Kuzenga Mlandu “Wopandukira Tchalitchi” ndi Kumnyonga

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU ITALY

KU MBALI imodzi mkati mwa khoti loopsalo kuli gome lalitali la oweruza. Mpando wa tcheyamani womwe uli pakati auchinga ndi nsalu yakuda, yokoloŵeka pa mtanda waukulu wamtengo, woonekera kwambiri m’chipindamo. Patsogolo pa gomelo pali bokosi loimiriramo wamlandu.

Umu ndi mmene makhoti oopsa a Bwalo la Inquisition ya Akatolika analili nthaŵi zambiri. Mlandu woopsa umene anthu osatha kudzitetezera anapatsidwa unali wa “kupandukira tchalitchi,” liwu limene limakumbutsa kuzunza ndi kunyonga anthu mwa kuwatentha pamtengo. Inquisition (liwu lotengedwa ku verebu ya Chilatini yakuti inquiro, “kufufuza”) inali bwalo la milandu lapadera la tchalitchi lokhazikitsidwa kuti lithetse kupandukira tchalitchi konse, ndiko kuti, malingaliro kapena ziphunzitso zotsutsa chiphunzitso chamwambo cha Roma Katolika.

Zolemba za Akatolika zimanena kuti Bwalo la Inquisition linakhazikitsidwa pang’onopang’ono. Papa Lucius III anakhazikitsa Bwalo la Inquisition pa Upo wa ku Verona mu 1184, ndipo kayendetsedwe kake ka zinthu ndi njira zake zinakonzedwanso—ngati kuti tingagwiritsire ntchito nkomwe liwulo kunena za bwalo lochititsa mantha limenelo—ndi apapa ena. M’zaka za zana la 13, Papa Gregory IX anakhazikitsa mabwalo a inquisiton m’malo osiyanasiyana mu Ulaya.

Bwalo la Inquisition la ku Spain la mbiri yoipalo linakhazikitsidwa mu 1478 ndi kalata ya lamulo yoperekedwa ndi Papa Sixtus IV, pamene mafumu olamulira, Ferdinand ndi Isabella anampempha. Analikhazikitsa kuti athetse Amarano, ndiwo Ayuda omwe anangovala Chikatolika kuti apulumuke chizunzo; Amoriskosi, omwe anali Asilamu nawonso ongovala Chikatolika ndi cholinga chimodzimodzicho; ndiponso opandukira tchalitchi achisipanya. Potengeka ndi changu chake, mkulu woyamba wa Bwalo la Inquisition mu Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, Mfulaya wachidominikani, anakhala chitsanzo cha nkhanza yoipitsitsa ya Bwalo la Inquisition.

Mu 1542, Papa Paul III anakhazikitsa Bwalo la Inquisition la ku Roma, limene linayang’anira maiko onse achikatolika. Iye anasankha bwalo la milandu lalikulu la akadinala asanu ndi mmodzi, limene analitcha Mpingo wa Inquisition Yaikulu Yoyera ya Roma, ndilo bungwe latchalitchi limene linakhala “boma loopsa lomwe linadzaza Roma yense ndi mantha.” (Dizionario Enciclopedico Italiano) Kunyonga opandukira tchalitchi kunachititsa mantha aakulu m’maiko olamuliridwa ndi atsogoleri achikatolika.

Kuzenga Mlandu, ndi Mwambo wa Auto-da-fé

Mbiri yakale imasonyeza kuti cholinga cha a bwalo la inquisition pozunza oimbidwa mlandu wa kupandukira tchalitchi chinali kuti awaumirize kuvomera mlanduwo. Poyesa kuchepetsa mlandu wa Bwalo la Inquisition, ozunza achikatolika alemba kuti panthaŵiyo, kuzunza anthu kunali kachitidwe kofala ngakhale m’mabwalo a milandu a boma. Koma kodi zimenezo zimachotsa mlandu wa kachitidweko pa opembedza omwe anati anali oimira Kristu? Kodi iwo sanayenera kusonyeza chifundo chimene Kristu anasonyeza kwa adani ake? Kuti tiione bwino mfundoyi, tingalingalire funso limodzi lapafupi: Kodi Kristu Yesu akanagwiritsira ntchito njira yozunza anthu omwe sanagwirizane ndi ziphunzitso zake? Yesu anati: “Kondanani nawo adani anu; chitirani zabwino iwo akuda inu.”—Luka 6:27.

Bwalo la Inquisition silinapereke chilungamo chilichonse kwa oimbidwa mlandu. Kwenikweni, mphamvu zonse zinali m’manja mwa woweruza m’bwalo la inquisition. “Kungomganizira zoipa munthu, kungomneneza, ngakhale mphekesera chabe, zinali zokwanira kuti munthuyo akaonekere pamalo pa bwalo la milandu la inquisition.” (Enciclopedia Cattolica) Italo Mereu, katswiri wa mbiri ya malamulo, akuvomereza kuti olamulira achikatolika ndiwo anayambitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira yozunza munthu pozenga mlandu, nasiya njira yakale yokambirana mlandu imene Aroma anayambitsa. Lamulo la Aroma linafuna kuti woimba mnzake mlandu apereke umboni wa chinenezo chake. Ngati panali kukayikira kulikonse, kunali bwino kumasula woimbidwa mlanduyo kuposa kukhala pangozi ya kupereka chilango kwa munthu wosalakwa. Olamulira achikatolika anachotsapo lamulo limeneli ndi kuikapo lakuti ngati munthu aoneka wamlandu, uli umboni wakuti alidi ndi mlandu, ndipo zinali kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo kudzipulumutsa pamlanduwo. Maina a omangitsa munthuyo (akapirikoni) sanawaulule, ndipo loya wa woimbidwa mlanduyo, ngati analipo, anali pangozi ya kukhala ndi mbiri yoipa ndi kutaya ntchito yake atakhoza kupulumutsa woimbidwa mlandu wa kupandukira tchalitchi. Chifukwa cha zimenezo, Enciclopedia Cattolica ikuvomereza kuti, “woimbidwa mlandu analibiretu chitetezo chilichonse. Zimene loya anakhoza kuchita ndizo kungomlangiza woimbidwa mlanduyo kungovomera mlandu basi!”

Kuzenga mlanduko kunathera m’mwambo wotchedwa auto-da-fé, liwu lachipwitikizi lotanthauza “kachitidwe ka chikhulupiriro.” Kodi kanali chiyani? Zithunzi za panthaŵiyo zimasonyeza kuti ochita tsoka la kuimbidwa mlandu wa kupandukira tchalitchi anachitidwa nkhanza yoopsa. Buku lotchedwa Dizionario Ecclesiastico limanena kuti mwambo wa auto-da-fé unali “chiyanjano chapoyera cha opandukira tchalitchi, aja oweruzidwa kuphedwa ndi aja olapa,” chitalengezedwa chiweruzo chawo.

Chiweruzo ndi kunyongedwa kwa opandukawo anazichedwetsa kuti achuluke kotero kuti adzawaike pamodzi pa kunyonga kwakukulu kochitika kaŵiri pachaka kapena kuposerapo. Opandukira tchalitchiwo anawandandalika pamzere wautali pamaso pa openyerera, omwe anatengamo mbali mwa kuchita chidwi komanso ndi mantha aakulu. Opezeka ndi mlandu anawauza kukwera pa nsanja yaitali yopherapo pakati pa bwalo lalikulu panja, ndipo pamenepo analengeza ziweruzo zawo mofuula. Aja omwe analapa, kapena kuti omwe anakana ziphunzitso zawo zachipanduko, anawapulumutsa ku tsoka la kuwachotsa mumpingo koma anawapatsa zilango zina kuphatikizapo kukhala m’ndende moyo wonse. Aja omwe sanagonje koma potsirizira pake nakalapa kwa wansembe anawapereka kwa akulu a boma kuti akawaphe, kuwapachika, kapena kuwadula mitu ndiyeno kutentha mitembo yawo. Aja omwe anakaniratu kulapa anawatentha amoyo. Kunyongako anakuchita nthaŵi ina, pambuyo pachochitika china chapoyera choterocho.

Machitidwe a Bwalo la Inquisition la Roma anali chinsinsi chachikulu. Ngakhale lero, akatswiri saloledwa kufufuza m’zolemba za mbiri yake. Komabe, ofufuza akhama avumbula zikalata zingapo zolembamo milandu ya m’bwalo lamilandu la Roma. Kodi izo zimavumbulanji?

Kuzenga Mlandu Mkulu wa Tchalitchi

Pietro Carnesecchi, wobadwira ku Florence kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 16, anapita patsogolo mofulumira pantchito yake ya tchalitchi m’bwalo la Papa Clement VII, yemwe anamsankha kukhala mlembi wake. Komabe, ntchito ya Carnesecchi inatha mwadzidzidzi pamene papayo anafa. Pambuyo pake, anadziŵana ndi nduna zina zomwe zinalinso atsogoleri achipembedzo, amene monga iye, zinavomereza ziphunzitso zingapo za tchalitchi cha Protestant Reformation. Chifukwa cha zimenezo, anazengedwa mlandu katatu konse. Atamuweruza kuti aphedwe, anamdula mutu, natentha mtembo wake.

Opereka ndemanga ananena kuti moyo wa Carnesecchi m’ndende unali imfa yeniyeni. Pofuna kumgonjetsa, anamzunza ndi kummana chakudya. Pa September 21, 1567, mwambo wake wa auto-da-fé unachitidwa pamaso pa akadinala pafupifupi onse a Roma. Chiweruzo cha Carnesecchi chinaŵerengedwa kwa iye ali pa nsanja yopherapo pamaso pa gulu la anthu. Chochitikacho chinatha ndi mawu awo a mwambo ndi pemphero kwa mamembala a khoti la boma, kumene anali kumpereka wopandukira tchalitchiyo, kuti ‘achepetseko chilango chake, kuti asampatse chilango cha imfa kapena kumzunza kwambiri.’ Kodi sichinali chinyengo chenicheni chimenecho? A bwalo la inquisition anafuna kuchotseratu opandukira tchalitchi, komanso panthaŵi imodzimodzi anachita chiphamaso chopempha boma kusonyeza chifundo, kuti asakhale ndi mbiri yoipa ndi kuti athaŵe mlandu wa mwazi. Ataŵerenga chiweruzo cha Carnesecchi, anamuveka sanbenito—chiguduli chachikasu cholembedwa mitanda yofiira chosonyeza chisoni cha kulapa kapena chakuda cholembedwa moto ndi ziŵanda chosonyeza kusalapa. Chilango chinaperekedwa patapita masiku khumi.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji amene anali mlembi wa papa ameneyu anaimbidwa mlandu wa kupandukira tchalitchi? Kuzenga mlandu wake, kumene kunatumbidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lapitali, kumasonyeza kuti anampeza ndi milandu 34, kulingana ndi ziphunzitso zimene anatsutsa. Pakati pa zimenezo panali ziphunzitso za purigatoriyo, kusakwatira kwa ansembe ndi avirigo, kukhulupirira kuti mkate umasanduka thupi lenileni la Yesu ndi vinyo amasanduka mwazi wake weniweni, kulandira chisomo cha mzimu woyera, kuulula machimo, kuletsa zakudya, kukhululukidwa machimo m’purigatoriyo, ndi mapemphero kwa “oyera mtima.” Mlandu wachisanu ndi chitatu unali wodabwitsa kwambiri. (Onani bokosi, patsamba 21.) Mwa kupereka chiweruzo cha imfa kwa aja omwe anakhulupirira kuti “mawu a Mulungu a m’Malemba Opatulika” ndiwo maziko okha a chikhulupiriro, Bwalo la Inquisition linaonetseratu poyera kuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika sichimaona Baibulo Lopatulika kukhala buku lokha louziridwa. Nchifukwa chake ziphunzitso zambiri za tchalitchicho nzozikidwa pa mwambo wa tchalitchi, osati m’Malemba ayi.

Kunyongedwa kwa Wophunzira Wachinyamata

Nkhani yaifupi koma yolasa mtima ya moyo wa Pomponio Algieri, yemwe anabadwira pafupi ndi mu 1531, si yodziŵika kwambiri. Akatswiri ofufuza akhama ndiwo anaitulukira ndipo njakale kwambiri m’nthaŵi yosadziŵika. Mwa kukambitsirana ndi aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ochokera m’malo osiyanasiyana a Ulaya pamene anali kuphunzira pa Yunivesite ya Padua, Algieri anasonyezedwa otchedwa opandukira tchalitchi ndi ziphunzitso za tchalitchi cha Protestant Reformation. Chidwi chake pa Malemba chinakula.

Anayamba kukhulupirira kuti Baibulo lokha ndilo linali louziridwa, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezo, anakana ziphunzitso zingapo za Chikatolika, monga kuulula machimo, kulandira chisomo cha mzimu woyera, purigatoriyo, kukhulupirira kuti mkate umasanduka thupi lenileni la Yesu ndi vinyo amasanduka mwazi wake weniweni, ndi kupemphera kwa “oyera mtima,” limodzi ndi chiphunzitso chakuti papa ndiye woimira Kristu.

Algieri anamangidwa ndi kuzengedwa mlandu ndi Bwalo la Inquisition ku Padua. Anauza omzunzawo kuti: “Ndibwerera kundende wokondwa, ngakhale ku imfa ngati nzimene Mulungu afuna. Mwa ulemerero wake, Mulungu adzaunikira aliyense mokulira. Ndidzapirira ululu uliwonse mwachisangalalo chifukwa Kristu, wotonthoza weniweni kwa ozunzika, yemwe ali muuni wanga ndi nyali yanga yoona, akhoza kuchotsa mdima uliwonse.” Potsirizira pake, Bwalo la Inquisition la Roma linapempha chilolezo nilimuweruza ndi kumupha.

Algieri anafa ndi zaka 25. Tsiku lomwe anaphedwa ku Roma, anakana kulapa kapena kulandira Misa. Kunyongedwa kwake kunali kwankhanza yaikulu kuposa kwa nthaŵi zonse. Sanatenthedwe ndi nkhuni. M’malo mwake, anaika chophikiramo munsi mwa nsanja yopherapo chodzala zinthu zogwira moto—mafuta, phula, ndi mpira—khamu la anthu lilikupenya. Atammangirira m’mwamba mnyamatayo, anamtsitsira m’chophikiramocho, nakoleza moto zamkatizo. Anamtentha pang’onopang’ono wamoyo.

Chopalamulitsa Mlandu Waukulu China

Carnesecchi, Algieri, ndi ena omwe anaphedwa ndi Bwalo la Inquisition sanali ndi chidziŵitso chonse cha Malemba. ‘Kuchuluka’ kwa chidziŵitsocho kunali mtsogolo ‘m’nthaŵi ya chimaliziro’ cha dongosolo ili la zinthu. Komabe, iwo anali okonzekera kufera “chidziŵitso” chenicheni chochepacho chimene anachipeza m’Mawu a Mulungu.—Danieli 12:4.

Ngakhale Aprotesitanti, kuphatikizapo ena mwa anthu awo ochirikiza kukonzanso chipembedzo, anachotsa opanduka mwa kuwatentha pamtengo kapena anachititsa boma kupha Akatolika. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti Calvin anakonda kunyonga kodula mutu, analamula kuti Michael Servetus atenthedwe wamoyo chifukwa anakana chiphunzitso cha Utatu.

Ngakhale kuti kuzunza ndi kunyonga opandukira tchalitchi kunali kofala pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotesitanti omwe, zimenezo sizimawalungamitsa machitidwe amenewo. Koma olamulira achipembedzo alinso ndi mlandu wina waukulu—ponena kuti Malemba amalola kupha anthu koteroko ndi kuchita monga kuti Mulungu ndiye analamula machitidwewo. Kodi zimenezi sizimakundika chitonzo pa dzina la Mulungu? Akatswiri ambiri akuvomereza kuti Augustine, “Bambo wa Tchalitchi” cha Katolika wotchuka kwambiri, anali woyamba kuchirikiza kachitidwe ka kuumiriza “kwachipembedzo,” kapena kuti, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu polimbana ndi opanduka. Poyesa kulungamitsa kachitidweko mwa kugwiritsira ntchito Baibulo, anasonya ku mawu a m’fanizo la Yesu pa Luka 14:16-24 akuti: “Nuwaumirize anthu aloŵe.” Nkoonekeratu kuti mawuŵa, amene Augustine anawapotoza, ananena za kuchereza kwaufulu, osati kuumiriza kwankhanza.

Ndipo ngakhale pamene Bwalo la Inquisition linali lolimbika, ochirikiza kulolera kwa chipembedzo anatsutsa machitidwe ozunza opandukira tchalitchiwo, akumasonya ku fanizo la tirigu ndi namsongole. (Mateyu 13:24-30, 36-43) Mmodzi wa iwo anali Desiderius Erasmus, wa ku Rotterdam, yemwe anati Mulungu, Mwini mundayo, afuna kuti opandukira tchalitchiwo, anamsongole, awalolere. Komabe, Martin Luther anayambitsa chiwawa kwa opanduka wamba, ndipo okwanira ngati 100,000 anaphedwa.

Poona kukula kwa mlandu wa zipembedzo za Dziko Lachikristu zimene zinachirikiza kuzunza otchedwa opandukira tchalitchi, kodi tiyenera kusonkhezereka kuchitanji? Ndithudi, tiyenera kufunafuna chidziŵitso choona cha Mawu a Mulungu. Yesu anati chizindikiro cha Mkristu woona ndicho chikondi kwa Mulungu ndi mnansi—chikondi chimene sichingalole chiwawa mpang’ono pomwe.—Mateyu 22:37-40; Yohane 13:34, 35; 17:3.

[Bokosi patsamba 15]

Milandu Ina Imene Anampeza Nayo Carnesecchi

8. “[Umanena] kuti sitiyenera kukhulupirira china chilichonse koma mawu a Mulungu okha a m’Malemba Opatulika.”

12. “[Umakhulupirira] kuti kuulula machimo kopatulika sikuli de jure Divino [kogwirizana ndi lamulo la Mulungu], ndi kuti si Kristu amene anakuyambitsa iko ndipo Malemba samakuvomereza, ndi kutinso sikuli kofunikira kuulula machimo kwa wina aliyense koma kwa Mulungu mwini basi.”

15. “Ukukayikira za purigatoriyo.”

16. “Umaona buku la Makabe, la mapemphero otamanda akufa, kuti siloona.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 12]

The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck