Kodi Mtsogolo Mwawo Mulinji?
M’KUFUNSA mfumu ya mtendere ya Ashayeni Lawrence Hart kochitidwa ndi Galamukani!, iyo inati, limodzi la mavuto amene akuyambukira Aindiya “nlakuti tayang’anizana ndi mphamvu za kubwerekera miyambo ndi kusakanikira m’mafuko ena. Mwachitsanzo, tikutaya chinenero chathu. Panthaŵi ina imeneyi inali njira ya boma yadala. Linapanga kuyesayesa kwakukulu ‘kutitsungulitsa’ kupyolera mwa maphunziro. Tinatumizidwa ku sukulu zaboding’i ndi kuletsedwa kulankhula zinenero zathu.” Sandra Kinlacheeny akukumbukira kuti: “Ngati ndinalankhula Chinavaho kusukulu ya boding’i yakwathu, aphunzitsi anali kunditsuka m’kamwa ndi sopo!”
Mfumu Hart ikupitiriza kuti: “Mfundo imodzi yolimbikitsa posachedwapa njakuti pakhala kutsitsimuka kochitidwa ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana. Akuzindikira kuti zinenero zawo zidzatha pokhapokhapo ngati angapange kuyesayesa kwa kuzisunga.”
Pangotsala anthu khumi okha amene amalankhula Karuk [Chikarugi], chimodzi cha zinenero za mafuko a ku California. Mu January 1996, Red Thunder Cloud (Carlos Westez), Mwiindiya womaliza amene ankalankhula chinenero cha Catawba [Chikatawoba], anamwalira pausinkhu wazaka zakubadwa 76. Panalibe amene anali kulankhula naye chinenero chimenecho kwa zaka zambiri.
Pa Nyumba za Ufumu za Mboni za Yehova ku malo a Anavaho ndi Ahopi ku Arizona, pafupifupi aliyense amalankhula Chinavaho kapena Chihopi ndiponso Chingelezi. Ngakhale Mboni zimene sizili Aindiya zikuphunzira chinenero chachinavaho. Mboni zifunikira kudziŵa Chinavaho kotero kuti zichite ntchito yawo ya maphunziro a Baibulo, popeza kuti Anavaho ambiri amalankhula bwino chinenero chawo chokha. Zinenero zachihopi ndi zachinavaho zidakali zogwiritsiridwabe ntchito kwambiri, ndipo achichepere akulimbikitsidwa kuzigwiritsira ntchito kusukulu.
Maphunziro a Eni America
Pali makoleji 29 a Aindiya mu United States, okhala ndi ophunzira 16,000. Yoyamba inatsegulidwa ku Arizona mu 1968. “Zimenezi ndizo chimodzi cha kusintha kwabwino koposa mu Indian Country, kuyenera kwa kuphunzitsa zinthu patokha,” anatero Dr. David Gipp, wa American Indian Higher Education Committee. Pa Sinte Gleska University, chinenero chachilakota ndicho phunziro limene limafunika.
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Ron McNeil (Mhankipapa wachilakota), pulezidenti wa American Indian College Fund, ziŵerengero za ulova wa Eni America zimayambira pa 50 peresenti kukafika pa 85 peresenti, ndipo Aindiya ali ndi moyo waufupi koposa ndi milingo yaikulu ya matenda ashuga, [TB], ndi uchidakwa pakati pa magulu onse a mu United States. Maphunziro abwinopo angakhale imodzi ya njira zimene zingathandize.
Malo Opatulika
Kwa Eni America ambiri, malo a makolo awo ngopatulika. Monga momwe White Thunder ananenera kwa chiŵalo china cha bungwe lamalamulo kuti: “Malo athu kuno ndiwo chinthu chamtengo wapatali koposa padziko lapansi kwa ife.” Popanga mapangano, kaŵirikaŵiri Aindiya analingalira kuti ameneŵa anali kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito malo awo kwa anthu achiyera koma osati kuwalanda ndi kukhala awo. Mitundu ya Aindiya achisuu inataya malo ofunika ku Black Hills ku Dakota mu 1870, pamene okumba migodi ambirimbiri anafikako, akumafunafuna golidi. Mu 1980 Supreme Court ya United States inalamula boma la United States kulipira ndalama pafupifupi $105 miliyoni ku mafuko asanu ndi atatu a Asuu. Kufikira pano mafukowo akana kulandira malipirowo—akufuna malo awo opatulika, Black Hills ya ku South Dakota kuti awabwezere.
Aindiya achisuu ambiri samakondwera kuona nkhope za mapulezidenti achiyera zozokotedwa pa phiri la Rushmore, ku Black Hills. Pa phiri lina lapafupi nawo, ozokota akupanga chozokota chachikulu kwambiridi. Ndicho cha Crazy Horse, Msuu wachioglala mtsogoleri wankhondo. Nkhopeyo idzamalizidwa mu June 1998.
Mavuto Amakono
Kuti akhale ndi moyo m’dziko lamakono, Eni America anafunikira kusintha m’njira zambiri. Ambiri tsopano alandira maphunziro abwino ndipo ngophunzitsidwa ku koleji, okhala ndi maluso amene angawagwiritsire ntchito bwino m’malo a fukolo. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndicho Burton McKerchie wolankhula mofatsa, Mshipewa wa ku Michigan. Iye walemba ndi kukonza mafilimu kaamba ka Public Broadcasting Service ndipo tsopano amagwira ntchito pa sukulu yasekondale pa Hopi Reservation ku Arizona, akumagwirizanitsa nthaŵi zogwiritsira ntchito vidiyo m’makalasi a m’makoleji m’boma lonselo. Chitsanzo china ndicho Ray Halbritter, mtsogoleri wa mtundu wa Aoneda wophunzira ku Harvard.
Arlene Young Hatfield, polemba mu Navajo Times, ananena kuti Anavaho achinyamata alibe chidziŵitso kapena samadzipereka mmene makolo awo ndi azigogo awo anali kudziperekera pamene anali kukula. Analemba kuti: “Chifukwa cha ziŵiya [zatsopano] sanayambe atolera kapena kutemapo nkhuni, kutunga madzi, kapena kuŵeta nkhosa monga makolo awo. Samachirikiza banja lathu monga momwe ana anachitira kalelo.” Akumaliza kuti: “Nkosatheka kupeŵa mavuto a m’chitaganya ambiri amene potsirizira pake adzayambukira ana athu. Sitingalekanitse mabanja athu, kapena mudzi wathu ndi dziko lonse, ndiponso sitingathe kubwerera ku moyo umene makolo athu anali nawo.”
Pamenepo mpamene pagona vuto la Eni America—mmene angamamatirire kumiyambo yawo ndi makhalidwe apadera afuko lawo pofuna kugwirizana ndi dziko limene likusintha mofulumira.
Kulimbana ndi Anamgoneka ndi Zakumwa Zaukali
Kufikira lerolino, uchidakwa ukuwononga chitaganya cha Eni America. Dr. Lorraine Lorch, amene watumikira anthu achihopi ndi achinavaho monga dokotala wa ana ndi wa matenda onse kwa zaka 12, pofunsidwa ndi Galamukani! anati: “Uchidakwa ndiwo vuto lalikulu kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe. Anthu athanzi lolimba amadwala cirrhosis, amafa mwangozi, amadzipha, ndi kupha ena. Nzachisoni kuona uchidakwa ukutsogola pa ana, pa a muukwati, ndipo ngakhale pa Mulungu. Kuseka kumasandutsidwa misozi, kufatsa kukhala chiwawa.” Anawonjezera kuti: “Ngakhale madzoma ena, amene kale Anavaho ndi Ahopi anawaona kukhala opatulika, tsopano nthaŵi zina amanyazitsidwa ndi uchidakwa ndi chilakolako chonyansa cha kugonana. Zakumwa zaukali zimabera anthu abwino kwambiri ameneŵa thanzi lawo, nzeru yawo, umisiri wawo, ndi mkhalidwe wawo weniweni.”
Philmer Bluehouse, nkhoswe ya mtendere mu Justice Department ya Anavaho, ku Window Rock, Arizona, mokuluŵika anafotokoza anamgoneka ndi zakumwa zaukali monga “kudzipatsa mankhwala.” Kudziipsa kumeneku kumachita monga choiŵalitsa mavuto ndi kuthandiza munthu kuwonjoka m’nkhanza ya mu umoyo wa ulova ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri wopanda chifuno.
Komabe, Eni America ambiri alimbana mwachipambano ndi chakumwa “choipa” chimene anthu achiyera anabweretsa ndipo amenya nkhondo kuti apambane pa kumwerekera ndi anamgoneka. Zitsanzo zake ziŵiri ndizo Clyde ndi Henrietta Abrahamson, a ku Spokane Indian Reservation ku Washington State. Clyde ngwojintcha, watsitsi ndi maso akuda. Iyeyo analongosolera Galamukani! kuti:
“Mbali yaikulu ya moyo wathu tinakulira pa mudzi, ndiyeno tinasamukira ku mzinda wa Spokane kukaloŵa pa koleji. Sitinasamale za moyo wathu, umene unaphatikizapo zakumwa zaukali ndi anamgoneka. Mtundu umenewu wa moyo ndiwo wokha umene tinkadziŵa. Tinayamba kuda zinthu ziŵiri zosonkhezera zimenezi chifukwa cha mavuto omwe tinaona amene zinabweretsa m’banja.
“Ndiyeno tinaonana ndi Mboni za Yehova. Tinali tisanamvepo za iwo tisanapite ku mzindawo. Kupita patsogolo kwathu kunali kochedwa. Mwina chinali chifukwa chakuti sitinali kudalira anthu kwenikweni amene sitinali kuwadziŵa, makamaka anthu achiyera. Tinaphunzira Baibulo modumphadumpha kwa pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Chizoloŵezi chimene chinandivuta kwambiri kuleka chinali kusuta chamba. Ndinachisuta kuyambira pamene ndinali ndi zaka 14 ndipo ndinali ndi zaka 25 pamene ndinayesa kulekako. Ndinali woledzera nthaŵi zochuluka za moyo wanga womasinkhuka. Mu 1986, ndinaŵerenga nkhani ya m’kope la Galamukani! wa November 8, 1986 wa mutu wakuti “Aliyense Amasuta Chamba—Kodi Inde Ndilekerenji?” Inandichititsa kuganiza mmene kusuta chamba kunalili kopusa—makamaka nditaŵerenga Miyambo 1:22, imene imati: ‘Kodi mudzakonda zachibwana kufikira liti, achibwana inu? Onyoza ndi kukonda kunyoza, opusa ndi kuda nzeru?’
“Ndinaleka chizoloŵezicho, ndipo m’ngululu ya 1986, ine ndi Henrietta tinakwatirana. Tinabatizidwa mu November 1986. Mu 1993, ndinakhala mkulu mumpingo. Ana athu aakazi aŵiri onse anabatizidwa monga Mboni mu 1994.”
Kodi Makasino ndi Juga Ndizo Yankho?
Mu 1984 mu United States munalibe makampani a juga a Aindiya. Malinga ndi kunena kwa The Washington Post, chaka chino mafuko 200 ali ndi makampani a juga 220 m’maboma 24. Amene adzipatula padera ndiwo Anavaho ndi Ahopi, amene ayesetsa kukana chiyesocho. Koma kodi ma casino [makasino] ndi maholo a bingo ndiwo njira ya kupeza kulemerera ndi ntchito zambiri kwa okhala m’midziyo? Philmer Bluehouse anauza Galamukani! kuti: “Kutchova juga ndiko lupanga lakuthwa konsekonse. Funso limene lilipo nlakuti, Kodi kudzapindulitsa anthu ambiri kuposa mmene kumawavulazira?” Lipoti lina likunena kuti makasino a Aindiya apereka ntchito 140,000 mu mtundu wonsewo komano likusonyeza kuti 15 peresenti yokha ya ntchitozo ndiyo ili ya Aindiya.
Mfumu Hart ya Ashayeni inapereka lingaliro lake kwa Galamukani! ponena za mmene makasino ndi juga zimayambukirira midziyo. Iyo inati: “Malingaliro anga ali paŵiri. Chinthu chimodzi chokha chabwino nchakuti zimapereka ntchito ndi ndalama ku mafuko. Komanso, ndaona kuti makasitomala ochuluka ndiwo anthu athu omwe. Ena amene ndikudziŵa amwerekera ndi bingo, ndipo amachoka panyumba msanga kupita kumeneko ngakhale ana asanafike panyumba kuchokera kusukulu. Ndiyeno anawo amakhala okha panyumba kufikira pamene makolo awo abwerera kokaseŵera bingo.
“Vuto lalikulu nlakuti mabanjawo amaganiza kuti adzapambana ndi kuwonjezera ndalama zawo. Ambiri samatero; amataya ndalama. Ndawaona akutha ndalama zimene anaziika pambali kaamba ka zokagulagula kusitolo kapena kaamba ka zovala za ana.”
Kodi Mtsogolo Mulinji?
Tom Bahti akufotokoza kuti pali njira ziŵiri zofala pokambitsirana zamtsogolo mwa mafuko a Kummwera chakumadzulo. “Yoyamba imaneneratu mosabisa za kuzimiririka kumene kwayandikira kwa miyambo ya eni malo m’moyo wa Amereka. Yachiŵiri njosafotokozeka bwino . . . Imanena bwino za mchitidwe wa kusakanikira m’miyambo ina, ikumapereka lingaliro la msanganizo wabwino wa ‘zakale zabwino koposa ndi zatsopano zabwino koposa,’ mtundu wa miyambo yakale yomaziririka imene Aindiya angakhalebe apadera paumisiri wawo, okongola pa chipembedzo chawo ndi anzeru pa filosofi yawo—komabe nakhala olingalira mokwanira pa unansi wawo ndi ife ([anthu achiyera] achikhalidwe chapamwamba) kulingalira za mbali yathu.”
Ndiyeno Bahti akufunsa funso. “Kusinthako nkotsimikizirika, komano ndani adzasintha ndipo kaamba ka chifuno chotani? . . . Ife [anthu achiyera] tili ndi chizoloŵezi chovutitsa maganizo cha kuona mafuko ena monga Aamereka wamba osatsungula. Timalingalira kuti ayenera kukhala ali osakhutiritsidwa ndi moyo wawo ndipo akufunitsitsa kukhala ndi moyo ndi kuganiza monga momwe timachitira.”
Akupitiriza kuti: “Chinthu chotsimikizirika nchakuti—nkhani ya Aindiya a ku America sinathebe, komano kuti idzatha bwanji kapena ngati iti idzathe tifunikira kuona. Mwinamwake pakali nthaŵi yoti tiyambe kuganiza za magulu athu achiindiya otsala monga chuma chofunika chamwambo m’malo mwa kuwaona monga mavuto a m’chitaganya.”
Moyo m’Dziko Latsopano Logwirizana ndi Lachilungamo
Malinga ndi lingaliro la Baibulo, Mboni za Yehova zimadziŵa za chimene chingakhale mtsogolo mwa Eni America ndi mwa anthu amitundu yonse, mafuko, ndi malirime. Yehova Mulungu walonjeza za kulenga “kumwamba kwatsopano ndi dziko lapansi latsopano.”—Yesaya 65:17; 2 Petro 3:13; Chivumbulutso 21:1, 3, 4.
Lonjezo limeneli silimatanthauza kupangidwa kwa pulaneti latsopano. Monga momwe Eni America amadziŵira bwino kwambiri, dziko lapansili ndilo juwelo pamene lichitiridwa mwaulemu ndi kusamaliridwa moyenera. M’malo mwake, ulosi wa Baibulo umasonyeza za ulamuliro watsopano wakumwamba umene udzaloŵa mmalo maboma a anthu olima ena pamsana. Dziko lapansi lidzasandulizidwa kukhala paradaiso lokhala ndi nkhalango zobwezeretsedwa, madambo, mitsinje, ndi nyama zakuthengo. Anthu onse adzagaŵana malo mosadzikonda powayang’anira. Kulimana pamsana ndi umbombo sizidzakhalakonso. Padzakhala chakudya chambiri ndi zochita zomangirira.
Ndipo ndi kuuka kwa akufa, zisalungamo zonse zakale zidzafafanizidwa. Inde, ngakhale Anasazi (liwu lachinavaho la “anthu akale”), makolo ambiri a Aindiya achipweblo, amene amakhala ku Arizona ndi ku New Mexico, adzabwerera kudzakhala ndi mwaŵi wa moyo wosatha pano padziko lapansi lobwezeretsedwa. Ndiponso, atsogoleri otchuka aja mu mbiri ya Aindiya—Geronimo, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Tecumseh, Manuelito, Chiefs Joseph ndi Seattle—ndi ena ambiri angadzabwerere m’chiukiriro chimenecho cholonjezedwa. (Yohane 5:28, 29; Machitidwe 24:15) Ndi chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri chotani nanga chimene malonjezo a Mulungu amapereka kwa iwo ndi kwa awo onse amene akumtumikira tsopano!
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Nyumba yachinavaho yeniyeni, yopangidwa ndi mitengo yomatidwa ndi dothi
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Chitsanzo cha Crazy Horse chimene chikusemedwa pa phiri
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Chinthunzithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Robb DeWall, mwa chilolezo cha bungwe la Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation (losapanga phindu)
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Mboni zachihopi ndi zachinavaho ku Keams Canyon, Arizona, zimasonkhana m’Nyumba ya Ufumu iyi, yomwe kale inali msika
[Chithunzi patsamba 28]
Malo okhala a Anasazi a zaka zoposa 1,000 zapitazo (Mesa Verde, Colorado)
[Chithunzi patsamba 28]
Geronimo (1829-1909), mfumu yotchuka ya Apashe
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Mwa chilolezo cha Mercaldo Archives/ Dictionary of American Portraits/Dover