Makhadi a Ngongole Kodi Adzakutumikirani Kapena Kukupangani Kapolo?

“NTHAŴI imene ndimatsegula masitetimenti anga a khadi la ngongole mwezi uliwonse imakhala tsoka loseketsa,” akutero mphunzitsi wina wachingelezi ku United States. “Ndimayang’ana balansi mosakhulupirira, monga ngati mbali yanga ina, mwina chithunzithunzi changa chowawanya ndalama chinapita m’masitolo a zidole, m’masitolo a ziŵiya za m’nyumba, m’masupamaliketi, ndi mogulitsira mafuta a galimoto ndi kumagula zinthu mosasamala.”

Dolores nayenso amapeza kuti amaloŵa m’ngongole mosavuta. Iye akuti: “Kugwiritsira ntchito khadi la ngongole sikumapweteka. Sindingataye choncho ndalama zenizeni. Koma kugula zinthu ndi makhadi a ngongole nkwina. Ndalama yake sumaiona. Iweyo umangopereka khadi lako, ndipo amakubwezeranso khadilo.”

Nkosadabwitsa kuti ngongole za pa makhadi a ngongole mu United States zinakwanira $195,200,000,000 mu June 1995—avareji yoposa pa $1,000 pa mwini khadi aliyense! Komabe, makampani a makhadi a ngongole akupitirizabe kunyengerera makasitomala atsopano ndi zokopa zonga ngati ndalama yachiwongola dzanja yoyambira yaing’ono ndi kusalipira ndalama ya pachaka. Kodi ndi kangati pamene mwalandira chilimbikitso chonena za makhadi a ngongole m’miyezi yaposachedwapa? Banja wamba la ku United States limalandira pafupifupi 24 chaka chilichonse! Mwini makhadi wina ku United States anagwiritsira ntchito makhadi a ngongole khumi mu 1994 kuti agule zinthu pangongole yaikulu ndi 25 peresenti kuposa imene anatenga chaka chapitapo.

Ku Japan, makhadi a ngongole ngochuluka kwambiri kuposa matelefoni; pa avareji, Mjapani aliyense wazaka zoposa 20 ali ndi makhadi aŵiri. Mu Asia yense, makhadi a ngongole oposa 120 miliyoni atulutsidwa, pafupifupi khadi limodzi pa anthu ake khumi ndi aŵiri alionse. James Cassin, wa MasterCard International, akuti: “Asia ndiwo malo amene malonda a makhadi a ngongole akuwonjezereka koposa.” Pulezidenti wa Visa International, Edmund P. Jensen akuneneratu za mtsogolo kuti: “Tidzakhala anthu ogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri makhadi a ngongole kwa nthaŵi yaitali.”

Mwachionekere makhadi a ngongole adzapitirizabe kuyambukira kwambiri makhalidwe a anthu. Pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino, amakhala opindulitsa. Komabe, kuwagwiritsira ntchito molakwa kungabweretse mavuto aakulu. Kukhala ndi chidziŵitso choyambirira cha makhadi a ngongole kungakuthandizeni kugwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya cha zandalama chimenechi mokupindulitsani.

Mitundu ya Makhadi

Makhadi amene anthu ambiri koposa amawakonda ndiwo makhadi a kubanki monga Visa ndi MasterCard. Makhadi ameneŵa amaperekedwa ndi magulu oyang’anira zandalama ndipo amakhala ndi ndalama yoyenera kulipiridwa pachaka, kaŵirikaŵiri $15 mpaka $25 pachaka. Nthaŵi zina, ndalama imeneyi imachotsedwapo, malinga ndi mmene kasitomala wakhala akulipirira ngongole zake ndi mmene wakhala akugwiritsirira ntchito khadi lake. Malipiro okwana angaperekedwe mwezi uliwonse, nthaŵi zambiri popanda chiwongola dzanja, kapena malipiro angaperekedwe pang’onopang’ono mwezi ndi mwezi ophatikizapo ndalama yaikulu yachiwongola dzanja. Mlingo wa ndalama zimene angagwiritsire ntchito umaikidwa, malinga ndi mmene wofuna khadiyo wakhala akulipirira ngongole. Kaŵirikaŵiri mlingowo umawonjezedwa pamene munthuyo asonyeza kuti akhoza kulipira.

Makhadi a kubanki alinso ndi makonzedwe a kukongola ndalama mwa kugwiritsira ntchito makina a otomatiki otengera ndalama kapena macheke a wopereka makhadi. Komabe, kupeza ndalama m’njira imeneyi nkodula. Munthu nthaŵi zambiri amalipiritsidwa pakati pa $2 ndi $5 pa $100 iliyonse imene akongola. Ndipo chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole ya ndalama imeneyi chimayamba kuŵerengeredwa patsiku limene ndalamazo zatengedwa.

Kuwonjezera pa mabanki, masitolo ambiri ndi makampani okhala ndi masitolo ambiri amapereka makhadi a ngongole amene amawalandira m’masitolo awo. Nthaŵi zambiri makhadi ameneŵa samakhala ndi ndalama yoyenera kulipira pachaka. Komabe, ngati ndalama yoyenera kulipira sinalipiridwe yonse, chiwongola dzanja chingakhale chachikulu kuposa cha pa makhadi a kubanki.

Makampani a mafuta nawonso amapereka makhadi a ngongole amene samafuna ndalama ya pachaka. Ambiri a makhadi ameneŵa amangowalandira pamalo a makampani awo ogulitsira mafuta a galimoto ndipo nthaŵi zina pa mahotela ena. Monga makhadi operekedwa ndi masitolo, iwo amalola ndalama zake zonse kulipiridwa popanda chiwongola dzanja kapena kulipira mkati mwa nyengo yakutiyakuti ndi chiwongola dzanja.

Palinso makhadi a maulendo ndi a kusanguluka, monga Diners Club ndi American Express. Khadi la mtundu umenewu lili ndi ndalama yoyenera kulipira pachaka koma ilibe chiwongola dzanja, popeza ndalama yake yonse ayenera kuilipira bilu ya mwezi ndi mwezi itangofika. Komabe, kusiyana kwake kwenikweni pakati pa makhadi ameneŵa ndi makhadi a kubanki sikudziŵika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, American Express imaperekanso khadi la Optima, limene lili ndi chiwongola dzanja ndipo nlofanana ndi khadi la kubanki.

Khadi lamtundu wina limene layamba kufala m’malonda a ku United States ndilo smart card, lotchedwa choncho chifukwa cha memory chip [kachipangizo kosunga chidziŵitso] imene ili mkati mwake. Lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga khadi lokongolera ndalama, popeza kuti woligwiritsira ntchito angalinganize chip yake kumatengera unyinji wakutiwakuti wa ndalama. Wamalonda aliyense angalipidwe katundu wake mwa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama imeneyi. Podzafika chaka chatha Afalansa anali kugwiritsira kale ntchito ma smart card 23 miliyoni ndipo Ajapani 11 miliyoni. Zanenedwa kuti chiŵerengero cha padziko lonse cha makhadi ameneŵa chidzakwera kwambiri kufika pa oposa mamiliyoni chikwi chimodzi podzafika m’chaka cha 2000.

Munthu asanatenge khadi, angachite mwanzeru kudziŵa bwino Zofunika pangongolezo. “Zofunika zazikulu pangongolezo zoyenera kulingalira,” malinga ndi kunena kwa brosha lofalitsidwa ndi Federal Reserve System of the U.S. Government ndizo “annual percentage rate (APR) [ngongole ya pachaka yonse pamodzi], malipiro a pachaka, ndi nyengo yolipiriramo.” Zinthu zina zofuna kuzilingalira ndizo malipiro a kukongola ndalama ndi malipiro a kupyolapo pa ndalama zoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito limodzinso ndi malipiro a kuchedwetsa kubweza ngongole.

Malipiro Owonjezera—Kodi Ngaakulu Motani?

Malipiro owonjezera amene anthu afunikira kulipira pamene sanalipire balansi yawo yonse ya mwezi ndi mwezi amakhala aakulu kwambiri kuposa mmene ambiri amaganizira. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za APR, imene ili ukulu weniweni wa ngongole. Kugwirizana kwa chiwongola dzanja cha pachaka ndi APR kungafanizidwe motere. Tinene kuti mwakongoza bwenzi lanu $100 ndipo likubwezerani $108 pakutha kwa chaka. Zikatere, bwenzi lanu likukulipirani chiwongola dzanja cha pachaka cha 8 peresenti. Komabe, tinene kuti likubweza loni ya $100 imeneyo pang’onopang’ono kwa miyezi 12 mwa kulipira $9 mwezi uliwonse. Yonse pamodzi pakutha kwa chaka idzakhalabe $108, koma inuyo, wokongoza, mwakhala mulikugwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo pamene anali kulipira mwezi uliwonse. APR pa loni yotere idzakhala 14.5 peresenti!

Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa U.S. Federal Reserve System chaka chatha, ma APR a pa makhadi a ngongole a kubanki amayambira pa 9.94 peresenti ndi kukwera kufika pa 19.80 peresenti, koma nthaŵi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 17 ndi 19 peresenti. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ena amafuna ndalama yaing’ono yoyambira, kaŵirikaŵiri 5.9 peresenti, iwo atha kukweza ndalamayo nyengo yoyambira itangotha. Wopereka khadi amakwezanso ndalamayo ngati aona kuti ngozi ikukula ya kusabwezeredwa ndalama yake. Ena opereka makhadi amalipiritsa obweza ndalama mochedwa mwa kukweza peresenti yachiwongola dzanja chawo. Munthu amalipiritsidwanso ngati wapyola pa ndalama zoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito.

Kumaiko a ku Asia, ngongole za pachaka zonse pamodzi pa makhadi zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri. Makhadi ena a kubanki, mwachitsanzo, amalipiritsa 24 peresenti ku Hong Kong, 30 peresenti ku India, 36 peresenti ku Indonesia, 45 peresenti ku Philipines, 24 peresenti ku Singapore, ndi 20 peresenti ku Taiwan.

Ndithudi, makhadi a ngongole amapereka ngongole yosavuta kuipeza komano yokwera kwambiri. Kuloŵa m’sitolo ndi kugula zinthu ndi khadi la ngongole pangongole imene mungangobweza pang’onopang’ono kuli ngati kuloŵa m’banki ndi kukongola ndalama pamtengo wokwera kwambiri. Komabe, eni makhadi pafupifupi atatu mwa anayi ku United States amachitadi zimenezo! Amakhala ndi balansi yotsala pa imene amalipira chiwongola dzanja chachikulu kwambiri. Ku United States, avareji ya balansi ya mwezi ndi mwezi pa Visa ndi MasterCard yomwe chaka chatha inali $1,825, ndipo anthu ambiri amakhala ndi ngongole imeneyo pa makhadi a ngongole angapo.

Msampha Umene Ungakupangeni Kapolo

Ruth Susswein, mkulu woyang’anira Bank Cardholders of America, akunena kuti ogwiritsira ntchito makhadi sakudziŵa mavuto a zandalama amene angaloŵemo. Iye akunena kuti wogwiritsira ntchito khadi amene akulipira ndalama yaing’ono kwambiri—$36 pamwezi—pa balansi ya pa khadi la ngongole yokwanira $1,825 angathe zaka zoposa 22 kuti abweze ngongoleyo.a Chifukwa cha chiwongola dzanja chowonjezedwapo, panthaŵiyo wokongolayo adzalipira $10,000 pa ngongole ya $1,825! Ndipo zimakhala choncho ngati sanagulenso china chilichonse ndi khadili! Chotero, ngati mumakonda kuwawanya, makhadi a ngongole amene ali m’chikwama chanu angakhale msampha.

Kodi anthu amagwidwa motani mumsamphawu? Robert, wotchulidwa m’nkhani yoyamba, akuti: “Tinagula zinthu zimene sitinali kufunikira. Tinaloŵa kalabu ya maseŵero olimbitsa thupi imene sitinapiteko. Tinagula kalavani, ndipo tinataya madola zikwi zambiri kuikonzetsa popanda kulingalira ngati inali yofunikadi. Sitinalingaliredi za zotulukapo za ngongole zathu.”

Reena, wotchulidwanso m’nkhani yoyambayo, akufotokoza zimene zinachitikira iye ndi mwamuna wake, Michael kuti: “Tinangogwera m’ngongole. Titakwatirana tinagula zonse zofunikira, ndi makhadi a ngongole. Malipiro a inshuwalansi ya umoyo ndi zogula zina zimene sitikanagwiritsira ntchito makhadi, tinakongola ndalama ndi makhadi athu a ngongole. M’chaka chimodzi chokha ngongole yathu inafika $14,000. Tinatseguka maso pamene tinazindikira kuti malipiro athu aakulu a mwezi ndi mwezi a pa makhadi a ngongole anali kupita ku chiwongola dzanja.”

Kodi Muyenera Kukhala ndi Makhadi?

Atalingalira za vuto la zandalama limene makhadi a ngongole aloŵetsamo mamiliyoni a anthu, ena angayankhe kuti ayi. Daphne, wazaka 32, akuti: “Makolo anga sanakhalepo ndi khadi la ngongole, ndipo sakulifuna.” Kwenikweni, mwa eni makhadi anayi a ku United States, mmodzi ndiye amagwiritsira ntchito makhadi ake a ngongole mwanzeru. Amapeza mapindu popanda kuvutika ndi kulipira chiwongola dzanja chapamwamba kwambiri. Mmodzi wa anthu ameneŵa ndi Maria. “Ndimakonda kupeputsa zinthu kwake,” akutero. “Sindimafunikira kunyamula ndalama zambiri. Ngati ndaona chinthu chimene akugulitsa chimene ndikuchifuna, ndimatha kuchitenga.”

Maria akupitiriza kuti: “Nthaŵi zonse ndimatsimikizira kuti ndili ndi ndalama zokwanira kulipirira katunduyo. Sindinakongolepo ndalama. Sindinalipirepo malipiro alionse owonjezera.” Nkosavuta kusungitsa chipinda motsimikizira ku hotela mwa kugwiritsira ntchito khadi la ngongole, ndipo ku United States khadi la ngongole limafunika pobwereka galimoto.

Komabe, anthu ena amatengeka mtima kwambiri pogula zinthu. Angathe kupanga kugula zinthu kukhala chinthu chochitidwa mwatcheru mwa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zenizeni nthaŵi zambiri. Michael ndi Reena sanafune kuti kukhala m’ngongole kukhale moyo wawo. Choncho anasankha kusagwiritsira ntchito makhadi alionse kwa zaka zisanu—pokhapo patabuka za mwadzidzidzi.

Kaya musankha kugwiritsira ntchito makhadi a ngongole chili chosankha chaumwini. Koma ngati mutero, agwiritsireni ntchito mosamala. Agwiritsireni ntchito monga chiŵiya chothandiza. Ndipo yesetsani kupeŵa kukundika ngongole. Kugwiritsira ntchito makhadi a ngongole mosamala kuli sitepe lofunika kwambiri poyendetsa ndalama zanu mwachipambano. Talingalirani zinanso zimene mungachite.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Kugwiritsira ntchito makhadi a ngongole sikumapweteka—mpaka mabilu atabwera