Kufunafuna Maphunziro Abwino

MAPHUNZIRO abwino amakonzekeretsa ana kuti adzakhale ndi moyo wabwino m’chitaganya chamakono. Amawapatsa maluso akuphunzira, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kuŵerenga ndi kulemba bwino ndi kuŵerengera masamu. Ndiponso, amathandizira kuyanjana kwawo ndi ena ndi kulimbikitsa miyezo yabwino ya makhalidwe.

Komabe, chifukwa chakuti zinozo ndi nthaŵi zoŵaŵitsa, maphunziro otero ngovuta kwambiri kuwapeza. Mphunzitsi wina wanthaŵi yaitali wa ku Australia anadandaula kuti: “Makalasi apangidwa ndi ana okonda chiwawa, amene amatukwana; ana otopa ndi kusagona chifukwa cha kuonenerera TV; ana anjala; ndi ana oleredwa popanda mwambo.” Ndipo aphunzitsi angakuuzeni kuti: “Ana osamva ngosaphunzitsika.”

Albert Shanker, pulezidenti wa American Federation of Teachers, anafotokoza vuto la aphunzitsi kuti: “Afunikira kuwaphunzitsa za kuipa kwa anamgoneka ndi zakumwa zaukali, ndi kugonana, . . . mmene wophunzira angapezere chidaliro mwa iye mwini, mmene angadziŵire kagulu koswa lamulo, . . . ndi zinthu zina zambirimbiri. Kuwaphunzitsa zonse kusiyapo maphunziro enieni. . . . Kwenikweni zimene akupemphedwa kuchita ndizo kukhala antchito yothandiza osauka, anakubala, atate, aphungu azaumoyo, apolisi, akatswiri azakudya, antchito zaumoyo, madokotala.”

Kodi nchifukwa ninji zimenezi zimafunika kwa aphunzitsi? Malongosoledwe achidule onena za amene ali m’kalasi lina mumzinda wina waukulu kumpoto koma chakummaŵa kwa United States akusonyeza chifukwa chake. The New York Times inatchula ndemanga za katswiri wina zonena za kalasi wamba la ophunzira 23. Iye anati “mwina 8 kufikira 15 ali amphaŵi; 3 anaberekedwa ndi amawo amene amagwiritsira ntchito anamgoneka; 15 amakhala ndi kholo limodzi.”

Mwachionekere, banja lili mkati mwa kunyonyotsoka. Ku United States, pafupifupi mwana mmodzi wobadwa pakati pa atatu alionse amakhala wapathengo, ndipo umodzi m’maukwati aŵiri alionse umathera m’chisudzulo. Komabe peresenti ya ana obadwira pathengo ku Denmark, France, Great Britain, ndi Sweden njokulirapo kwambiri. Kodi ndi zinthu zotani zimene zikupangidwa polimbana ndi mavuto amene amadzetsedwa ndi mkhalidwewo kusukulu?

Kufunafuna Zothetsera Mavuto

Sukulu zambiri zongoyesa kapena zamtundu wina zakhazikitsidwa. Kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi nzazing’ono—zikumatheketsa uyang’aniro wapafupi—ndipo zambiri zimakhala ndi makosi awoawo poyesayesa kukwaniritsa bwino zofunikira za anawo. Mu New York City, sukulu zazing’ono zotero 48 zatsegulidwa chiyambire 1993, ndipo zinanso 50 zikulinganizidwa. “Ndi chiwawa [cha sukulu] chimene chinayambitsa kuyesa kumeneku,” The New York Times inatero. Podzafika 1992 sukulu zamtundu wina zoposa 500 zinali zitayambitsidwa mu Russia, zokhala ndi ophunzira 333,000.

Komanso, The Toronto Star inasimba kuti: “Anthu zikwi zambiri akusamutsira ana awo kusukulu zosakhala za boma.” M’boma la ku Canada la Ontario lokha, pafupifupi ana 75,000 amamka kusukulu zosakhala za boma. Zimenezi tsopano zimapezekanso mu Russia monse, ndipo magazini a China Today akunena kuti izo zabuka mu China “monga mphukira za nsungwi pambuyo pa mvula yangululu.” The Handbook of Private Schools limapereka mpambo wa pafupifupi sukulu zimenezo 1,700 mu United States, kumene ndalama zake zolipirira sukulu pachaka zimakhala $20,000 kapena kuposa pamenepo.

Komabe makolo ena asankha kuphunzitsa ana awo kunyumba. Mu United States mokha, mukuyerekezeredwa kuti anthu ophunzitsa ana kunyumba awonjezereka kuchokera pa 15,000 mu 1970 kufikira pa anthu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi mu 1995.

Zotulukapo Zosiyana

Sukulu zonse m’dziko lapansi lonse sizikupeza zotulukapo zofanana. Mu July 1993, Shanker anauza gulu la aphunzitsi ena a United States kuti: “Maiko ena akuyang’anira sukulu ndipo akupeza zotulukapo zabwinopo kuposa zathu.” Popereka chitsanzo, iye anasimba za kukumana kwake ndi okwatirana ena aŵiri a ku Russia amene anali atasamukira ku United States. Anasimba kuti: “Iwo anati ngakhale kuti anali ataika mwana wawo wamng’ono kusukulu ina yabwino yosakhala ya boma, mwana wawo wokulirapo wa m’giredi lachisanu ndi chitatu anali kuphunzira zimene anali ataphunzira kale m’giredi lachitatu kwawo.”

Yemwe kale anali Soviet Union anayambitsa sukulu zimene zinaphunzitsa pafupifupi anthu ake onse kuŵerenga ndi kulemba. Komanso, malinga nkuyerekezera kwa Department of Education ya United States, Aamereka 27 miliyoni samatha kuŵerenga mawu apachikwangwani cha msewu kapena nambala ya pabasi. Ndipo Canberra Times ya Australia inasimba kuti “ana a sukulu zapulamimale ofikira 25 peresenti anali kupita kusukulu yasekondale ali osatha kuŵerenga ndi kulemba.”

Vuto la m’sukulu tsopano lafika pamlingo wina pafupifupi kulikonse. Buku la 1994 la Education and Society in the New Russia likunena kuti “72.6 peresenti ya aphunzitsi a ku Soviet (Union) amene anafunsidwa anavomereza kuti sukulu zinali m’vuto lalikulu.” Malinga nkunena kwa Tanya, mphunzitsi wanthaŵi yaitali ku Moscow, chochititsa chachikulu cha vutolo nchakuti “makolo ndi ophunzira omwe samaŵerengeranso maphunziro.” Mwachitsanzo, iye anati “mphunzitsi amalandira theka la malipiro a woyendetsa basi—kapena osafika theka.”

Maphunziro Abwino Ngofunika

Pamene chikhalidwe cha anthu chikucholoŵana kwambiri, maphunziro abwino amafunika kwambiri. M’malo ambiri maphunziro ofunika kukhozetsa wachichepere kupeza ntchito imene ingamchirikize iye ndi banja lake lamtsogolo akhala okwera kwambiri. Chotero, awo amene apeza maluso ofunika m’maphunziro amakhala ndi mwaŵi wabwinopo wa ntchito. Olemba ntchito makamaka amafuna kuona chinthu chofunika—ngati wofuna ntchitoyo angagwire bwino ntchitoyo.

Manijala wina wa ofesi yopeza antchito pofotokoza za omaliza maphunziro a sukulu zasekondale ambiri anati: “Sanaphunzitsidwe ntchito.” Anatinso: “Vuto limene olemba ntchito amandiuza nthaŵi zonse pochita ndi achichepere nlakuti iwowo samatha kuŵerenga kapena kulemba bwino. Samatha kulemba fomu lofunsira ntchito.”

Makolo angafunedi kuti ana awo apeze maphunziro abwino, ndiponso anawo angafune maphunzirowo mwanzeru. Koma nkofunika kuti agwiritsire ntchito mfungulo zofunika. Kodi mfungulozo nziti, ndipo kodi zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito motani?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 22]

Ku Russia, “mphunzitsi amalandira theka la malipiro a woyendetsa basi”