira kupatsidwa madzi kudzera m’mitsempha m’chipinda cha matenda ofuna chisamaliro chamwamsanga. Ndinapeza bwino patapita masabata aŵiri kapena atatu.”

Becky anadwala ndi chakudya cha poizoni, nthenda ya m’chakudya. Monga momwe zilili kwa odwala ake ambiri, iyeyo anachira. Koma amakumbukirabe kwambiri za kuvutika kwake. “Sindinadziŵe kuti chakudya cha poizoni chingakudwalitse kwambiri motero,” iye akutero.

Zochitika zonga chimenechi, ndi zina zoipa kwambiri, nzofala movutitsa maganizo. Ma bacteria ambiri, ma virus, ma parasite, ndi ma protozoa amafuna kuipitsa chakudya chathu. Ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti matenda ena a m’chakudya achepa m’maiko otukuka m’zaka zaposachedwapa, magazini a World Health akusimba kuti “tizilombo ta salmonellosis ndi tina talepheretsa zoyesayesa zonse za kutigonjetsa.”

Kuwonjezereka kwa chakudya cha poizoni nkovuta kukudziŵa chifukwa chakuti ambiri samapereka lipoti lake. Dr. Jane Koehler wa Centers for Disease Control ya ku United States akuti: “Zimene tikudziŵa nzochepa kwambiri.”

Kodi nchiyani chimene chimachititsa nthenda ya m’chakudya? Mungadabwe kudziŵa kuti kaŵirikaŵiri vutolo limayamba kukhalapo chakudyacho chisanafike kumsika wake.

Kufuya Mliri

Njira zofuyira zifuyo zamakono zimachititsa zifuyo kupatsirana tizilombo mofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States ng’ombe za m’mafamu pafupifupi 900,000 zimasonkhanitsidwa m’malo ophera ngo’mbe osafika zana limodzi mu indasitale ya nyama ya ng’ombe. Kusakaniza zifuyo kotero kungayambitse mliri pakati pa zina chifukwa cha ng’ombe zogwidwa matenda.

Ndiponso, Dr. Edward L. Menning, mkulu wa National Association of Federal Veterinarians, akunena kuti ku United States, “maperesenti makumi atatu kapena kuposa pamenepo a chakudya cha zifuyo ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa nthenda.” Nthaŵi zina chakudya cha zifuyo chimachulutsidwa ndi zotsalira zosafunika za m’malo ophera ng’ombewo kuti aziwonjezere maproteni—mchitidwe umene ungawanditse kachilombo ka salmonella ndi tizilombo tina. Pamene zifuyozo zipatsidwa mlingo wochepa wa mankhwala opha tizilombo tamatenda m’thupi ozichititsa kukula mwamsanga, tizilombo timapangitsidwa kukhala tosamva mankhwala. “Chitsanzo chabwino ndicho cha kachilombo ka salmonella, kamene kakukhala kosamva mankhwala mowonjezereka,” akutero Dr. Robert V. Tauxe wa Centers for Disease Control. “Tikuganiza kuti nchifukwa chakuti mankhwalawo akuperekedwa ku zifuyo zimene zimadyedwa. Zimenezi zingakhalenso chimodzimodzi pankhani ya tizilombo tina.”

Ku United States, peresenti yaing’ono chabe ya nkhuku ndi imene imakhala ndi salmonella m’matumbo mwake pamene azichotsa pamafamu ake kumka kumalo ake ophera, koma katswiri wa tizilombo Nelson Cox akunena kuti “tizilomboti timabalana mofulumira kuchokera pa maperesenti makumi aŵiri kukafika ku maperesenti makumi aŵiri ndi asanu pamene zili paulendo.” Pokhala zitatsekeredwa m’zikwere zazing’ono, nkhukuzo zimapatsirana nthenda mosavuta. Njira zofulumira zophera ndi zokonzera zimawonjezera ngoziyo. “Potsirizira pake nkhukuzo zimakhala zauve monga ngati anaziviika m’chimbudzi,” akutero katswiri wa tizilombo Gerald Kuester. “Zingakhale zitatsukidwa, koma tizilomboto timakhala tilimo.”

Mofananamo, kakonzedwe ka nyama yochuluka kangakhale kangozi. “Mitokoma ya chakudya m’malo ake okonzeramo imakhala yaikulu kwambiri kwakuti mtokoma umodzi kapena iŵiri ya chakudya chokhala ndi tizilombo chimene changofika ingaipitse matani ambiri a chakudya chimene chakonzedwa kale,” ikutero The Encyclopedia of Common Diseases. Mwachitsanzo, nthuli imodzi ya nyama ya ng’ombe ingaipitse humburger iliyonse yochokera m’makina ogayira amodzimodziwo. Ndiponso, chakudya chokonzedwa pa fakitale yake ndi kupititsidwa ku masitolo ndi malesitilanti chingaipe ngati sichisungidwa patemperecha yoyenera paulendo wakewo.

Kodi ndi chakudya chochuluka motani choipa chimene chimafika kumisika yake? “Yosachepera pa 60 peresenti ya chakudya chonse chimene chimagulitsidwa,” akutero Dr. Menning, akumanena za United States. Koma mungathe kudzitetezera pa nthenda za m’chakudya, popeza magazini a FDA Consumer akunena kuti “30 peresenti ya nthenda zonse zimenezo imakhalapo chifukwa cha kusasamala bwino chakudya kunyumba.” Kodi ndi njira zotani zimene mungatenge?

Musanachigule . . .

Ŵerengani lebulo yake. Kodi nsanganizo zake nzotani? Samalani ngati agwiritsira ntchito mazira osaphika, monga ngati mu salad dressing kapena mu mayonnaise. Mkaka ndi tchizi ziyenera kukhala ndi lebulo yakuti “pasteurized.” Yang’anani pa mawu achenjezo olembedwapo deti a kuti “sell by” kapena akuti “use by.” Musangolingalira kuti nzotetezereka pamene akunena kuti zili ndi zinthu zozoloŵereka; zingakuloŵetseni m’ngozi imene zinthu zina zowonjezera m’zakudya zinalinganizidwa kuti zikukutetezereni.

Pendani chakudyacho ndi choikamo chake. Ngati chikuoneka kukhala chakale, musachigule. Ngati ndi nsomba, iyenera kukhala ndi maso abwinobwino, malakwilakwi ofiira, ndi mnofu wosasumbudzuka ndi wolimba, ndipo minofu yake iyenera kukhala yoyera ndi yonyezimira, yopanda fungo loipa. Nsomba ziyenera kukhala m’malo ozizira kapena m’firiji. Kuipitsidwa kungachitike pamene nsomba zophikaphika ziikidwa pamodzi ndi zaziŵisi. Ndiponso, zakudya zokhala m’zitini ndi m’mabotolo obooka, ophwanyika zingachititse botulism—nthenda ya poizoni yakupha imene sichitika kaŵirikaŵiri imene imawononga dongosolo la mitsempa yomka ku ubongo.

Musanachidye . . .

Chiphikeni mokwanira. Imeneyi ndiyo imodzi ya njira zazikulu koposa yodzitetezera kugwidwa ndi matenda. “Onani monga ngati kuti chakudya chilichonse chochokera ku nyama nchoipitsidwa ndipo chisamalireni bwino,” akulangiza motero Dr. Cohen. Mazira ayenera kuphikidwa kufikira ndongwe yake ndi choyera zitalimba, osati kunanda. Popeza kuti tizilombo tingakule m’matemperecha a pakati pa madigiri anai ndi 60 digiri Celsius, nyama iyenera kuphikidwa kwakuti pakati pake pafikire 71 digiri Celsius, ndipo nyama ya nkhuku iyenera kuphikidwa kufikira pa 82 digiri Celsius.

Khalani ndi chizoloŵezi cha kuphika kwaudongo. Ziŵiya zonse ziyenera kutsukidwa bwinobwino mutazigwiritsira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena amanena kuti zodulirapo zakudya zamatabwa zinganyamule tizilombo tambiri, kufufuza kwina kukusonyeza kuti izo nzotetezerekapo kuposa zodulirapo zakudya zapulasitiki.a Komabe tsukani bwinobwino ndi sopo ndi madzi otentha chodulirapo chilichonse chimene mumagwiritsira ntchito. Ena amatchulanso za kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zoyeretsera zovala. Sambani m’manja anu pambuyo pa kugwira nyama ndi nkhuku yaiŵisi, pakuti ngati mukhudza chilichonse chikhoza kuipa.

Samalani nthaŵi. Pititsani msanga kunyumba zakudya zogulidwa kusitolo. Ndiponso, “musatulutse chilichonse m’firiji ndi kuchisiya kunja kwa maola oposa aŵiri, kaya chikhale chophikidwa kapena chachiŵisi,” akutero katswiri wa zakudya Gail A. Levey. “Ngati temperecha ya kunja ili yoposa 32 digiri Celsius,” akuwonjezera motero, “chepetsani nthaŵiyo kukhala ola limodzi.”

Musanachisunge . . .

Gwiritsirani ntchito zoikamo zinthu zoyenera. Patulani chakudya chotentha ndi kuchiika m’zoikamo zinthu zazing’ono kuti chifulumire kuzizira m’firiji. Siyani mipata pakati pa zoikamo zinthuzo kotero kuti temperecha ya m’firiji kapena m’firiza isakwere. Zoikamo zinthu zonse ziyenera kuvindikiridwa popeŵa kuipitsa zina.

Pendani firiji yanu. Temperecha ya firiza siyenera kuposa -18 digiri Celcius, ndipo ya firiji siyenera kuposa pa 4 digiri Celcius. Pamene kuli kwakuti nyama ndi nkhuku zingasungidwe m’firiza kwa miyezi yambiri, izo zingayambe kuwonongeka m’firiji m’masiku ochepa chabe. Mazira ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mkati mwa masabata atatu. Kuti mupeŵe kusweka ndi kuti muwasunge ali ozizira bwino, ndi bwino koposa ngati muwasiya motengera mwake ndi kuwaika m’malo a pakati a firiji m’malo mwa kuwaika pamalo a mazira a mkati mwa chitseko cha firijiyo, amodzi a malo otentha koposa a m’firiji.

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zonse zimene zalongosoledwazo, ngati chakudya chioneka kukhala chokayikitsa kapena ngati chitulutsa fungo lina, chitayeni! Pamene kuli kwakuti nthenda ya m’chakudya kaŵirikaŵiri imadza ndi kutha popanda ngozi yaikulu, m’zochitika zina—makamaka kwa ana, okalamba, ndi awo amene thupi lawo silingadzitetezere kumatenda—ingakhale yakupha.b

Zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo Mulungu anauza Nowa kuti: “Nyama zonse, mbalame, ndi nsomba, . . . ndakupatsani zonse kuti mudye.” (Genesis 9:2, 3, Today’s English Version) Njira yophera ndi malo ake okonzerako limodzi ndi kugulitsidwa kwake kwakukulu zimasonyeza kuthekera kwa kugwidwa ndi nthenda ya mu nyama. Chotero, chitani mbali yanu monga wogula. Samalani pamene mukugula, kuphika, ndi kusunga chakudya chanu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

Pamene Mudyera chakudya Kumalo Ena

Mapikiniki. Gwiritsirani ntchito bokosi loziziritsira zinthu lotsekedwa bwino lokhala ndi ayezi. Kungakhale bwino kuliika m’malo okhalamo anthu a m’galimoto yanu m’malo mwa kuliika kubuti. Kupikiniki bokosilo liyenera kuikidwa pamthunzi mutalitseka ndi chivundikiro. Patulani pambali zakudya zosaphika zonse. Kuphika chakudyacho pang’ono kunyumba ndi kudzachimalizitsa powotchera si kwabwino, pakuti kuchiphika pang’onoko kumasonkhezera kukula kwa tizilombo.

Malesitilanti. “Peŵani malesitilanti amene ali opanda ukhondo,” akuchenjeza motero Dr. Jonathan Edlow. “Ngati malo ake odyera ali auve, mwinamwakenso kukhichini kwake nkotero.” Bwezani chakudya chilichonse chimene chifunikira kukhala “chotentha” ngati chili chozizira kapena chosapsa. Nkhuku imene ili yofiirira siyenera kudyedwa. Mazira okazinga ayenera kupsa bwino mbali zonse. “Pamene chachikasu chake chili chamadzi, ngozi yake imakhala yokulirapo,” ikuchenjeza motero FDA Consumer.

Malo ogulitsiramo zakudya zamasamba. Popeza kuti mmenemo amakonzeramo chakudya chosakanizidwa, chophikidwa ndi choziziritsidwa, malo ogulitsiramo zakudya zamasamba amakhala amene magazini a Newsweek amawatcha kuti “malo abwino koposa obaliramo tizilombo.” Pendani ukhondo wa malo ogulitsiramo zakudya zamasamba, ndipo tsimikizirani kuti chakudya chimene chiyenera kuziziritsidwa chaikidwa m’malo okhala ndi ayezi. Ngakhale pamene malo ogulitsiramo zakudya zamasamba asungidwa bwino, anthu angapatsirane tizilomboto. Monga mmene katswiri wa tizilombo Michael Pariza ananenera kuti: “Simungadziŵe amene anamalizira kugwira supuni yotengera imene mukugwiritsira ntchito.”

Macheza. Dr. Edlow akunena kuti pamene apereka chakudya chodzitengera, mwini chakudyayo ayenera “kuika chakudya chochepa pa thebulo ndi kuchiwonjezera kuchokera mu firiji kapena kuchokera pamoto m’malo mwa kuika chakudyacho poyera kwa nthaŵi yaitali.” Ikani chakudya chofuna kuzizira pa 4 digiri Celsius ndipo chakudya chotentha kuposa 60 digiri Celsius. Nyama yophikidwa kuti idzadyedwe mtsogolo muyenera kuiika msanga m’firiji ndipo muyenera kuisiya mmenemo kufikira pamene munyamuka ulendo. Musanadye chakudyacho, chitenthetseni bwinobwino.

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Ngati siioneka kukhala yalero, musaigule

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Kodi khichini ya mu lesitilanti kumene mumadyera njaudongo?