Tchalitchi cha Chikatolika mu Spanya—Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ulamuliro Molakwa

“Mphamvu zitachuluka pamene ulamuliro uli wokulirapo, kuugwiritsira ntchito molakwa kumakhala kwaupandu kwambiri.”—Edmund Burke.

MWAMUNA amene anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu koposa kudziko la ku Ulaya m’zaka za zana la 16 anali Phillip II, mfumu ya Spanya Yachikatolika. Ufumu wake wokulirawo, “paumene dzuŵa silinaloŵe,” unali waukulu kuchokera ku Mexico mpaka kukafika ku Filipino, kuchokera ku Netherlands ndikukafika ku Cape of Good Hope.

Koma zikhumbo zake zinali zachipembedzo mmalo mwa ndale zadziko—kutetezera Chikatolika ku Ulaya ndi kufalitsa chipembedzocho m’chifumu chake chonse. Pokhala ataleredwa ndi ansembe, anali wokhutira kuti Tchalitchi Chachikatolika chinali mzati waukulu wa ufumu wake ndi wa chitaganya chenichenicho. Kuposa zonsezo, iye anali mwana wa tchalitchicho.

Kuti apititse patsogolo zikhumbo Zachikatolika, iye anavomereza njira zankhalwe za Zilango Zankhanza; iye anamenyana ndi Chiprotesitante mu Netherlands ndi molimbana ndi “osakhulupirira” a ku Turkey mu Mediterranean; iye mwamphwayi anakwatira Mary Tudor, mfumukazi Yachingelezi yodwala, m’kuyesayesa kosaphula kanthu kwa kumpatsa choloŵa cha Wachikatolika; pambuyo pake anatumiza Armada “wosalakidwa” koma wopanda mwaŵi kukalanda Mangalande m’khola Lachiprotesitante; ndipo pakufa kwake iye anasiya dziko lake liri lopanda ndalama—mosasamala kanthu za kuloŵetsedwamo kwa golidi kuchokera ku maiko olamulidwa ndi maiko ena a atsamunda.

Zilango Zankhanza—Zaka Mazana Atatu za Kuvutika

Wachiŵiri kwa mfumu, mwamuna wamphamvu koposa mu Spanya anali wopereka zilango zankhanza wamkulu. Ntchito yake inali kusunga Chikatolika cha Kuspanya kukhala chosadetsedwa ndi osunga mwambo. Osunga mwambo anabisa ziganizo zawo kapena kupita muukapolo, malinga ngati oimira Zilango Zankhanzawo sanawapeze iwo choyamba. Aliyense, kusiyapo mfumu yokha, anali wogonjera kumphamvu za wopereka chilango chankhanza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika kwa ulamulirowo—ngakhale akuluakulu a Chikatolika anali okaikiridwa.

Arkibishopu wa ku Toledo anaikidwa m’ndende kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri paumboni wopanda maziko, mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa kobwerezabwereza kochitidwa ndi papa. Palibe munthu mu Spanya amene anafuna kulankhula modzitetezera. Kunavomerezedwa kut ‘kunali bwino kwa munthu wopanda liwongo kuphedwa kuposa kuti ochita Zilango Zankhanza kuchita manyazi.’

Zilango Zankhanzazo zinayendera limodzi ndi ogonjetsa maiko achitsamunda a kwina olamulidwa ndi Spanya m’maiko Aamerika. Mu 1539, zaka zoŵerengeka zokha pambuyo pa chogonjetso cha Mexico, mkulu wa Aztec wotchedwa Ometochtzin anazengedwa mlandu wa kulambira mafano, mwa kuchitiridwa umboni ndi mwana wake wamwamuna wa zaka khumi zakubadwa. Mosasamala kanthu za kuchonderera kwake kukhala ndi ufulu wa chikumbumtima, iye anapatisdwa chilango cha imfa. Mmaiko autsamunda monga ngati mu Spanya, Baibulo mu chinenero cha m’dzikolo linaletsedwa. Jerónimo López analemba mu 1541 kuti: “ndiko kulakwa kwaupandu kuphunzitsa Amwenye sayansi ndipo kwakukulukulu kuika Baibulo . . . m’manja mwawo . . . Anthu ambiri mu Spanya ataika mwanjira imeneyo.”

Kwa zaka mazana atatu opereka Zilango Zankhanza anasumika maganizo awo kwakukulukulu pa Spanya ndi ulamuliro wake kufikira pomalizira pake anatheredwa ndalama limodzinso ndi mikhole. Chotero popanda mikhole, imene inalipiritsidwa faindi yaikulu koposa, dongosolo lonselo linaima.a

Kusintha

Pakutha kwa Zilango Zankhanza, Spanya wa m’zaka za zana la 19 anawona kukula kwa ufulu ndi kuzimiririka kwa pang’onopang’ono kwa kulamulira kwa Chikatolika. Minda ya Tchalitchi—amene kufikira panthaŵi imeneyo inaphatikizapo mbali imodzi mwa zitatu ya minda yonse—inalandidwa ndi maboma otsatizanatsatizana. M’ma 1930, nduna yaikulu yaboma ya chisosholisiti Azaña inalengeza kuti: “Spanya yasiya kukhala Yachikatolika,” ndipo boma lake linachita mogwirizana nzimenezo.

Tchalitchi chinalekanitsidwa kotheratu ndi Boma, ndipo chithandizo choperekedwa kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo chinathetsedwa. Maphunziro sanafunikire kukhala achipembedzo, ndipo ngakhale ukwati wa kuboma ndi chisudzulo zinayambitsidwa. Kadinala Segura analira pa ‘nkhonya yoipitsitsa’ imeneyi ndikukaikira za kupulumuka kwa dzikolo. Zinawoneka ngati kuti Chikatolika chinali paulendo wa kuzimiririka kothekera pamene, mu 1936, chipwirikiti cha magulu ankhondo chinagwedeza dzikolo.

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni—Nkhondo Yamtanda Yankhalwe

Akazembe a magulu ankhondo amene anatsogolera kugwetsa boma anasonkhezeredwa ndi zolinga za ndale zadziko, koma mofulumira kumenyanako kunasandulika machitachita achipembedzo. M’milungu yoŵerengeka ya chiukirocho, tchalitchi, chimene ulamuliro wake unali utaluluzidwa kale ndi bungwe lopanga malamulo laposachedwapa, mwadzidzidzi chinadzipeza kukhala chandamale cha kuwukiridwa kofalikira ndi kwauchinyama.b Ansembe ndi abambo zikwi zambiri anaphedwa ndi otsutsa owukira boma otengeka maganizo, amene anati tchalitchi cha Spanya chiri chotsendereza ufulu. Matchalitchi ndi akachisi zinafunkhidwa ndikuwotchedwa. M’madera ena a Spanya, kungovala mwinjiro chabe wa wansembe kunali kokwanira kudzetsa imfa ya munthu. Kunali ngati kuti chirombo cha Zilango Zankhanza chinali chitabwera kuchokera kumanda ncholinga chofuna kumeza ochipanga.

Pokhala chitayang’anizana ndi chiwopsezo chimenechi, tchalitchi cha Spanya chinatembenukiranso ku ulamuliro wakunja—ndiko kuti gulu lankhondo—kuchirikiza cholinga chake ndi kubwezeretsera mtunduwo ku Chikatolika chamwambo. Komatu choyamba nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeniyo inafunikira kuyeretsedwa kukhala “nkhondo yopatulika,” “nkhondo yamtanda” yochirikiza Chikristu.

Kadinala Gomá, arkibishopo wa ku Toledo ndi bishopu wamkulu wa Spanya, analemba kuti: “Kodi nkhondo m’Spanya ndiyo nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni? Ayi. Ndiyo nkhondo yochitidwa ndi anthu osapembedza. . . kumenyana ndi Spanya yeniyeni, kumenyana ndi chipembedzo Chachikatolika.” Iye anatcha Kazembe Franco kukhala, mtsogoleri wa achifwamba, “chipangizo cha makonzekdwe a Mulungu padziko lapansi.” Abishopo ena Achispanya analankhula malingaliro ofananawo.

Ndithudi, zenizeni sizinali zopepuka motero. Ochuluka amene anali kumbali yaboma m’nkhondo analinso Akatolika owona mtima, makamaka m’dera la Basque, paphata pa Chikatolika chamwambo. Chotero, nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inachititsa Akatolika kumenyana ndi Akatolika—onsewo akumatero kuchirikiza Chikatolika cha ku Spanya, molingana ndi kufotokoza kwa bishopo kwa nkhondoyo.c

Pamene magulu a Franco pomalizira pake analaka Madera a Basque, iwo ananyonga ansembe 14 ndi kuika ena ambiri m’ndende. Wanthanthi Wachifrench Jacques Maritain, polemba za nkhalwe zochitidwira Akatolika a ku Basque, ananena kuti “Nkhondo yopatulika imadana ndi okhulupirira amene samaitumikira mwachangu kuposa osakhulupirira.”

Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za kuchitirana nkhalwe ndi kukhetsa magazi kosaneneka, nkhondo ya chiŵeniŵeni inatha, magulu ankhondo a Franco anagonjetsa. Aspanya okwanira 600,000 kufikira 800,000 anafa, ochulukira a iwo chifukwa cha kulipsira kwankhanza kochitidwa ndi magulu olakikawo.d Kadinala Gomá wosathupsidwayo, anafotokoza m’kalata yaapasitala kuti: “Palibe yemwe angatsutse kuti mphamvu imene yathetsa nkhondoyi ndiyo Mulungu mwiniyo, chipembedzo chake, malangizo ake, malamulo ake, kukhalapo kwake, ndi chisonkhezero chake chopezeka m’mbiri yathu.”

Kuyambira pakuyambidwa kwa Zilango Zankhanza m’zaka za zana la 15 kufikira ku Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni Yaspanya (1936-39), kupatulapo zoŵerengeka zokha, Tchalitchi ndi Boma anali ndi zolinga zofanana. Mosakaikira, zikondwerero za iwo onse zinafikiridwa mwa kugwirizana kopanda umulungu kumeneku. Komabe, zaka mazana asanu za kulamulira kwakanthaŵi—limodzi ndi nkhalwe zotsagana nako—zinadodometsa moipitsitsa ukumu wauzimu wa tchalitchi, monga momwe nkhani yathu yotsatirayo idzasonyezera.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 8]

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ya Spanya—Zilengezo za Abishopu

Mwamsanga pambuyo pakuulika kwa nkhondo (1936), Kadinala Gomá anafotokoza kulimbanako kukhala nkhondo pakati pa “Spanya ndi otsutsa Spanya, chipembedzo ndi kusakhulupirira mwa Mulungu, kutsungula Kwachikristu ndi nkhalwe.”

La Guerra de España, 1936-1939, tsamba 261.

Bishopu wa ku Cartagena anati: “Odalitsika ndiwo akasinjawo ngati Uthenga Wabwino ufunga m’malo opasulidwa amene uwatsegula.”

La Guerra de España, 1936-1939, masamba 264-5

Pa July 1, 1937, abishopu a ku Spanya analemba kalata yachiungwe yosanja mkhalidwe wa Chikatolika pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni. Pakati pa zinthu zina, iyo inanena zotsatirazi:

“Tchalitchi, mosasamala kanthu za kakhalidwe kake ka mtendere, . . . sichingakhale champhwayi ndi nkhondoyo. . . . Mu Spanya munalibe njira ina yopezeranso chilungamo, mtendere, ndi mapindu amene timapeza m’zimenezo kuposa kupyolera mu National Movement [magulu Ankhondo Achifasisiti a Franco].”

“Timakhulupirira kuti dzina lakutilo National Movement nloyenerera, choyamba chifukwa cha tanthauzo lake, limene limasonyeza njira ya kuganiza kwa anthu ochuluka Achispanya, ndipo ndicho chiyembekezo chokha cha mtundu wonsewu.”

Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, mphatika ya 1936-1939, masamba 1553-5.

Abishopu Achikatolika m’maiko ena anafulumira kuchilikiza Aspanya anzawo. Kadinala Verdier, arkibishopo wa Paris, anafotokoza nkhondo ya chiŵeniŵeniyo kukhala “kumenyana pakati pa chitaganya Chachikristu ndi . . . chitaganya cha kusakhulupirira mwa Mulungu,” pamene kuli kwakuti Kadinala Faulhaber wa ku Jeremani anadandaulira Ajeremani onse kupempherera awo amene “amatetezera zoyenera zopatulika za Mulungu, kuchitira kuti Iye apereke chilakiko kwa amene akumenya nkhondo yopatulika [imeneyi].”

Enciclopedia Espasa-Calpe, mphatika ya 1936-1939, masamba 1556-7.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kuchokera pa nyumba yachifumu iyi pa San Lorenzo del Escorial, Philip II analamulira pa ufumu wake, “kumene dzuŵa silinaloŵe”