Kodi Akupambana Nkhondoyo?

“SAMALIRANI pulaneti lino, ndilo lokha lomwe tili nalo.” Limenelo linali pempho lochonderera la Prince Philip wa ku Britain, pulezidenti wa World Wide Fund for Nature.

Kalekale zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo, wamasalmo analemba kuti: “Kunena za kumwamba, kumwamba ndiko kwa Yehova; koma dziko lapansi analipereka kwa ana a anthu.” (Salmo 115:16) Mulungu anatipatsa dziko lapansi kukhala mudzi wathu, ndipo tiyenera kulisamalira. Nchimene ecology yakhalirako.

Kwenikweni liwulo “ecology” limatanthauza “kuphunzira za mudzi.”a Tanthauzo lina loperekedwa ndi The American Heritage Dictionary ndilo “kuphunzira za kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala kumene kutsungula kwamakono kumachita, ndi cholinga choletsa zimenezo kapena kuwakonza mwa kuwasunga bwino.” Mwachidule, ecology imatanthauza kupeza zimene munthu wawononga ndiyeno kupeza njira zozikonzera. Zimenezi nzovuta.

Zinthu Zitatu Zoonadi Ponena za Ecology

Barry Commoner, katswiri wa biology, m’buku lake lakuti Making Peace With the Planet, akutchula malamulo atatu a ecology osavuta kumva amene amathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake dziko lapansi silimamuka kuwonongeka chifukwa cha zochita za munthu.

Mbali zake zonse nzogwirizana. Monga momwe dzino lopweteka lingayambukire thupi lathu lonse, momwemonso kuwononga mbali imodzi ya zinthu zapadziko kungayambitse mpambo wa zovuta za malo okhala.

Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa zaka 40 zapitazo, 50 peresenti ya mitengo ya pamapiri a Himalaya ku Nepal yagwetsedwa kaamba ka nkhuni kapena zinthu zamatabwa. Pokhala itachotsedwapo mitengo, nthaka ya mapiriwo posapita nthaŵi inakokoloka pamene mvula yamkuntho inafika. Popanda dothi lapamwamba, mitengo yanthete sinathe kuzikika, ndipo mapiri ambiri anakhala opanda zomera. Chifukwa cha kudula mitengo, Nepal tsopano akutaya matani mamiliyoni ambiri a dothi lapamwamba chaka ndi chaka. Ndipo zovutazo sizili ku Nepal chabe.

Ku Bangladesh madzi a mvula zamkuntho, amene kale anali kutsopedwa ndi mitengo, amayenda mothamanga kutsika pa mapiri opanda mitengowo kulinga ku gombe, kumene amachititsa maliyambwe owononga. Kale, Bangladesh ankakhala ndi maliyambwe owopsa kamodzi pazaka 50 zilizonse; koma tsopano amakhala nawo zaka 4 zilizonse kapena kucheperapo.

Kumadera ena a dziko, kudula mitengo kwachititsa zipululu ndi kusintha mkhalidwe wake wakunja. Nkhalango zangokhala chuma china chachilengedwe chimene munthu akuwononga. Popeza akatswiri a ecology akudziŵa zochepa kwambiri ponena za mbali zogwirizana za chilengedwe chathu chocholoŵana cha dziko lapansi, vuto silingaoneke kufikira zinthu zitawonongeka kowopsa. Ndi mmene zakhalira ndi kutaya zinyalala, kumene kukusonyeza bwino lomwe lamulo lachiŵiri la ecology.

Kalikonse kayenera kupita kwina kwake. Talingalirani mmene nyumba yeniyeni ingaonekere ngati kunalibe kutaya zinyalala. Pulaneti lathu langokhala ngati nyumba yotseka imeneyo—zinyalala zathu zonse ziyenera kupita kwina kwake m’mudzi wathu wa dziko lapansi. Kuwonongeka kwa muyalo wa ozoni m’madera ena kwasonyeza kuti ngakhale mipweya yoyesedwa yabwino, monga ma chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), imazimiririka kotheratu. Ma CFC angokhala zina za zinthu mazana ambiri zangozi zimene anthu akutulutsira m’mlengalenga, m’mitsinje, ndi m’nyanja.

Zoona, zinthu zina—zotchedwa “biodegradable”—m’kupita kwa nthaŵi zimasukuluzidwa ndi kufafanizidwa mwanjira zachilengedwe, koma zina sizimatero. Magombe amchenga padziko lonse ngodzala zinthu zapulasitiki zimene zidzakhala konko zaka makumi ambiri zilinkudza. Zosaoneka kwenikweni ndi zinyalala zapoizoni zamaindasitale, zimene nthaŵi zambiri amazikwirira kwina kwake. Ngakhale kuti sizimaoneka, palibe chitsimikizo chakuti zidzaiŵalika. Zikhozabe kuloŵa m’nthaka nizitulukira mu akasupe a madzi ndi kuchititsa matenda oipa amene munthu ndi zinyama angatenge. “Sitidziŵa chochita ndi mankhwala onse opangidwa ndi maindasitale amakono,” anavomereza motero wasayansi wachihangari wa pa Institute of Hydrology ku Budapest. “Sitikuwadziŵanso onse ndi kumene ali.”

Zangozi koposa ndizo zinyala zanyukiliya, zotsala m’nyumba za magetsi a nyukiliya. Zinthu zotha ntchito zanyukiliya zokwana matani zikwi zambiri zimasungidwa m’malo amene sali achikhalire, ngakhale kuti zina zatayidwa kale m’nyanja. Ngakhale kuti asayansi akhala akufufuza kwa zaka zambiri, sanapeze malo alionse otetezereka achikhalire kumene angazisungire kapena kuzitayira, ndipo sakhulupirira kuti adzapeza alionse. Palibe amene akudziŵa pamene zinthu zoika chilengedwe pangozi zimenezi zidzayamba kuwononga. Ndithudi, vutoli silidzatha—zinyalalazo zidzatulutsabe mphamvu ya radiation zaka mazana kapena zikwi zambiri kutsogolo, kapena kufikira pamene Mulungu adzachitapo kanthu. (Chivumbulutso 11:18) Kusasamala kwa munthu pankhani yotaya zinyalala kumakumbutsanso lamulo lachitatu la ecology.

Lekani chilengedwe chitsatire njira yake. M’mawu ena, munthu afunikira kutsatira njira za chilengedwe m’malo mozinyalanyaza chifukwa cha kanthu kena kamene aganiza kuti ndi kabwinopo. Chitsanzo chabwino pankhaniyi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pamene anayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, anakhozetsa alimi kupha namsongole ndi kufafaniziratu tizilombo towononga mbewu. Zimenezo zinachita ngati kuti zinapereka umboni wakuti kudzakhala kututa mbewu zochuluka. Komano zinthu zinalakwika pena pake. Namsongole ndi tizilombo zinakhala zosamva mankhwala alionse, ndipo kunaonekeratu kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombowo anali kuloŵa mwa adani achibadwa a tizilomboto, zinyama zakuthengo, ndipo ngakhale mwa munthu mwiniyo. Mwinamwake munaloŵedwapo ndi poizoni ya m’mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngati zili choncho, ndinu mmodzi wa anthu odwala osachepera miliyoni imodzi padziko lonse.

Chinthu chomaliza chodabwitsa ndicho umboni wakuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwina sangathe kuwonjezera zokolola m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Ku United States, tizilombo timawononga zokolola zambiri kuposa zimene tinkawononga kale mankhwala ophera tizilombo asanayambe. Momwemonso, International Rice Research Institute, ya ku Philippines, yapeza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo samachulutsanso mpunga wokolola ku Southeast Asia. Ndipotu, programu ya ku Indonesia ya boma imene simadalira kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo yakhala ndi mpunga wokolola wowonjezereka ndi 15 peresenti chiyambire 1987 ngakhale kuti pakhala kutsika kwa 65 peresenti kwa aja ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngakhale zili tero, alimi padziko lonse amagwiritsirabe ntchito mankhwala ochuluka ophera tizilombo chaka chilichonse.

Malamulo atatu a ecology otchulidwa pamwambapa amathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake zinthu zikuwonongeka. Mafunso ena ofunika ngakuti, Kodi zimene zawonongeka kale nzochuluka motani, ndipo kodi zingakonzedwe?

Kodi Zimene Zawonongeka Nzochuluka Motani?

Mapu a dziko lonse amene ali m’nkhani ino (onani pamasamba 8-9) akusonyeza zina za zovuta zazikulu za malo okhala ndi kumene zili zowopsa koposa. Mwachionekere, pamene kusoŵeka kwa malo oyenera kapena zinthu zina ziwononga mitundu ya zomera ndi zinyama, munthu satha kukonza zowonongekazo. Kuwonongeka kwina—monga kuwonongeka kwa muyalo wa ozoni—kwachitika kale. Bwanji ponena za kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala kumene kukuchitika? Kodi kukuletseka kapena ngakhale kuchepa?

Zinthu ziŵiri zazikulu zopimira kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndizo ulimi ndi kusodza nsomba. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa phindu lake limadalira pa malo abwino ndipo chifukwa chakuti moyo wathu umadalira pa nkhokwe yodalirika ya chakudya chimene zimatipatsa.

Mbali zonse ziŵiri zikusonyeza zizindikiro za kutsika. Bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organization la United Nations laŵerengera kuti magulu ogwira nsomba padziko lonse satha kugwira nsomba zokwana matani 100 miliyoni popanda kuika nsomba zotsala pangozi yaikulu. Mu 1989 anaposa chiŵerengero chimenecho, ndipotu chaka chotsatira chiŵerengero cha nsomba zogwidwa padziko lonse chinatsika ndi matani mamiliyoni anayi. Malo osodzako nsomba achepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kumpoto koma chakummaŵa kwa Atlantic, chiŵerengero cha nsomba zogwidwa chatsika ndi 32 peresenti pazaka 20 zapitazo. Zochititsa zazikulu ndizo kusodza mopambanitsa, kuipitsa nyanja, ndi kuwononga malo ake obalira.

Mkhalidwe wowopsa umenewu ukusonyezedwanso m’zaulimi. M’ma ‘60 ndi m’ma ‘70, mbewu zolimba limodzi ndi minda yamatsirira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ochuluka ophera tizilombo ndi fataleza zinawonjezera kwambiri mbewu padziko lonse. Tsopano, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi fataleza zikutha mphamvu, ndipo kusoŵeka kwa madzi ndi kuipitsa zimachititsanso zokolola kuchepa.

Ngakhale kuti chaka ndi chaka pamawonjezeka anthu ena 100 miliyoni ofunika kudyetsa, pazaka khumi zapitazi pakhala kutsika kwa nthaka yolimapo. Ndipo nthaka yoyenera kulimapo imeneyi ikutaya chonde chake. Worldwatch Institute ikuti kukokoloka kwa nthaka kwalanda alimi dothi lapamwamba lokwana ngati matani 500 biliyoni pazaka 20 zapitazo. Mosapeŵeka, ulimi wa chakudya wayamba kutsika. Lipoti lakuti State of the World 1993 likunena kuti “kutsika kwa 6 peresenti kwa mbewu ya munthu aliyense pakati pa 1984 ndi 1992 mwinamwake [kuli] mkhalidwe wazachuma wosokoneza maganizo koposa m’dziko lerolino.”

Mwachionekere, moyo wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri uli kale pangozi chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa munthu malo okhala.

Kodi Munthu Angathetse Mavutowo?

Ngakhale kuti munthu tsopano aliko ndi chidziŵitso ponena za zimene zikuwonongeka, nzovuta kukonza. Vuto loyamba nlakuti pangafunike ndalama zambiri—zosachepera $600 biliyoni pachaka—kuti agwiritsire ntchito malingaliro ochuluka amene anaperekedwa pamsonkhano wa Earth Summit mu 1992. Pangafunikenso kudzimana kwenikweni—kudzimana konga kusawawanya zochuluka ndi kupanganso zinthu zina zochuluka kuchokera ku zinthu zotha ntchito, kutetezera madzi ndi mphamvu, kukwera mabasi a anthu onse m’malo mogwiritsira ntchito galimoto yaumwini, ndipo, kovuta koposa, kuganiza za pulaneti lathu m’malo mwa zimene ife timafuna. John Cairns, Jr., tcheyamani wa komiti ya United States yobwezeretsa zinthu zam’madzi, anafotokoza vutolo mwachidule kuti: “Ndikhulupirira pali zimene tingachite. Ndikukayikira ngati pali zimene tidzachita.”

Mtengo wakuyeretsa zonse ngwaukulu kwambiri kwakuti maiko ochuluka pakali pano amasankha kusaganiza za ngozi imene ingatulukepo. Panthaŵi imene chuma chili m’mavuto, iwo amaganiza kuti njira zosamalira malo okhala zingathetse ntchito za anthu kapena kuchedwetsa chitukuko cha chuma. Kulankhula si kovuta koma kuchita. Buku lakuti Caring for the Earth likufotokoza kuti zimene iwo akuchita pakali pano ndizo kungopereka “malonjezo ochuluka ochititsa chidwi koma osachitapo kanthu ayi.” Koma ngakhale kuti pali kuzengereza kumeneku, kodi tekinoloji yamakono—itapatsidwa nthaŵi—singapeze mankhwala osapweteka ochiritsa matenda a pulaneti lathu? Mwachionekere ayi.

M’ndemanga imene anakonzera pamodzi, a National Academy of Sciences ya United States ndi a Royal Society of London anavomereza kuti: “Ngati zimene zikunenedwa pakali pano ponena za kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu zili zolondola ndipo ngati zochita za anthu papulaneti lino sizisintha, sayansi ndi tekinoloji singakhoze kuletsa kuwonongeka kosakonzeka kwa malo okhala kapena umphaŵi wopitiriza wa anthu ochuluka padziko lonse.”

Vuto lowopsa la zinyalala zanyukiliya zimene zilibe malo otayirako lili chikumbutso chakuti sayansi siili yamphamvu yonse. Kwa zaka 40 asayansi akhala akufunafuna malo otetezereka achikhalire osungirako zinyalala zanyukiliya yamphamvu kwambiri. Ntchito imeneyi yofunafuna malo yakhala yovuta kwambiri kwakuti maiko ena, monga Italy ndi Argentina, afika ponena kuti sadzapezabe malowo chisanafike chaka cha 2040. Germany, dziko limene lili ndi chiyembekezo koposa pankhaniyi, akhulupirira kuti adzakhala atakonza zonse pofika chaka cha 2008.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji zinyalala zanyukiliya zikupereka vuto lalikulu choncho? “Palibe wasayansi kapena injiniya amene anganenetse kuti zinyalala zotulutsa radiation tsiku lina sizidzachucha muunyinji wowopsa kutuluka ngakhale m’malo osungira abwino koposa,” akutero katswiri wa geology Konrad Krauskopf. Koma ngakhale kuti poyamba panali machenjezo ponena za kuvuta kwa kutaya zinyalalazo, maboma ndi maindasitale anyukiliya mouma mutu anapitiriza ndi ntchito yawo, akumaganiza kuti tekinoloji ya mtsogolo idzapeza mankhwala ake. Mankhwalawo sanapezeke.

Ngati tekinoloji ilibe mankhwala ofunika msanga othetsera zovuta za malo okhala, kodi pali njira zina zimene zatsala? Kodi zinthu pomaliza zidzakakamiza mitundu kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kutetezera pulaneti lathu?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Kufunafuna Magwero a Mphamvu Amene Akhoza Kukonzeka

Ife ambiri sitimasamala kwambiri za mphamvu—kufikira magetsi atapita kapena mafuta atakwera mtengo. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndiko china cha zochititsa kuipitsa zazikulu. Mphamvu yochuluka imene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito imachokera ku nkhuni kapena mafuta zomwe amatentha, njira imene imatulutsira matani mamiliyoni ambiri a carbon dioxide mumpweya ndi kuwononga nkhalango za dziko.

Mphamvu yanyukiliya, imene ili njira ina, anthu ambirimbiri ayamba kuida chifukwa cha ngozi imene ingachititse ndipo chifukwa cha kuvuta kusunga zotha ntchito zake zotulutsa radiation. Njira zina zimadziŵika monga magwero a mphamvu okhoza kukonzekanso, popeza zimagwiritsira ntchito magwero a mphamvu achilengedwe amene amapezeka kwaulere. Pali mitundu yaikulu isanu.

Mphamvu ya dzuŵa. Imeneyi ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mosavuta kutenthetsa zinthu, ndipo m’maiko ena, monga Israel, nyumba zambiri zili ndi mbale za solar zotenthetsera madzi. Kugwiritsira ntchito dzuŵa kupanga magetsi nkovuta kwambiri, koma maselo amakono a photovoltaic ayamba kale kupereka magetsi m’madera akumidzi ndipo mtengo wake ukutsikiratsikira.

Mphamvu ya mphepo. Ma windmill aakulu ngofala tsopano kumadera ambiri amphepo a dziko. Magetsi otulutsidwa ndi mphamvu ya mphepo imeneyi, yotchedwa eolian energy, akhala akutsika mtengo ndipo tsopano mtengo wake watsikirapo kumadera ena kuposa mphamvu yoyambirira yodziŵika.

Magetsi ochokera pamadzi. Pakali pano 20 peresenti ya magetsi apadziko lonse amachokera ku nyumba zamagetsi zapamadzi, koma mwatsoka malo ochuluka amene ankayembekezera kukhalako m’maiko otukuka akugwiritsiridwa kale ntchito. Maiŵe aakulu kwambiri angawonongenso malo kwambiri. Zabwino zimene akuyembekezera, makamaka m’maiko omatukuka, zikuchita ngati ndi kumanga nyumba zazing’ono zambiri zamagetsi zapamadzi.

Mphamvu yotengedwa pa akasupe otentha (geothermal energy). Maiko ena, makamaka Iceland ndi New Zealand, akhoza kugwiritsira ntchito “akasupe a madzi otentha” amene ali pansi pa nthaka yawo. Ng’anjo za mavolokano pansi pa nthaka zimatentha madzi, amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kufunditsa nyumba ndi kupangira magetsi. Italy, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, ndi United States nawonso akugwiritsira ntchito magwero achilengedwe a mphamvu ameneŵa pamlingo wakutiwakuti.

Mphamvu yochokera kumadzi (tidal power). Kusefuka ndi kuphwa kwa madzi a m’nyanja kukugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’maiko ena, monga Britain, France, ndi Russia, kupangira magetsi. Komabe, pali malo angapo padziko lonse amene akhoza kupereka mphamvu imeneyi pamtengo wabwino.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Zovuta Zina Zazikulu za Malo Okhala a Padziko Lonse

Kuwononga nkhalango. Zitatu mwa zigawo zinayi za nkhalango za m’madera ofunda ndi theka la nkhalango za m’madera otentha za dziko zatayika kale, ndipo kudula mitengoko kwachitika paliŵiro lalikulu kwambiri pazaka khumi zapitazi. Ziŵerengero zaposachedwapa zongoyerekezera zikusonyeza kuti nkhalango za m’madera otentha pakati pa makilomita 150,000 ndi 200,000 kumbali zonse zinayi zimawonongedwa chaka chilichonse, kutsala pang’ono kulingana ndi ukulu wa Uruguay.

Zinyalala zapoizoni. Theka la mankhwala 70,000 amene akupangidwa pakali pano amati ndi apoizoni. United States yekha amatulutsa zinyalala zapoizoni zokwana matani 240 miliyoni chaka ndi chaka. Kusoŵeka kwa ziŵerengero kumalepheretsa kupeza chiwonkhetso chake chonse cha padziko lonse. Ndiponso, pofika chaka cha 2000, kudzakhala pafupifupi matani 200,000 a zinyalala zotulutsa radiation zosungidwa m’malo akanthaŵi.

Kuwononga nthaka. Chimodzi mwa zigawo zitatu za nthaka ya dziko lonse chili pangozi ya kukhala chipululu. M’madera ena a Afirika, chipululu cha Sahara chafutukuka makilomita 350 pazaka 20 zokha. Pakali pano chakudya cha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri chili kale pangozi.

Kusoŵa kwa madzi. Anthu pafupifupi mabiliyoni aŵiri amakhala kumadera kumene madzi ali osoŵa kwadzaoneni. Chimene chikuwonjezera kusoŵako ndi kuuma kwa zitsime zikwi zambiri chifukwa cha kuphwa kwa madzi apansi pa nthaka amene zimadalirapo.

Zamoyo zimene zili pangozi ya kusoloka. Ngakhale kuti ziŵerengero zili zongoyerekezera, asayansi akuganiza kuti mitundu ya zinyama, zomera, ndi tizilombo pakati pa 500,000 ndi 1,000,000 idzakhala itafafanizika pofika chaka cha 2000.

Kuipitsa mpweya. Kufufuza kwa United Nations kuchiyambiyambi kwa ma 1980 kunapeza kuti anthu biliyoni imodzi amakhala m’matauni amene tsiku ndi tsiku amakhala ndi mwaye kapena mpweya wapoizoni wowononga thanzi, wonga sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ndi carbon monoxide. Kufutukuka kofulumira kwa mizinda zaka khumi zapitazi mosakayikira kwachititsa vutoli kukulirako. Ndiponso, carbon dioxide wokwana matani 24 biliyoni akupopedwera mumpweya chaka ndi chaka, ndipo pali mantha akuti angachititse kutentha kwa dziko lapansi.

[Mapu]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Kudula mitengo

Zinyalala zapoizoni

Kuipitsa mpweya

Kusoŵa kwa madzi

Zamoyo zimene zili pangozi ya kusoloka

Kuwononga nthaka

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mountain High Maps™ copyright© 1993 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

Chithunzi: Hutchings, Godo-Foto

Chithunzi: Mora, Godo-Foto