Malo Osungiramo Nyama—Kodi Ndiwo Okha Adzapulumutsa Nyama za Kuthengo?

POSACHEDWAPA malo osungiramo nyama otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi asintha mwanjira yovuta kuzindikira. Zimene zikusonyeza zimenezo nzakuti oyang’anira ake asintha malowo kutsata njira yabwino kwambiri yotchedwa “landscape immersion”—kuwakonza malowo ndendende ngati thengo lenileni la nyama, kuikamo zomera, miyala, ziyangoyango, nkhungu, zoliralira, ngakhale nyama zina ndi mbalame zokhalira limodzi. Ngakhale amawononga ndalama zambiri—zokwanira ngati $1,200,000,000 pachaka mu United States mokha kukonzera malo osungiramo nyama za kumtunda ndi za m’madzi—iwo amaona kuti masinthidwewo ngofunika polingalira za cholinga chatsopano chachikulu chimene malo osungiramo nyama akufuna kukwaniritsa.

Cholinga m’Zaka za Zana Likudzalo

Popeza nyama za pulanetili zikhoza kuzimiririka, oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama otchuka padziko lapansi adziikira cholinga cha kusunga nyama, kuphunzitsa anthu, ndi kufufuza za sayansi choti akachikwaniritse m’zaka za zana la 21. Posonkhezereka ndi ntchitoyo ndi kufulumiza kwake, m’malo ena osungiramo nyama asiyiratu kugwiritsira ntchito dzinalo lakuti malo osungiramo nyama, m’malo mwake asankha mawu onga akuti “malo opulumukirako nyama za kuthengo” kapena “paki yotetezera nyama.”

Limene lakhala patsogolo ndi zimenezo ndi buku lakuti The World Zoo Conservation Strategy. Pokhala mlembi wina analifotokoza kuti ndilo “buku lofunika kwambiri limene oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama sanalitulutsepo,” tingati Strategy kwenikweni ndi tchata cha osunga nyama; “limafotokoza maudindo ndi mwaŵi zimene osunga nyama za kuthengo ndi za m’madzi ali nazo pakutetezera nyama za kuthengo zamitundumitundu padziko lapansi.” Pofuna kuchotsapo kukayikira kulikonse ponena za malingaliro atsopanowo, Strategy ikuwonjeza kuti: “Kwenikweni kukhalako kwa malo osungiramo nyama za kuthengo kapena za m’madzi kumadalira ndi kuti kaya akuthandiza kalikonse pakutetezera nyama.”

Kuphunzitsa anthu ndi kufufuza za sayansi, makamaka pa kubalitsa nyama zosunga, nkofunika kwambiri pantchito yatsopano imeneyi. Pa achinyamata alero pali amene adzakhala osunga nyama mtsogolo, amene udindo wawo udzakhala wosunga nyama zotsala zopulumuka pa mitundu ya nyama zambiri zimene m’thengo mulibenso. Kodi iwo adzaichita mwanzeru ndi modzipereka ntchitoyo? Ndipo kodi anthu onse adzatseguka mitu kwambiri ponena za chilengedwe? Pofuna kuchita zimenezo, Strategy ikulimbikitsa kuti malo alionse osungiramo nyama ayambe ntchito yophunzitsa, adziyese mbali ya “bungwe la dziko lonse lophunzitsa anthu kuti zikumbumtima zawo zikhale zamoyo.”

Malo Osungiramo Nyama Agwirizana Kupanga Bungwe la Dziko Lonse

Chifukwa cha ukulu wake wa ntchito yawo, malo ambiri osungiramo nyama akugwirizana kupanga bungwe la dziko lonse, lomwe pakali pano likuyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama ngati 1,000. Mabungwe a maiko onse, monga la The World Zoo Organization ndi International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, amagwirizanitsa malo osungiramo nyama ameneŵa, kuwayang’anira ndi kuwatsogolera.

Potchula chifukwa chachikulu cha mgwirizano umenewo, buku lakuti Zoo—The Modern Ark likuti: “Ngati anati achepetse kubalitsa nyama za banja limodzi, kumene kumaziwononga mosazindikirika, ndiye kuti malo osungiramo nyama sangakhutirenso ndi kuyang’anira kagulu kochepa ka nyama, monga mnjuzi wa ku Siberia. M’malo mwake, minjuzi yonse ya ku Siberia yomwe ili m’malo onse osungiramo nyama pakontinenti yakutiyakuti—kapena ngakhale padziko lonse lapansi—ayenera kuiona ngati banja limodzi.” Inde, pafunika mitundu ya nyama mazanamazana kuti achepetse kapena kuthetsa kubalitsa nyama za banja limodzi—chiyambi cha kusabala ndi kusoloka—ndipo malo amodzi osungira nyama sakhoza kuzisunga zonsezo. Strategy ikuti: “Kudziŵa kwambiri zonse zimene zingachitidwe nkofunika kuti zamoyo za pa Dziko Lapansi ndi malo awo okhala . . . zikhale ndi mpata wabwino koposa wopitiriza kukhalako. Alipo ambiri amene amakhulupirira kuti ngati tilephera kusunga nyama zina tidzalepheranso kudzipulumutsa ife eni.” Koma, amene ali ndi maganizo ameneŵa otaya mtima samalingalira zimene Baibulo lalonjeza kuti paradaiso adzabwezeretsedwa padziko lapansi.—Chivumbulutso 11:18; 21:1-4.

Zothandiza Malo Osungiramo Nyama Kuyendetsa Zinthu Bwino

Vuto la kusoloka kwa nyama lachititsa kuti apange makina azamagetsi ndi makompyuta opezeka kulikonse kuwathandiza pobalitsa nyama zosunga: mipambo ya maina a nyama, International Zoo Yearbook (IZY), ndi International Species Information System (ISIS) ya pakompyuta.

Mpambo uliwonse wa maina a nyama umasonyeza nyama zonse za mtundu umodzi zomwe zili m’malo osungiramo nyama, kulikonse padziko lapansi. Pokhala kaundula wa dziko lonse lapansi, umathandiza kusunga nyama zamtundu umodzi zamajini amodzimodzi abwinobwino ndi kuchepetsa ‘wowononga wosazindikirika’ uja, kubalitsa nyama za banja limodzi. Malo osungiramo nyama a Berlin Zoo anatsegula mpambo woyamba wa maina a nyama zobalitsa pamene mu 1923, anayamba kubalitsa nyama yaikulu yonga ng’ombe yotchedwa wisent, kapena kuti bison ya ku Ulaya, imene inatsala pang’ono kusoloka chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yadziko I.

Kuti ithe kufalitsa chidziŵitso cha sayansi padziko lonse monga mipambo ya maina a nyama zobalitsa, IZY, ndi cha ziŵerengero zake, ISIS inakhala pamakompyuta mu 1974 ku United States. Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta omwe akuiikapo ndiponso kukula kwa nkhokwe yake ya chidziŵitso imene ikulirakulira zikuthandiza malo osungiramo nyama kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kuti akwanitse cholinga chakuti malo ambiri osungiramo nyama agwirizane.

Zothandiza za sayansi ya zamoyo zimene malo osungiramo nyama akugwiritsira ntchito zikuphatikizapo DNA fingerprinting, kusamutsa mluza, in vitro fertilization, ndi cryogenics (kuumitsa ubwamuna ndi miluza m’firiji). DNA fingerprinting imathandiza oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama kudziŵa mosaphonya konse makolo ake a nyamayo, zimene zifunika kwambiri pobalitsa nyama za banja limodzi monga zomwe zimakhala m’magulu, zimene nzovuta kudziŵa makolo enieni. Panthaŵi ino kusamutsa mluza ndiponso in vitro fertilization zikufulumiza kubalana. Kuti achite zimenezo, amawonjezera nyama zimene zingakhale ngati “makolo” a nyama zili pafupi kusoloka: Miluza yawo angaiike mwa nyama zinzawo zachibale—ngakhale zoŵeta—zomwe zimakhala amayi oberekera. Njira imeneyi yachititsa kuti ng’ombe yaikazi yotchedwa holstein ibale gaur (ng’ombe ya m’thengo) ndi mphaka woŵeta kubala mphaka wa m’chipululu wa ku India amene anali pafupi kwambiri kusoloka. Imachepetsanso ndalama zowonongedwa, ngozi, ndi nsautso imene imakhalapo chifukwa chonyamula nyama zokabalitsa nazo zina. Zimene amangonyamula ndi miluza kapena ubwamuna woumitsa m’firiji basi.

Popeza zitheka kuti mitundu ina ya nyama ingazimiririke kotheratu, malo osungiramo nyama ena ayamba ngakhale sayansi yotchedwa cryogenics—kuumitsa ubwamuna ndi miluza m’firiji kuti aisunge zaka zambiri. Malo ouma ameneŵa osungiramo nyama amapereka mpata wakuti ana a nyamazo angadzabadwe patapita zaka makumi ambiri, ngakhale mazana ambiri pambuyo poti makolo asoloka! Ngakhale zimenezi zili zokayikitsa kwambiri, akuti ndiyo “njira yokha yachitetezo.”

Kufufuza m’Thengo Kuthandiza Malo Osungiramo Nyama Kupanga Ana Ambiri

Asayansi omwe akufufuza nyama, kuphatikizapo khalidwe lake m’thengo, ngofunika kwambiri pa kubalitsa nyama zosunga ndipo ndiwo akulimbikitsa kukonza malo osungiramo nyama monga mwa chikhalidwe chake kuthengo mwanjira yotchedwa “immersion.” Kuti nyama zikhale zathanzi ndi kubalana, malo ozisungiramo ayenera kugwirizana ndi chibadwa chake ndi “kuzisangalatsa.”

Mwachitsanzo, akakwiyo amphongo ndi aakazi samaonana m’thengo ndipo amangolankhulana mwa kununkhiza mkodzo ndi tudzi tawo. Mphuno ya wamphongo ndi imene imamuuza kuti tsopano yaikazi yakonzeka kukwerana, ndiyeno iye amangokhala nayo tsiku limodzi kapena masiku aŵiri basi. Pamene oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama anadziŵa za khalidwe limeneli, anakonza malo ake kuti akakwiyo amphongo ndi aakazi asamaonana nthaŵi zonse kusiyapo panyengo yaifupi yokwerana, ndipo zinathandiza; anakhala ndi misona.

Pamene mtima wa kakwiyo umalakalaka kwambiri mnzake ngati saonana, si mmene zilili ndi mbalame zotchedwa flamingo. Izo zimangokwerana pamene zili pagulu lalikulu kwambiri limene silingakwane m’malo osungiramo nyama. Chotero oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama ku England anayesa kuchita kanthu kena—“anaŵirikiza” ukulu wa gululo mwa kuziikira kalirole wamkulu. Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, mbalamezo zinayamba mwambo wake womakhala aŵiriaŵiri nkumakwerana, zochititsa chidwi kuona! Kodi zitsanzo zimenezi zakuthandizani kuona kucholoŵana kwake kwa nyama za kuthengo? Inde, oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama ali ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri.

Kodi Cholinga Chopulumutsa Nyama Chidzathekadi?

Kusonyeza kuti programu yatsopanoyo ingathandize, mitundu ina ya nyama zobadwira m’malo ozisungiramo azibwezera kale m’thengo. Pazimenezi pali mbalame yotchedwa condor ya ku California, nyama yonga ng’ombe yotchedwa bison ya ku Ulaya, bison ya ku America, mtundu wa nswala ya ku Arabia yotchedwa oryx, pusi wotchedwa golden lion tamarin, ndi kavalo wa m’thengo wotchedwa Przhevalski. Komabe, nzokayikitsa ngati angapulumutse nyamazo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

“Anthu ngovuta kwambiri, ndipo mavuto a dziko ngambiri,” ikutero Strategy, “kwakuti ngakhale kuti ambiri adziŵa zambiri ponena za chilengedwe ndi malo okhala ndipo akuzidera nkhaŵa, sikunatheke kuletsa zinthu zambiri zowononga.” Chotero, “otetezera nyama ayenera kukonzekera kupeza njira yopyolera nyengo yovuta imene akuyembekezera,” inawonjezera tero. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi zikufuna kuti anthu onse agwirizane. Kugwirizana komwe kulipo lero, malinga ndi wina wolemba za sayansi, “kulibiretu zimene zikufunika.” Ngati zimene zikusolotsa nyama zingochepa m’malo molekeka, kaya pakhale khama lotani silidzaphula kanthu. Malo aakulu ndipo okwana—osati chabe madera aang’ono, omwe amayambitsa kubalitsa nyama za banja limodzi—ayenera kukonzedwa. Ndiye pamene oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama angamasule nyama zawo ndi chidaliro, kuzibwezera m’thengo. Koma kodi zimenezo zidzatheka, kapena ndi maloto chabe?

Zimenenso zikukulitsa kukayikira ndizo kukula kwake kwa mgwirizano wa dziko lonse wa malo osungiramo nyama. “Choonadi chosautsa,” akutero Profesa Edward Wilson, “nchakuti malo onse osungiramo nyama padziko lonse lero angasunge kokha mitundu yosaposa 2,000 ya nyama zoyamwitsa, mbalame, zokwawa ndi za m’madzi”—chiŵerengero chochepa kwambiri pochiyerekezera ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zilipo. Choncho oyang’anira malo osungiramo nyama ali ndi ntchito yosapeŵeka yosankha mitundu ya nyama zomwe adzasunga pamene mitundu ina idzakhalabe pa zija zomwe zidzasoloka.

Kwa akatswiri pantchito imeneyi, zimenezi zikubutsa funso loopsa lakuti, Polingalira za kudalirana kwa zamoyo zonse, kodi ndi liti pamene zamoyo zamitundumitundu zidzachepa kufika poipa poti nkuyambitsa kusoloka kwadzaoneni kumene kungapululutse zamoyo zochuluka zotsala padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo ndi anthu omwe? Asayansi amangolota. “Ngati mtundu umodzi kapena iŵiri kapena makumi asanu ya nyama izimiririka, sitikudziŵa zimene zingatsatirepo,” akutero Linda Koebner m’buku lakuti Zoo Book. “Kusoloka kwa nyama kukusintha zinthu tisanamvetse nkomwe zotsatirapo zake.” Pakali pano, likutero buku lakuti Zoo—The Modern Ark, “malo osungiramo nyama adakali malo ofunika kwambiri opulumukirako pankhondo ya pulaneti lino yowononga moyo wa nyama, nkhondo imene sitingatchule ukulu wake koma imene mibadwo ya mtsogolo idzatiimba nayo mlandu waukulu.”

Chotero kodi tingayembekezere kuti zinthu zidzakhala bwino? Kapena kodi mibadwo ya mtsogolo idzangokhala ndi zamoyo zamtundu umodzi, pamene iyonso ikuyembekezera kusoloka?

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Munthu ndiye mdani wawo woipitsitsa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mnjuzi ndi Njovu: Zoological Parks Board of NSW

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Nyama zina zimene zili pafupi kusoloka—“bison,” akakwiyo, ndi chipembere wakuda

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bison ndi Akakwiyo: Zoological Parks Board of NSW

Chipembere: National Parks Board of South Africa