Mmene Moyo wawo Unasinthira

KWA zaka zambiri nkhani ya United States inafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi mawu akuti, “Mmene anapezera chipambano cha Kumadzulo.” Mafilimu a Hollywood anasonyeza atsamunda achiyera akumadutsa zigwa ndi mapiri a America, ndi asilikali a mtundu wa John Wayne, makawuboyi, ndipo atsamundawo akumamenyana nkhondo yowopsa, yauchinyama ndi Aindiya onyamula ma tomahawk. Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu achiyera anali kufunafuna malo ndi golidi, abusa ndi alaliki ena a Dziko Lachikristu anali kunena kuti anali kupulumutsa anthu.

Kodi mbiriyo imaoneka motani m’lingaliro la nzika zoyambirira, anthu eni America? Pamene Azungu anafika, Aindiya “anaumirizidwa kupirira ndi kufika m’malo awo kwa cholengedwa cholusa kwambiri chimene anali asanakumanepo nacho: olanda dziko achiyera a ku Ulaya,” likutero buku lakuti The Native Americans—An Illustrated History.

Mgwirizano Umene Unachititsa Nkhondo

Poyamba, ambiri a Azungu oyamba kufika ku American Northeast analandiridwa mokoma mtima ndi chimvano ndi nzikazo. Nkhani ina imati: “Popanda thandizo la Apowuhatani, mudzi wa Abritishi ku Jamestown, Virginia, dera loyamba lotsimikizirika la Angelezi ku New World, sukanatha kupyola m’nyengo yozizira kwambiriyo ya nthaŵi yake yoyamba ya 1607-08. Mofananamo, dera la Pilgrim ku Plymouth, Massachusetts, silikanakhalako ngati pakanasoŵa thandizo la Awampanoagi.” Nzika zina zinasonyeza osamukirako mmene akanachititsira nthaka kukhala yachonde ndi kubzalamo mbewu. Ndipo kodi Lewis ndi Clark akanatha bwanji kupanga ulendo wa mu 1804-06—kupeza zoyendera zothandiza pakati pa Louisiana Territory ndi dera limene linatchedwa kuti Oregon Country—pakadapanda thandizo ndi kuloŵererapo kwa mkazi wachishoshone Sacagawea? Iyeyo anali “chizindikiro cha mtendere” pamene anakumana maso ndi maso ndi Aindiya.

Komabe, chifukwa cha njira ya Azungu yogwiritsira ntchito nthaka ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya, kusamuka kwa anthu ochuluka koposa kumka ku North America kunachititsa udani pakati pa oloŵerera malo a eni ndi eni malo. Wolemba mbiri wa ku Canada Ian K. Steele, akufotokoza kuti m’zaka za zana la 17, ku Massachusetts kunali Anaraganiseti 30,000. Mfumu yawo Miantonomo, “pozindikira ngozi, . . . analinganiza zopanga mgwirizano ndi a Mohawk [Amohoki] anzake kuti apange gulu la nkhondo la Amerindiya lolimbana ndi adani.” Kwasimbidwa kuti mu 1642 iyeyo anati kwa Amontauki: “Ife [tiyenera] kukhala amodzi monga mmene iwo [Angelezi] alili, tikapanda kutero tonse tidzazimiririka msanga, pakuti mukudziŵa kuti makolo athu anali ndi nyama zambiri ndi zikopa, zigwa zathu zinali zodzala ndi nyama, ndiponso thengo lathu linali lodzala ndi [nkhukundembo], ndipo madoko athu anali odzala ndi nsomba ndi mbalame. Koma pamene Angeleziwa atenga dziko lathu, amweta udzu ndi zikwakwa, ndipo agwetsa mitengo ndi nkhwangwa; ng’ombe zawo ndi akavalo awo zikutha nsipu, ndipo nguluŵe zawo zikuwononga zakudya zathu mbali mwa mitsinje, ndipo tidzafa ndi njala.”—Warpaths—Invasions of North America.

Kuyesayesa kwa Miantonomo kuumba gulu logwirizana la Eni America sikunapambane. Mu 1643, mu nkhondo ya mafuko, iyeyo anagwidwa ndi Mfumu Uncas wa fuko la Amohegani, amene anampereka kwa Angelezi monga chigaŵenga. Angeleziwo sanathe kuimba mlandu Miantonomo monga wochimwa ndi kumupha. Analinganiza chimene akachita. Steele akupitiriza kuti: “Posakhoza kupha [Miantonomo], amene sanali mu ulamuliro wa dera lililonse, akuluakulu a boma anauza Uncas kumupha, limodzi ndi mboni zachingelezi zotsimikizira kuti zimenezo zachitidwa.”

Zimenezi zikusonyeza osati kulimbana kopitiriza kokha pakati pa atsamunda olanda dziko ndi anthuwo eni malo komanso udani woipitsitsa ndi chinyengo pakati pa mafuko, zimene zinalipo ngakhale pamene anthu achiyera anali asanafike ku North America. Abritishi, mu nkhondo yawo yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wautsamunda wa Afalansa ku North America, anachititsa mafuko ena kukhala kumbali yawo, pamene mafuko ena anachirikiza Afalansa. Mosasamala kanthu kuti analephera ndani, mafuko amene anali ophatikizidwamo anataya zambiri.

“Mpata wa Kumvana Molakwa”

Limeneli ndi lingaliro lina la kulanda dziko kwa Azungu: “Chimene atsogoleri a mitundu ya Aindiya sanamvetse, makamaka mpaka atachedwa, chinali chonena za mmene Azungu anaonera Aindiya. Iwo sanali achiyera kapena Akristu. Anali okakala mtima—auchinyama ndi abulutu—m’malingaliro a ambiri, anali akatundu angozi ndi ouma mtima oyenera kugulitsidwa kumisika ya akapolo.” Mzimu umenewu wa kudzikweza unachititsa ziyambukiro zowononga pa mafukowo.

Lingaliro la Azungu linali lopanda nzeru kwa Eni America. Panali “mpata wa kumvana molakwa,” monga momwe mlangizi wina wa Anavaho Philmer Bluehouse anautchera posachedwapa pofunsidwa ndi Galamukani! Eni malowo sanaone kutsungula kwawo monga kotsika koma, m’malo mwake, monga kosiyana, kokhala ndi zinthu zofunika zosiyana kotheratu. Mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa malo kunali kwachilendo kotheratu kwa Aindiya. Kodi mpweya, mphepo, ndi madzi zingakhale zako ndi kuzigulitsa? Nangano nkugulitsiranji malo? Iwo analipo kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi onse. Motero, Aindiya sanali kukweteza malo ndi mpanda.

Abritishi, Aspanya, ndi Afalansa atafika, panakhala chimene chatchedwa kuti “kukumana kowopsa kwa zikhalidwe ziŵiri zachilendo.” Eni malowo anali anthu amene kwa zaka mazana ambiri anadziŵa kusamalira malowo ndi chilengedwe ndi amene anadziŵa kukhala ndi moyo mosasokoneza chilengedwe. Komabe, posapita nthaŵi anthu achiyera anaona nzikazo monga zolengedwa zotsika zolusa—akumaiŵala uchinyama wa iwo eni powagonjetsa! Mu 1831, wolemba mbiri wachifalansa Alexis de Tocqueville anafotokoza mwachidule lingaliro limene achiyera anali nalo kwa Aindiya kuti: “Mulungu sanawapange kukhala otsungula; iwo afunikira kufa.”

Chinthu Chakupha Koposa

Pamene atsamunda atsopano anapitiriza kusamukira kumadzulo ku North America yense, chiwawa chinabala chiwawa. Chotero kaya Aindiya kapena Azungu olanda malo ndiwo anaukira choyamba, mbali zonsezo zinachita nkhanza. Aindiya anali kuwopedwa chifukwa cha mbiri yawo ya kusunga zibade za anthu, mchitidwe umene ena amakhulupirira kuti iwowo anauphunzira kwa Azungu amene anali kupereka mphotho kaamba ka zibade za anthu. Komabe, Aindiya anali kumenya nkhondo molimbana ndi anthu owaposa imene anali kudzalephera—m’ziŵerengero ndi zida. M’zochitika zochuluka mafukowo anali kuchoka m’malo a makolo awo kapena kufa. Kaŵirikaŵiri zonse ziŵiri zinali kuchitika—anali kuchoka m’malo awo ndiyeno kuphedwa kapena kufa ndi nthenda ndi njala.

Komabe, kufera mu nkhondo si kumene kunapulula kwambiri mafuko a malowo. Ian K. Steele akulemba kuti: “Chida champhamvu koposa pa kulandidwa kwa North America sichinali mfuti, kavalo, Baibulo, kapena ‘kutsungula’ kwachizungu. Chinali mliri.” Ponena za chiyambukiro cha nthenda za Old World pa maiko a America, Patrica Nelson Limerick, profesa wa mbiri, analemba kuti: “Pamene anazitengera ku New World, nthenda zimodzimodzizi [pa zimene Azungu anali atakulitsa mphamvu ya kutetezera m’matupi mwawo]—nthonyola, chikuku, fuluwenza, malungo, ntchofu, typhus, [TB], ndipo, pa zonsezo, nthomba—zinasakaza anthuwo mosavuta. Ziŵerengero za akufa m’midzi yambiri zinafika pa 80 kapena 90 peresenti.”

Russell Freedman analongosola za mliri wa nthomba umene unachitika mu 1837. “Amandani ndiwo amene anayamba kukanthidwa nawo, motsatiridwa msanga ndi Ahidatsa, ndi Aasiniboyini, Aarikara, ndi Asuu, ndi a fuko la Blackfeet.” Amandani anangotsala pang’onong’ono kutheratu. Kuchokera pa anthu pafupifupi 1,600 mu 1834, anachepa kufikira pa anthu 130 mu 1837.

Kodi Nchiyani Chimene Chinachitikira Mapangano?

Kufikira lerolino akuluakulu a mafukowo angathe kusimba mosavuta za madeti a mapangano amene boma la United States linasainirana ndi makolo awo m’zaka za zana la 19. Koma kodi mapangano amenewo kwenikweni anaperekanji? Kaŵirikaŵiri kusinthanitsa koipa kwa malo achonde ndi malo ouma ndi thandizo la boma.

Chitsanzo cha kuchitira moipa mafuko a dzikolo ndicho nkhani ya mitundu ya Iroquois [Airokwayi] (kuyambira kummaŵa kumka kumadzulo, Mohawk [Amohoki], Oneida [Aoneida], Onondaga [Aonondaga], Cayuga [Akayuga], ndi Seneca [Aseneka]) Abritishi atagonjetsedwa ndi atsamunda achimereka mu nkhondo yomenyera kudzilamulira, imene inatha mu 1783. Airokwayi anali kumbali ya Abritishi, ndipo malipiro awo okha amene analandira, malinga ndi kunena kwa Alvin Josephy, Jr., anali kusiyidwa ndi kutonzedwa. Abritishi, “ponyalanyaza [Airokwayi], anapatsa United States ulamuliro pa malo awo.” Iye akuwonjezera kuti ngakhale Airokwayi amene anakonda atsamunda otsutsana ndi Abritishi “ananyengereredwa ndi makampani aumbombo a malo ndi amalonda, ndi boma la America lenilenilo.”

Pamene anachita msonkhano wa pangano mu 1784, James Duane, yemwe kale anali woimira Continental Congress’ Committee on Indian Affairs, analimbikitsa nthumwi za boma “kufooketsa kudzidalira kulikonse kumene kunatsalira pakati pa Airokwayi mwa kuwapondereza dala.”

Malingaliro ake odzikuzawo anachitidwa. Airokwayi ena anatengedwa ukapolo, ndipo anachita “makambitsirano” mowopsezedwa ndi mfuti. Ngakhale kuti iwo anadzilingalira kukhala amene sanagonjetsedwe mu nkhondo, Airokwayi anafunikira kulepa dziko lawo lonse lakummwera kwa New York ndi Pennsylvania ndi kuvomereza kukhala m’malo ena ochepetsedwa mu New York State.

Njira zamachenjera zofananazo zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa mitundu yochuluka ya m’dzikolo. Josephy akunenanso kuti nthumwi za America zinagwiritsira ntchito “ziphuphu, ziwopsezo, zakumwa zaukali, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu mochenjera kwa oimira opanda lamulo kuti ayese kutsomphola dziko kwa a Delaware [Adelaweya], a Wyandot [Awayindoti], a Ottawa [Aotawa], a Chippewa [Ashipewa] [kapena Aojibwa], a Shawnee [Ashonii], ndi mitundu ina ya Ohio.” Mposadabwitsa kuti posapita nthaŵi Aindiya anayamba kusadalira anthu achiyera ndi mapangano awo opanda pake!

“Ulendo Wautali” ndi Mkukuluzi wa Misozi

Pamene American Civil War [Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya America] (1861-65) inabuka, inachititsa asilikali kuchoka m’dziko la Anavaho Kummwera chakumadzulo. Anavaho anatenga mwaŵi wakanthaŵi umenewu kuukira midzi ya Aamereka ndi Amekisiko ku Rio Grande Valley m’dera la New Mexico. Boma linatumizako Kolonelo Kit Carson ndi gulu lake la New Mexico Volunteers kukathetsa kuukira kwa Anavaho ndi kuwasamutsira ku mkwamba wina wa malo ouma wotchedwa Bosque Redondo. Carson anatsatira njira ya kutentha minda kuti achititse Anavaho kufa ndi njala ndi kuwathamangitsa mu Canyon De Chelly yokongolayo, kumpoto chakummaŵa kwa Arizona. Iye anawononganso ngakhale mitengo ya mapichesi yoposa 5,000.

Carson anasonkhanitsa anthu pafupifupi 8,000 ndi kuwaumiriza kupanga “Ulendo Wautali” wa makilomita pafupifupi 480 kumka ku msasa wandende wa Bosque Redondo ku Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Nkhaniyo imati: “Kunja kunali kozizira kowopsa, ndipo andende ambiri ausiŵa, omadya mosakwanira, anafera m’njira.” Pamalopo mikhalidwe inali yoipa. Anavaho anakumba maenje poyesayesa kupeza pobisalira. Mu 1868, litazindikira kulakwa kwake, boma linapatsa Anavaho maekala 3.5 miliyoni a dziko la makolo awo ku Arizona ndi ku New Mexico. Iwowo anabwerera, komano anaumirizidwa kulipirira mtengo waukulu chotani nanga!

Pakati pa 1820 ndi 1845, zikwi makumi ambiri a Choctaw [Atchokito], a Cherokee [Asherokii], a Chickasaw [Ashikaso], a Creek [Akhriki], ndi a Seminole [Aseminole] anathamangitsidwa m’malo awo Kummwera chakummaŵa ndi kuumirizidwa kuyenda kumka chakumadzulo, kutsidya la mtsinje wa Mississipi, kumene tsopano kuli ku Oklahama, kutali mtunda wa makilomita ambirimbiri. Ambiri anafera m’mikhalidwe ya kuzizira koipa. Ulendo woumirizidwawo unadzakhala Mkukuluzi wa Misozi woipa.

Nkhanza zimene Eni America analandira zimachitiridwa umboni mowonjezereka ndi mawu a mkulu wankhondo wachimereka George Crook, amene anasaka Asuu ndi Ashayeni kumpoto. Iye anati: “Mbali ya nkhani ya Aindiya simamveka kaŵirikaŵiri. . . . Ndiyeno pamene [Aindiya] aukira anthu onse amatembenukira pa Aindiya, ndiwo okha amene amaimbidwa mlandu wankhanza, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu amene chisalungamo chawo chawachititsa kuchita zimenezi amakhala aufulu . . . Palibe munthu amene amadziŵa choonadi chimenechi kusiyapo Mwiindiya, chotero sali wolakwa kuona kupanda chilungamo kwa boma limene limangomlanga, pamene kuli kwakuti limalola munthu wachiyera kumfunkhira zinthu zake monga momwe akufunira.”—Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.

Kodi zinthu zikuyenda bwanji kwa Eni America lerolino patapita zaka zoposa 100 za ulamuliro wa Azungu? Kodi ali pangozi ya kuzimiririka chifukwa cha kusakanikira ndi mitundu ina? Kodi ali ndi ziyembekezo zotani zamtsogolo? Nkhani yotsatira idzayankha mafunso ameneŵa ndi ena.

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

Moyo Wovuta wa Akazi

Pamene kuli kwakuti amuna anali osaka nyama ndi ankhondo m’mitundu yochuluka, akazi anali ndi ntchito zosatha, kuphatikizapo kulera ana, kubzala ndi kukolola chimanga, ndi kuchisinja kukhala ufa. Colin Taylor akufotokoza kuti: “Ntchito yaikulu ya akazi achiindiya . . . inali ya kusamalira panyumba, kulera ana ndi kukonza chakudya. M’zitaganya za zolimalima analinso kuyang’anira minda, . . . pamene kuli kwakuti kwa mafuko akumadzulo osaka njati ndi osamukasamuka, iwo anali kuthandiza kucheka nyama, kunyamula nyama kumka nayo kuchigono ndiyeno pambuyo pake kuzonga nyama ndi kukonza zikopa kaamba ka kudzazigwiritsira ntchito mtsogolo.”—The Plains Indians.

Buku lina ponena za fuko la Apache [Aapashe] limati: “Ntchito ya kumunda inali ntchito ya akazi ndipo panalibe chowachepetsa kapena chowatsitsa pa iyo. Amuna ankathandiza, koma akazi ndiwo amene anaona kulima mwamphamvu kuposa amuna. . . . Nthaŵi zonse akazi ankadziŵa bwino njira za miyambo ya ulimi. . . . Akazi ambiri anali kupemphera pothirira munda.”—The Native Americans—An Illustrated History.

Akazi anali kumanganso malo okhala osakhalitsa otchedwa kuti ma tepee, amene kaŵirikaŵiri anali kukhalako kwa zaka ziŵiri. Anali kuwamanga ndi kuwapasula pamene fuko linafunikira kusamuka. Mosakayikira, akazi anali ndi moyo wovuta. Komanso zinali chimodzimodzi kwa anzawo achimuna monga oyang’anira fuko. Akazi anawachitira ulemu ndipo anali ndi zoyenera zambiri. M’mafuko ena, monga la Ahopi, ngakhale lerolino chuma chimakhala cha akazi.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 22]

Nyama Imene Inasintha Moyo Wawo

Azungu anabweretsa nyama ina yake ku North America imene inasintha moyo wa mafuko ambiri—kavalo. M’zaka za zana la 17, Aspanya anakhala oyamba kubweretsa akavalo ku kontinentiyo. Eni America anakhala akatswiri okwera kavalo popanda chokhalira, zimene Azungu olanda malowo anadziŵa posakhalitsa. Pokhala ndi akavalo, eni malowo anali okhoza kusaka nyama za bison mosavuta. Ndipo mafuko osamukasamuka anali okhoza kuukira mosavuta mafuko oyandikana nawo okhala m’midzi yodziŵika ndipo motero kutenga zofunkha, akazi, ndi akapolo.

[Mapu/Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Malo a ena a m’zaka za zana la 17 a mafuko a ku North America

Kutenai

Spokan

Nez Perce

Shoshone

Klamath

Northern Paiute

Miwok

Yokuts

Serrano

Mohave

Papago

Blackfoot

Flathead

Crow

Ute

Hopi

Navajo

Jicarilla

Apache

Mescalero

Lipan

Plains Cree

Assiniboin

Hidatsa

Mandan

Arikara

Teton

Cheyenne

Sioux

Yankton

Pawnee

Arapaho

Oto

Kansa

Kiowa

Comanche

Wichita

Tonkawa

Atakapa

Yanktonai

Santee

Iowa

Missouri

Osage

Quapaw

Caddo

Choctaw

Ojibwa

Sauk

Fox

Kickapoo

Miami

Illinois

Chickasaw

Alabama

Ottawa

Potawatomi

Erie

Shawnee

Cherokee

Catawba

Creek

Timucua

Algonquian

Huron

Iroquois

Susquehanna

Delaware

Powhatan

Tuscarora

Micmac

Malecite

Abnaki

Sokoki

Massachuset

Wampanoag

Narragansett

Mohegan

Montauk

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwiindiya: Chojambulidwa ndi manja chozikidwa pa chinthunzithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Edward S. Curtis; North America: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Zithunzi patsamba 20]

Umisiri wa kuomba nsalu ndi wamajuwelo wa Anavaho

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Canyon de Chelly, kumene “Ulendo Wautali” unayambira