Tasmania Chisumbu Chaching’ono, Nkhani Yake Yapadera — Watchtower LAIBULALE YA PA INTANETI

Tasmania Chisumbu Chaching’ono, Nkhani Yake Yapadera

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU AUSTRALIA

“POPEZA dzikoli ndi loyamba kupezeka mu South Sea, ndipo silidziŵika kwa dziko lililonse ku Ulaya, talipatsa dzina lakuti Anthoony van Diemenslandt, pokumbukira Wolemekezeka wathu Bwanamkubwa Wamkulu.” Amene ananena mawu ameneŵa ndi Mdatchi wina Abel Tasman pa November 25, 1642, tsiku limodzi pambuyo poona chisumbu cha Tasmania, boma lachiŵiri lakale koposa la Australia.a Tasman sanaone anthu alionse, koma anaona utsi wa moto chapatali ndi majemba osiyana ndi mamita 1.5 m’mitengo yomwe inali pafupi. Aliyense amene anajemba mitengoyo, analemba motero, ayenera kuti anali ndi njira yachilendo yokwerera mitengo kapena zinali zimphona! Kwenikweni, majembawo anali okwerera.

Pambuyo pake, Van Diemen’s Land inasiya kuonekera pa mapu anjira a oyendera nyanja kwa zaka 130, mpaka pamene mwamuna wachifrenchi Marion du Fresne ndi mwamuna wachingelezi Tobias Furneaux anapitako. Captain James Cook anafikako mu 1777 ndipo, monga Du Fresne, anaonana ndi anthu apadera a pachisumbucho, Aaborijini. Komabe, ulendo wake unayambitsa tsoka: “Kwa mitundu ina [Cook] anatsegula njira ya chitukuko ndi chipembedzo,” akutero John West mu The History of Tasmania, “[koma] kwa fuko ili [Aaborijini] anabweretsa imfa.” Kodi nchiyani chinadzetsa tsoka limenelo?

Tasmania Akhala “Ndende ya Ufumu”

Kutumiza anthu kudziko landende lakutsidya kwa nyanja, kapena kuwathamangitsa m’dziko, kunali nthyole ya Britain, ndipo Tasmania anakhala limodzi la maiko andende a Britain. Kuyambira 1803 mpaka 1852, amuna, akazi, ngakhalenso ana ngati 67,500—ena aang’ono kwambiri a zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri—anawathamangitsira ku Tasmania kuchoka ku England pamilandu yosiyanasiyana monga kuba mabuku a mapemphero ndi kugonana kokakamiza. Komabe, amaliwongo ambiri ankagwira ntchito kwa atsamunda kapena pantchito za boma. “Osakwana 10 peresenti . . . ndi amene anaona ndende yeniyeni,” ikutero The Australian Encyclopaedia, “ndipo ambiri amene anatero sanakhalitseko.” Port Arthur, imene ili pa Tasman Peninsula, ndiyo inali ndende yaikulu, koma amaliwongo ovutitsa kwambiri anawatumiza ku Macquarie Harbour, yokumbukika kuti inali “malo a chizunzo chokhachokha.” Chipata chaching’onocho cha dokolo anachipatsa dzina loopsa lakuti Hell’s Gates [Zipata za Helo].

M’buku lakuti This Is Australia, Dr. Rudolph Brasch akufotokoza mbali inanso yofunika ya dziko la anthu ochepa limeneli—mkhalidwe wake wauzimu, kapena kusoŵeka kwa mkhalidwewo. Iye akulemba kuti: “Kuyambira pachiyambi, chipembedzo m’Australia [kuphatikizapo ndi Tasmania yemwe] sichinali kanthu ndipo anachinyalanyaza ndiponso Olamulira makamaka anachigwiritsira ntchito moyenera ndi mosayenera kuti apeze phindu la iwo eni. Ulamuliro wachitsamundawo anaukhazikitsa popanda pemphero ndipo kukuoneka kuti mapemphero oyamba ku Australia anawakumbukira pambuyo pake.” Pamene kuli kwakuti atsamunda a ku North America anali kumanga matchalitchi, “atsamunda oyambirira a dziko lakummwera,” ikutero The History of Tasmania, “anatentha tchalitchi chawo choyamba kuti asamapite kumapemphero otopetsawo.”

Makhalidwe oipa kale ameneŵa anaipirako chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kachasu. Kwa munthu wamba ndi msilikali yemwe, kachasu anali “njira yotsimikizika yopezera chuma,” akutero wolemba mbiri John West.

Komabe, nthaŵi zina chakudya chinali kusoŵa. Zikatere amaliwongo omasulidwa ndi atsamunda anali kugwiritsira ntchito mfuti kusaka nyama zimenenso Aaborijini anasaka ndi mikondo. Chifukwa chake, mikangano inakula. Ndiyeno pamkhalidwe wangoziwu onjezanipo kudzikuza kwautundu kwa azungu, kuchuluka kwa kachasu, ndi miyambo yosiyanayo yosayanjanitsika. Azungu akhoma zichiri ndi kumanga mipanda; Aaborijini sakhala pamalo amodzi namasaka nyama ndi kusonkhanitsa zakudya. Panangotsala choputira.

Fuko Lizimiririka

Choputiracho chinachitika m’May 1804. Popanda wowaputa, a gulu losungitsa mtendere otsogoleredwa ndi Lieutenant Moore anaombera gulu lalikulu la Aaborijini osaka nyama amuna, akazi ndi ana—kupha ndi kuvulaza ambiri. “Nkhondo ya Anthu Akuda”—oponya mikondo ndi miyala kulimbana ndi a zipolopolo—inabuka.

Azungu ambiri anaipidwa ndi kupha Aaborijini kumeneko. Bwanamkubwa Sir George Arthur, anavutika maganizo kwambiri kwakuti anati akhoza kuchita chilichonse chofunika kuti ‘alipire chivulazo chimene boma mosafuna linachita pa Aaborijini.’ Choncho, anayambitsa programu ya “kuwasonkhanitsa” ndi “kuwaphunzitsa.” Pakampeni yawo yotchedwa “Malire a Anthu Akuda,” asilikali, atsamunda, ndi amaliwongo ngati 2,000 analoŵa m’thengo kuyesayesa kugwira Aaborijini ndi kuwapatsa malo ena otetezereka. Koma njira imeneyo inalephera kwadzaoneni; anagwira mkazi ndi mnyamata. Ndiyeno, George A. Robinson, Mmwezili wotchuka, anatsogolera njira yabwino kwambiri yopalana nawo ubwenzi, ndipo inagwira ntchito. Aaborijini anamkhulupirira navomera kuti awapereke ku chisumbu cha Flinders Island, kumpoto kwa Tasmania.

M’buku lake lakuti A History of Australia, Marjorie Barnard akunena za zimene Robinson anachita kuti: “Kwenikweni, ngakhale kuti iye mwini mwinamwake sanadziŵe chimenechi, kupalana nawo kwake ubwenzi kunali konga kwa Yudasi. Eni dziko a tsokawo anawasonyeza tsankhu pa Flinders Island ku Bass Strait kumene Robinson anali kuwasunga. Thanzi lawo linafooka ndipo anafa.” Kuwakakamiza kusintha moyo wawo ndi zakudya zawo kunapitiriza pamene mfuti inalekezera. Buku lina limanena kuti “Mwaaborijini weniweni wotsirizira wa ku Tasmania anali Fanny Cochrane Smith, amene anafera ku Hobart mu 1905.” Maumboni amasiyana pamfundoyi. Ena amati ndi Truganini, mkazi amene anafera ku Hobart mu 1876, ena amati ndi mkazi wina amene anafera pa Kangaroo Island mu 1888. Mbadwa zochokera kumitundu yosiyana ya Aaborijini a ku Tasmania zili moyo lerolino ndipo zili bwino. Kuwonjezera chochitikachi pampambo wosatha wa nkhanza za mtundu wa anthu, icho achitcha moyenerera kuti “tsoka lalikulu koposa la Boma.” Ndiponso, chimagogomezera choonadi cha Baibulo chakuti “wina apweteka mnzake pomlamulira.”—Mlaliki 8:9.

Zinthu Zamitundumitundu Zopezeka m’Tasmania

Lerolino, ngati simunapite ku mamyuziyamu, malaibulale, kapena kumabwinja a ndende, simungadziŵe kuti chisumbu chokongolachi pachiyambi chinali pamoto. Tasmania ali ngati pamtunda umodzimodzi kummwera kwa equator ndi wa Rome, Sapporo, ndi Boston kumpoto kwake. Ndipo monga mbiri yake, dziko lakenso nlapadera, ngakhale palibe malo pachisumbucho amene ali pamtunda woposa makilomita 115 kuchokera kunyanja.

Pamalo a dziko lonse la Tasmania, 44 peresenti ndi nkhalango ndipo 21 peresenti ndi paki ya nyama. Sizimachitikachitika zimenezi! Malinga ndi The Little Tassie Fact Book, “Nkhalango yakumadzulo kwa Tasmania ili imodzi ya nkhalango zazikulu zomaliza zosawonongeka padziko lapansi zokhala ndi nyengo zabwino.” Nyanja zimene zimadzazidwa ndi mvula ndi chipale chofeŵa, mitsinje, ndi mathithi—zodzala ndi nsomba—zimatsirira nkhalango za mitengo ya pencil pine, bulugamu, myrtle, blackwood, sassafras, leatherwood, celery-topped pine, ndi Huon pine, kutchulapo yoŵerengeka yokha. Ndiye chifukwa chake kaonekedwe ka madambo apamwamba okhala pamalo okwezeka apakati koma chakumadzulo ndi mapiri ake okutidwa ndi chipale chofeŵa nthaŵi zambiri kamakopa okonda chilengedwe kubwererako nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi.

Koma panali nkhondo kuti atetezere “Nkhalango Yosungira Dziko” imeneyo. Ndipo anthu odera nkhaŵa za malo okhala akuzunzikabe mtima chifukwa cha ntchito zamigodi, kupanga mapepala, ndi kumanga nyumba zotulutsa magetsi pamadzi. Malo apululu monga mwezi a Queenstown, tauni ya migodi, ndiwo chikumbutso chopweteka mtima chakuti munthu mopanda nzeru wawononga chilengedwe.

Nazonso nyama za dzikolo zavutika—makamaka thylacine, kapena kuti mnjuzi wa ku Tasmania, nyama yodererera, yooneka ngati galu, yokhala ndi thumba lonyamulira mwana kumimba kwake. Anaitcha kuti mnjuzi chifukwa cha michocholozi yake yakuda ya pamsana ndi kuthako. Mwatsoka, nyama yolusa, yowonda, ndi yosafuna kuonekera imeneyi inayamba kugwira nkhuku ndi nkhosa. Ndi mphoto yandalama yoperekedwa kwa aliyense amene anaipha, nyamayi inatheratu podzafika 1936.

Nyama ina yokondweretsa ya ku Tasmania yokhala ndi thumba lonyamulira mwana, yotchedwa Tasmanian devil, ikalipobe. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zibwanu zake zamphamvu ndi mano ake, nyama yogwindimala imeneyi yolemera makilogalamu 6 mpaka 8 imene imadya nyama zodzifera ingadye thupi lonse la kangaroo wakufa, ndi mutu womwe.

Tasmania amadziŵikanso bwino lomwe ndi mbalame yake yaifupi chitsukwa yotchedwa shearwater, kapena kuti muttonbird. Itayamba ulendo wake ku Tasmanian Sea ndi kuzungulira nyanja yonse ya Pacific, chaka chilichonse imabwerera kumfula umodzimodzi wamumchenga—chinthu chodabwitsa chimene chimanenadi za Mlinganizi ndi Mlengi wake.

Chapafupi m’zisa zake zimene imangopitamo usiku basi mumakhala mbalame ina—imene “imauluka” m’madzi—mbalame yokondweretsa, yolemera kilogalamu imodzi, yamlomo waufupi yaubweya wambiri yotchedwa fairy penguin. Penguin yaing’ono kwambiri pa onse imeneyi ndiyonso yaphokoso kwambiri! Kumveka kwa nyimbo yake ndi mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka thupi zimasiyanasiyana, ndipo mawu ndi kayendedwe ka thupi zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri nthaŵi zina. Zitakondana, yaimuna ndi yaikazi zimaimbira pamodzi kutsimikiza kuti sizidzasiyana. Koma mwatsoka, zambiri zimaphedwa ndi makoka a asodzi, mafuta otayikira m’nyanja, zinthu za pulasitiki zomwe zimayesa chakudya, kapena ndi agalu ndi avumbwe.

Mbali Yabata Kwambiri ya Chisumbucho

Yang’anani kumpoto kapena kummaŵa mutaima polekezera mtunda wokwezeka wapakati ndipo mudzaona nkhope yosangalatsa kwambiri ya Tasmania, yokhala ndi minda yolimidwa yanthaka yakuda, mitsinje ndi mikolo yokhotakhota, misewu yaikulu yokhala ndi mitengo m’mbali mwake, ndi nkhosa ndi ng’ombe zomwazikana pamabusa obiriŵira. Pafupi ndi tauni ya kumpoto ya Lilydale, m’January, minda yamitengo ya lavender yosansuka bwino imawonjezera maluŵa a maonekedwe ofiirira onunkhira bwino pa chithunzi chokongolachi.

M’mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Derwent, osati patali ndi minda ya maapulo imene inachititsa Tasmania kukhala ndi dzina lakuti The Apple Isle [Chisumbu cha ma Apulo], muli likulu lake Hobart, la anthu 182,000. Malo ake aakulu anatengedwa ndi phiri lalikulu lakuda la Wellington, lalitali mamita 1,270. Patsiku loŵala bwino, phiri lokhala ndi chipale chofeŵa pamwamba pake nthaŵi zambiri limeneli limatheketsa munthu kuona mzinda wonsewo munsi mwake. Hobart wasinthadi kwambiri chiyambire 1803, pamene Lieutenant John Bowen ndi gulu lake la anthu 49, kuphatikizapo amaliwongo 35, anafika pagombe la Risdon Cove nthaŵi yoyamba. Ndi zoona kuti kulibenso mabwato a matanga ndi zombo zakale zamatabwa, koma kamodzi pachaka mpikisano wakalavulagaga wa maboti wochoka ku Sydney mpaka Hobart umakumbutsa masiku akalewo pamene matanga okongola ndi maboti ake opyopyoloka amathamanga kupitirira makamu okuŵirira, kuloŵa mkati mwenimweni mwa Hobart.

Kuchoka pa Dziko Lachizunzo Kukhala Paradaiso Wauzimu

Geoffrey Butterworth, mmodzi wa nthumwi 2,447 pa Msonkhano Wachigawo wa “Mantha Aumulungu” wa Mboni za Yehova mu 1994 ku Launceston akukumbukira kuti: “Ndikukumbukira pamene kunali Mboni ngati 40 zokha m’Tasmania yense.” Tsopano kuli mipingo ngati 26 ndi Nyumba za Ufumu 23.

“Koma nthaŵi zina zinthu zinali kuvuta,” akuwonjezera motero Geoff. “Mwachitsanzo, kalelo mu 1938, ineyo, Tom Kitto, Rod McVilly, tonse tinavala mabodi olengeza nkhani ya Baibulo yapoyera yakuti ‘Musazembe Choonadi.’ Inali nkhani yaululu yovumbula chipembedzo chonyenga imene inali kudzaulutsidwa pawailesi kuchokera ku London. Pamene ndinagwirizana ndi anzanga, gulu la achinyamata linali kuwachita mfunzi. Ndipo apolisi anali kungopenyerera! Ndinathamangirako kuti ndithandize ndipo nthaŵi yomweyo anandikantha. Koma mwamuna wina anandigwira malaya anga kumbuyo ndi kundikokera pambali. M’malo mwa kundikantha, mwamunayo anakuwa nati: ‘Asiyeni!’ Kenako anati kwa ineyo ndi mawu otsika: ‘Ndikudziŵa mmene chizunzo chimvekera, bwanawe, pajatu ine ndine Mwairishi.’”

Yehova anadalitsa apainiya oyambirirawo, popeza lerolino uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu wa Mulungu wafika kumbali zonse za chisumbuchi cha anthu 452,000. Mbadwa zambiri za amaliwongo akalewo ndi Aaborijini zikuyembekezera kulandiranso padziko lapansi loyeretsedwa anthu onse—akuda ndi oyera—amene anaphedwa m’masiku ankhanza akalewo, popeza Baibulo limalonjeza “kuuka kwa olungama ndi osalungama.” (Machitidwe 24:15) Zinthu zidzakhalanso bwino kwambiri kwakuti “zinthu zakale sizidzakumbukika [nkomwe].”—Yesaya 65:17.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

a Dzina lakuti Tasmania anayamba kuligwiritsira ntchito pa November 26, 1855. Boma lakale koposa ndi New South Wales.

[Mapu/Zithunzi patsamba 19]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Pamwamba: Phiri la Cradle ndi Nyanja ya Dove

Pamwamba kulamanja: “Tasmanian devil”

Pansi kulamanja: Nkhalango ya mvula Kummwera koma chakumadzulo kwa Tasmania

Australia

TASMANIA

[Mawu a Chithunzi]