Aaborijini a ku Australia—Anthu Apadera

Ndi mtolankhani wa Galamukani! ku Australia

AUSTRALIA angafotokozedwe kukhala wapadera, pokhala ndi kangaroo wake waulemerero wokhala ndi thumba ndi koala wokongola, amene amakhala mosatekeseka pamwambamwamba m’mitengo yambiri ya eucalyptus. Komabe, osamukiramo ake oyamba, odziŵika monga Aaborijini a ku Australia, ngapaderadi kwambiri koposa dzikolo.

Mawu akuti “Wachiaborijini” ndi “Aborijini” sali onyoza. Mawuwa akuchokera m’mawu Achilatini aŵiri akuti ab origine, amene amatanthauza kuti “kuyambira pachiyambi.” Nzika zoyambirira, zachibadwa za ku Australia zimadziŵidwa monga Aaborijini—mawu olembedwa mwa kuyamba ndi A wamkulu kuwasiyanitsa ndi nzika zoyambirira za kumaiko ena.

Pamene Azungu oyambirira kudzakhala anafika chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, chiŵerengero cha Aaborijini chinayerekezeredwa kukhala 300,000. Zaka mazana aŵiri pambuyo pake, kuŵerenga anthu kwa mu 1991 kunasonyeza Aaborijini osafikira pa 230,000 pachiŵerengero chonse cha Australia cha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 17.

Kodi nzika zoyambirira zimenezi za ku Australia ndani? Kodi zinachokera kuti? Kodi nchifukwa ninji zingafotokozedwe kukhala zapadera? Ndipo kodi zambiri za izo zili ndi chiyembekezo chotani mtsogolo?

Kakhalidwe Kawo Koyamba mu Australia

Akatswiri azakhalidwe la munthu ochuluka amavomereza kuti Aaborijini a ku Australia poyambirira anachokera ku Asia. Mwinamwake iwo potsirizira pake anafika ndi bwato kuchokera kummwera koma chakummaŵa kwa Asia, akumakocheza kugombe la kumpoto kwa Australia. “Iwo sanali kwenikweni mtundu wa anthu wosamukasamuka,” Malcolm D. Prentis m’buku lake lakuti A Study in Black and White ananena motero, “koma mmalomwake nthaŵi zina anali kusamukasamuka: ndiko kuti, anali kumanga misasa pamalo osiyanasiyana akanthaŵi m’dera lawolawo lokhoza kudziwidwa.”

Aaborijini anali anthu odziŵa kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe odabwitsa amene anasamalira bwino malo okhala. Muaborijini wina akufotokoza kuti: “Tinkalima minda yathu, komano mwanjira yosiyana ndi ya anthu achiyera. Tinayesayesa kusungitsa nthaka; koma iwo anaonekera kukhala osaisamalira. Ndinaphunzitsidwa za kutetezera, osati kuwononga.”

Prentis analemba movomereza kuti: “Ubwino wa zomera ndi nyama ndi uja wa kagulu ka Aaborijini unali wogwirizana: pamene chimodzi chinapambana, zonse zinapambana. Zimenezi zinali zopindulitsa: mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezereka kwa a kangaroo kunatanthauza chakudya chabwino kwambiri kwa Aaborijini koma kupha a kangaroo ambirimbiri potsirizira pake sikunali kwabwino kwa Aaborijini.”

Aaborijini anapambananso m’njira zina. Katswiri wa zinenero R. M. W. Dixon m’buku lake lakuti The Languages of Australia anati: “Komabe, ponena za kulinganizika kwa chitaganya Azungu ndiwo amene amawonekera kukhala osadziŵa poyerekezera ndi Aaborijini a ku Australia; mafuko onse a ku Australia anali ndi madongosolo olinganizidwa mosamalitsa ndi ogwirizana bwino a maunansi a banja okhala ndi malamulo olondola a ukwati ndi ofotokoza mbali zilizonse za zochitika za chitaganya.”

Nyimbo ndi Uzimba

Chinthu chimene chimapezeka kwa Aaborijini ndicho chiwiya cha nyimbo chotchedwa didgeridoo, nthaŵi zina chimalembedwa kuti didjeridu. Mawuwo kwenikweni amatanthauza kuti “chitoliro cha manzenene,” kufotokoza moyenerera mamvekedwe amene chimatulutsa. Mmalo mwa kutulutsa timawu tosalala, chiwiya cha didgeridoo chimatulutsa mamvekedwe a mtundu wina a mawu aakulu ndi nyimbo za pamacheza ndi pamagule ochitidwa usiku odziŵika monga corroborees. Kaŵirikaŵiri chiwiyacho chimapokolezana mwamanzenene ndi munthu woimba nyimbo amene amakhala ndi ndodo zodziombanitsa.

Ziwiya za didgeridoo zimapangidwa ndi nthambi zokhala ndi chiboo zosankhidwa mosamalitsa. Utali wake wodziŵika kwambiri umayambira pa 0.9 mpaka pa 1.5 mita, koma ziwiya zina zimafikira mamita 4.5 kutalika. Kaŵirikaŵiri mbali ina ya chiwiyacho imaikidwa pansi pamene wochiliza wake amauzira mpweya kukamwa kwake kumbali inayo, atakhala pansi atachigwirira ndi manja onse.

Popeza kuti mamvekedwe a mawu aakulu a chiwiyacho ngosalekeza, wochilizayo ayenera kuuzira mpweya pamlomo pa chiwiyacho pamene kuli kwakuti panthaŵi imodzimodziyo akuloŵetsa mpweya m’mphuno mwake popanda kudodometsa kamvekedwe ka chiwiyacho. Limeneli lili luso lofanana ndi lija limene liyenera kuphunziridwa ndi wanyimbo woliza chiwiya chotchedwa tuba. Limadziwika pakati pa oliza ziwiya zouzira mpweya monga kuuzirira mpweya kosalekeza ndipo ndiko luso lovuta kuliphunzira.

Pochita uzimba, Aaborijini anagwiritsira ntchito bwino chipangizo china chimene chili chapadera—boomerang. Chinayamba monga chiwiya chokasakira nyama ndi chida chankhondo pakati pa Aaborijini. Koma kwa okaona malo ambiri lerolino, chafikira kukhala chizindikiro china chodziŵika kwambiri cha ku Australia. Zipangizo zodziŵika kwambiri za boomerang ndizo zida zothifuka pakati zimene zimabwerera kwa mwiniwake zitaponyedwa bwino. Komabe, pali mitundu ina yosiyanasiyana imene ili yosabwerera kwa woponya. Imeneyi imadziŵidwa molondola monga ma kylie, kapena ndondo zophera.

Zojambula Zachiaborijini

Choyamba, mtundu wa Aaborijini unalibe chinenero cholembedwa. Motero, Kevin Gilbert, wolemba ndakatulo ndi wojambula zithunzithunzi Wachiaborijini, anafotokoza kuti: ‘Zojambula zinali chinenero chogwira mtima koposa cha kukambitsirana cha Aaborijini ndi chomvedwa kwambiri ndi onse.’ Iye anati: “Zojambula zimapereka njira yokambitsirana yogwira mtima kwambiri ndipo zili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu koposa mawu olembedwa.”

Chotero, kulankhulana kwa luso la zojambula ndi la maseŵero kunakhala mbali zolimba za njira ya moyo ya Aaborijini. Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti zojambula zawo zinatumikira zifuno ziŵiri: Zinapereka njira yolimbitsira kukambitsirana mwamawu, ndiponso zinatumikira monga chothandizira kukumbukira nkhani za mbiri ya fuko ndi nkhani za mwambo wachipembedzo.

Pokhala opanda nsalu, mapepala, ndi zina zotero, zojambula Zachiaborijini zinajambulidwa pamathanthwe, m’mapanga, ndi pamakungwa. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa maonekedwe a mitundu yofala padziko lapansi nkwapadera m’zojambula zawo zonse. Iwo anagwiritsira ntchito maonekedwe a mitundu imene inali yaikulu kumadera kumene zojambulazo zinajambulidwa. Utoto wake unapangidwa ndi zinthu za m’nthaka.

Mwinamwake mbali yapadera koposa ya zojambula zawo njakuti pafupifupi zojambula zonse zili ndi mathotho ndi mizera. Ngakhale malo ojambulidwapo, amene poyamba angaonekere monga ngati kuti ngamtundu umodzi wa maonekedwe, powapenda pafupi amasonyeza mathotho ambiri amaonekedwe osiyanasiyana.

Gulu la chisonyezero chotchedwa Marketing Aboriginal Art in the 1990s likunena kuti m’ma 1980 “zojambula Zachiaborijini . . . zinasintha mofulumira kuchoka pa ‘zojambula za mwambo wa anthu’ kukhala ‘zojambula zabwino kwambiri za malonda.’” Ena amasimba za kufunidwa kwakukulu kwa zojambula za mpangidwe wamathotho wa madzi otchedwa acrylic umenewu ndi kutamanda kutchuka kwake.

Zinenero Zachiaborijini

Mwawamba anthu achiyera a ku Australia ali ndi malingaliro olakwika ponena za zinenero Zachiaborijini. Mwachitsanzo, ena amakhulupirira kuti panali chinenero chimodzi chokha Chachiaborijini ndi kuti chinali chosatsungula kwambiri, cha mamvekedwe odzuma ndi kubuula oŵerengeka chabe. Koma zimenezo sizowona!

Kwenikweni, panthaŵi ina panali zinenero Zachiaborijini zoyerekezeredwa kukhala 200 kufikira pa 250. Komabe, zoposa theka la zimenezi zaferatu. Lerolino zokwanira pafupifupi 50 zokha mwa zinenero zoterozo zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi timagulu ta Aaborijini 100 kapena kuposa pamenepo. Ndipo chiŵerengero cha zinenero Zachiaborijini zolankhulidwa ndi anthu 500 kapena kuposa pamenepo tsopano nzochepera pa 20.

Mmalo mwa kukhala chosatsungula, chinenero cholankhulidwa cha Aaborijini ncholinganizidwa bwino kwambiri m’galamala yake. M’buku lake lotchedwa The Languages of Australia, Profesa Dixon analemba kuti: “Palibe chinenero chilichonse, pakati pa zinenero pafupifupi 5,000 zolankhulidwa padziko lerolino, chimene chinganenedwe kukhala ‘chosatsungula.’ Chinenero chilichonse chodziŵika chili ndi mpangidwe wocholoŵanacholoŵana, kotero kuti mafotokozedwe a mbali zake zazikulu za galamala yake amafuna masamba mazana angapo; chinenero chilichonse chili ndi mawu mazana ambiri okhala ndi tanthauzo okambidwa tsiku ndi tsiku.”

Barry J. Blake analemba mofananamo ponena za zinenero Zachiaborijini kuti: “Izo zili zinenero zolinganizidwa bwino kwambiri za kulankhulana, chilichonse chokwanira kusimbira mbiri ya Aaborijini monga momwe Chingelezi kapena Chifalansa chiliri posimba mbiri ya Azungu.” Pochirikiza mawu ameneŵa, mtolankhani Wachiaborijini Galarrwuy Yunupingu anati: “Ndiachiyera oŵerengeka okha amene ayesa kuphunzira chinenero chathu, ndipo Chingelezi sichingathe kufotokoza kugwirizana kwathu ndi dziko la makolo athu.”

M’zaka za zana la 19, kutembenuza mbali zina za Baibulo m’zinenero ziŵiri Zachiaborijini kunachitidwa. Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka unatembenuzidwira m’chinenero cha Awabakal ndipo mbali zina za Genesis, Eksodo, ndi Uthenga Wabwino wa Mateyu zinatembenuzidwira m’chinenero cha Narrinyeri. Mokondweretsa, matembenuzidwe ameneŵa anasonyeza dzina la Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse kukhala “Yehóa” ndi “Jehovah,” limodzi ndi malembedwe osiyanasiyana a dzinalo mogwirizana ndi kalembedwe ka chinenerocho.

Lerolino, chigogomezero chachikulu chili pa kubwezeretsedwanso kwa zinenero Zachiaborijini ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa kuzindikira kokulirapo pakati pa anthu amene sali Achiaborijini a ku Australia kwa phindu, kulemerera, ndi kukongola kwa zinenero zimenezi. Chifukwa chake, ambiri tsopano ali okondweretsedwa kudziŵa kuti Nduna Yoyang’anira Nkhani za Aaborijini ya ku Australia yaloleza kupangidwa kwa madikishonale m’zinenero 40 Zachiaborijini. Zimenezi zidzaphatikizapo osati zinenero zimene zikulankhulidwa pakali pano zokha komanso zimene sizikugwiritsiridwa ntchito zimene ziyenera kufufuzidwa m’malo osungira zolembedwa zakale ndi kumagwero ena a mbiri.

Kulabadira Chiyembekezo Chabwino Kwambiri

Pamene anthu achiyera anafika ku Australia kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, anatsala nenene kuwononga anthu onse a kumaloko. Komabe, lerolino pali matauni angapo akumidzi amene ali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha Aaborijini okhalamo, ndipo padakali midzi ina yokhalamo Aaborijini okhaokha, makamaka kumadera akutali. Kaŵirikaŵiri moyo wa anthu ameneŵa umakhala wosakondweretsa. “Tilibiretunso mbiri,” analemba motero Muaborijini wina, “kapena malo okhutiritsa pakali pano.” Koma iye anawonjezera kuti: “Mtsogolo ndimo mmene muli chiyembekezo kwa ambiri a ife.”

Chifukwa chonenera zimenezi nchakuti nzika zoyambirira za ku Australia tsopano zikusangalala kuŵerenga m’Baibulo—mwinamwake m’chinenero cha iwo eni—kuti posachedwapa oipa adzachotsedwa ndi kuti dziko lapansi lidzapatsidwa kwa anthu amene adzalisamalira. (Salmo 37:9-11, 29-34; Miyambo 2:21, 22) Ufumu wa Mulungu udzakwaniritsa zimenezi. Ufumu umenewu, umene Yesu Kristu anatiphunzitsa kuupempherera, ndiwo boma lenileni lakumwamba. (Mateyu 6:9, 10) Amuna ndi akazi ambiri Achiaborijini tsopano ali otanganitsidwa kuuza ena za madalitso aakulu amene Ufumu wa Mulungu udzadzetsera mtundu wa anthu.—Chivumbulutso 21:3, 4.

Muaborijini wina anafotokoza ponena za anthu anzake a ku Australia kuti: “Akuzindikira kuti lingaliro lofala limene achiyera, Aaborijini, ndi anthu ena ochuluka a padziko lapansi lili nayo nlolakwa. Nlakuti Australia ngwa Aaborijini chifukwa cha kumtumba kwawo kapena ngwa achiyera chifukwa cha kumgonjetsa kwawo. Zonsezo sizowona. Australia ngwa Yehova Mulungu chifukwa cha kumlenga kwake.”—Chivumbulutso 4:11.

Indedi, Mlengi wathu, Yehova Mulungu, ndiye mwini Australia ndi dziko lapansi lonseli. Ndipo m’kukwaniritsidwa kwa pemphero limene Yesu anaphunzitsa, Ufumu wa Mulungu udzadza, ndipo dziko lonse lapansi lidzasandulizidwa paradaiso wapadziko lonse wokhalidwa ndi anthu amafuko onse ndi mitundu amene amakonda ndi kutumikira Mulungu wowona.

[Zithunzi patsamba 17]

Chiwiya cha nyimbo chotchedwa “didgeridoo” chimapezeka kwa Aaborijini okha

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Chisonyezero cha zojambula Zachiaborijini

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwa Chilolezo cha Australian Overseas Information Service

[Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Aaborijini ambiri tsopano akuuza ena za mbiri yabwino ya Ufumu wa Mulungu