Mmene Upandu Wolinganiza Umakukhudzirani

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU JAPAN

Mkulu wa banja lina la Mafia alasa chala cha membala watsopano. Mwazi udonthera pachithunzi cha “woyera mtima.” Kenako, moto upsereza chithunzicho. ‘Ukavumbula chinsinsi chilichonse cha gululi, moyo wako udzapsa ngati woyera mtimayu,’ mkuluyo auza m’nyamata.

LAMULO la kusunga chinsinsi—m’Chitaliyana, omertà—linabisa kwambiri upandu wolinganiza zaka zambiri. Komabe, lerolino magulu a apandu akulembedwa m’nkhani zazikulu m’manyuzipepala kulikonse pamene mamembala ena akhala akazitape. Wodziŵika kwambiri amene a pentiti ameneŵa, kapena kuti Amafia opanduka, azengetsa mlandu anali Giulio Andreotti, amene anali nduna yaikulu ya Italy nthaŵi zisanu ndi ziŵiri ndipo tsopano akumzenga mlandu wa kugwirizana kwake ndi Mafia.

Magulu a apandu kulikonse aloŵerera m’mikhalidwe yonse ya moyo: gulu la Mafia ku Italy ndi ku United States, kumene amalitchanso kuti Cosa Nostra; magulu ozembetsa anamgoneka ku South America; gulu la Triads ku China; gulu la yakuza ku Japan. Zochita zawo zoipa zimatikhudza tonsefe ndipo zimachititsa moyo kukhala wodula kwambiri.

Ku United States, akuti gulu la Mafia lagaŵa mzinda wa New York pakati pa mabanja asanu, ndi kupanga mabiliyoni mwa kuba, kunyengezera kuti akupereka chitetezo, ngongole zakatapira, kutchova juga, kuzembetsa anamgoneka, ndi uhule. Kwanenedwa kuti mabanja a gulu la Mafia aloŵerera kwabasi m’mabungwe a antchito m’malonda otaya zinyalala, a mtengatenga, a zomangamanga, opereka zakudya, ndi owomba nsalu. Pokhala ndi mphamvu imeneyo m’mabungwe a antchito, iwo angathetse kusamvana kwa pantchito kapena angawononge ntchito yonse. Mwachitsanzo, pamalo pomwe akumanga, tsiku lina katapila wolambula malo adzalephera kuyenda, tsiku linanso mabuleki a galimoto lokumbira nkufa, ndipo mainjiniya a ntchitoyo adzayamba “kuchedwetsa” ntchito yawo—zochitika zimenezi ndi zinanso zambiri zimapitiriza mpaka womangayo atagonjera zofuna za gululo, kaya zikhale psete kapena mapangano a ntchito. Kwenikweni, “kuchita psete ku Gululo kumapatsa amalonda chidaliro chakuti katundu adzaperekedwa mwamsanga, adzakhala pa mtendere ndi antchito ndipo adzatha kugwiritsira ntchito antchito osafuna ndalama zambiri,” ikutero magazini ya Time.

Ku Colombia magulu aŵiri ozembetsa anamgoneka ankapikisana mpaka Pablo Escobar, mkulu wa gulu la ku Medellín, atamlasa ndi mfuti mu 1993. Ndiyeno, gulu la ku Cali ndilo lokha linali kuzembetsa cocaine padziko lonse. Pamene linapanga $7,000,000,000 mu 1994 mu United States mokha, liyenera kuti linakhala gulu lalikulu koposa la upandu wolinganiza padziko lonse. Koma kugwidwa kwa mtsogoleri wake mu 1995, José Santacruz Londoño, kunadzetsa tsoka pagululo. Komabe, nthaŵi zonse pamakhala wina wofunitsitsa kutenga malo monga mtsogoleri wotsatira.

Pamene chikomyunizimu chinatha mphamvu, gulu la ku Russia la Mafia linadziŵikanso padziko lonse nthaŵi yoyamba. Choncho, “malonda alionse ku Russia amagwirizana ndi gulu la mafia,” akutero wina wogwira ntchito m’banki wogwidwa mawu mu Newsweek. Ngakhale ku Brighton Beach, New York, gulu la Mafia la ku Russia akuti likupanga phindu lalikulu ndi chinyengo chocholoŵana m’malonda a mafuta a galimoto. Eni galimoto tsono amalipira ndalama zambiri, ndipo boma limataya misonkho. Maguluwo a ku Russia alinso ndi malonda a uhule ku Eastern Europe. Maupandu ochuluka amene amachita samawaimba nawo mlandu. Ndani angalimbe mtima kuyang’anizana ndi omwe kale anali amaseŵero ndi asilikali a m’nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan okhala ndi zida zamphamvu?

Mkhalidwewo sukusiyana ndi wa Kummaŵa. Ku Japan eni malonda a zosangulutsa amayembekezera mavuto a mtundu ulionse ngati salemekeza gulu la yakuza la kumaloko ndi kukhoma msonkho waukulu kwa ilo. Kunonso ndalama zachitetezo zimafunidwa m’mabawa ngakhale kwa ongoyenda mkhwalala. Ndiponso, gulu la yakuza laloŵerera zedi m’zachuma ku Japan mwa kudzipangira makampani awo, kubera malonda aakulu ndalama, ndi kugwirizana ndi magulu ena a upandu akunja kwa dzikolo.

Magulu a apandu a ku Hong Kong ndi Taiwan nawonso akufala padziko lonse. Kusiyapo dzina lawolo, Triads, sakudziŵika bwino kuti adzilinganiza motani. Mbiri yawo imayambira m’zaka za zana la 17, pamene amonke achitchaina anagwirizana kuti alimbane ndi Amanchuriya amene analanda China. Ngakhale ali ndi mamembala zikwi makumi ambiri, akuti gulu la Triads ku Hong Kong limapanga timagulu ta pakanthaŵi kaamba ka upandu wakutiwakuti kapena maupandu akutiakuti, kuchititsa apolisi kuvutika kuti awadziŵe bwino. Amapanga mabiliyoni a madola mwa kuzembetsa heroin ndipo apanga Hong Kong kukhala likulu lopanga makadi a ngongole onyenga.

M’buku lake lakuti The New Ethnic Mobs, William Kleinknecht akulemba za upandu ku United States kuti: “Pakati pa magulu atsopano a upandu wolinganiza, palibe mamembala ake a fuko limodzi amene adzawonjezeka mtsogolomu monga Atchaina. . . . Magulu a apandu achitchaina akukhala amphamvu mwamsanga m’mizinda kuzungulira dziko lonseli. . . . Gulu la Mafia ndilo lokha lowaposa mu New York.”

Ponena za mtundu winanso wa malonda aukatangale oyambira ku Hong Kong, wogwira ntchito wina mu Justice Department ya ku United States akuti: “Kuloŵetsa alendo m’dziko mozemba kuli umboni wa upandu wolinganiza.” Akuluakulu ena akunena kuti atchaina ngati 100,000 amaloŵa mu United States mozemba chaka chilichonse. Mlendo weniweni woloŵetsedwa m’dziko mozemba amalipira ngati $15,000 yombweretsera ku dziko lachuma, ndipo amalipira mbali yaikulu atafika komwe akupitako. Choncho, alendo ochuluka amapeza kuti moyo m’dziko lomwe ankakhumba kwambiri kukhalamo umakhala wovuta kwambiri pantchito zachibalo ndi m’nyumba za mahule.

Chifukwa chakuti simumachitako zaupandu, mungaganize kuti upandu wolinganiza sumakukhudzani. Koma kodi zilidi choncho? Anthu ochuluka omwerekera ndi anamgoneka, m’makontinenti angapo amachita upandu kuti agule anamgoneka operekedwa ndi magulu ozembetsa anamgoneka a ku South America. A upandu wolinganiza amatsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse zoloŵetsamo utumiki wa anthu onse zapatsidwa makampani ogwirizana nawo; choncho, nzika zimalipira ndalama zambiri. Bungwe la Pulezidenti Lofufuza za Upandu Wolinganiza nthaŵi ina linanena kuti ku United States, “upandu wolinganiza umasokoneza mitengo mwa kuba, kulanda, ziphuphu, kudziikira mitengo ndi kuletsa malonda ena” ndi kuti ogula amakakamizidwa kulipira “ndalama yapamwamba” kwa Mafia. Choncho, palibe amene amazemba zotsatirapo za upandu. Tonsefe timakhudzidwa.

Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji upandu wolinganiza ukuwonjezeka lerolino?

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Gulu la Mafia—Kumene Linachokera

“Gulu la Mafia linayambira ku Sicily chakumapeto kwa Nyengo Yapakati, kumene liyenera kuti linayamba monga gulu lachizembera lokhala ndi cholinga cha kulanda ulamuliro wa ochokera kunja osiyanasiyana amene anagonjetsa chisumbucho—mwachitsanzo Asaraseni, Anomani, ndi Aspanya. Gulu la Mafia linabadwa ku magulu ambiri ang’onoang’ono a asilikali a anthu, kapena kuti mafie, amene analembedwa ganyu ndi eni minda okhala kwina kuti atetezere minda yawoyo kwa achifwamba m’mikhalidwe yosayeruzika ya m’mbali yaikulu ya Sicily pazaka mazana ambiri. Pazaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, anthu amfunzi ndi amphamvu a m’magulu a asilikali a anthu ameneŵa anadzilinganiza kukhala gulu, nakula m’mphamvu ndipo anaukira eni minda nakhala olamulira okha m’minda yochuluka kulanda mwa kulipiritsa ndalama zachitetezo atatetezera mbewu za eni mindawa.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Kulanda ndalama zachitetezo kunakhala njira yawo. Anapereka njira zawo ku United States, kumene anayamba juga, kuchita chinyengo kudzera mwa antchito, ngongole zakatapira, kuzembetsa anamgoneka, ndi uhule.