Kubera okalamba
MUSAPUSITSIDWE. Akuba akudziŵa zimene akuchita. Amazindikira chifukwa chake okalamba amakhala okhumbirika kuwabera. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States, anthu a zaka zoposa 65 ali 12 peresenti yokha ya chiŵerengero chonse. Koma amalandira ndalama zoposa $800,000,000,000, pachaka zomwe ndi pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya ndalama zonse za mabanja a ku United States. Nzosadabwitsa kuti akuluakuluŵa amapanga 30 peresenti ya onse oberedwa mwachinyengo.
Kodi chimapangitsa akuluakuluŵa kukhala osavuta kuwabera nchiyani? “Amakhulupirira msanga ndipo angakhale asakudziŵa njira zamakono zoikiza ndalama m’malonda,” inalongosola motero magazini ya Consumers’ Research. Wapolisi wina anadandaula kuti onyenga ochita malonda patelefoni “amadyerera makamaka omwe amakhala okha ndi osavuta—nkhalamba—omwe amachuluka mwa oberedwa. Awa ndi anthu omwe anakula panthaŵi yomwe kungogwirana chanza kunasonyeza kukhulupirirana.” Woimira bungwe la American Association of Retired Persons anagwidwa mawu akunena kuti: “Kaŵirikaŵiri anthu amanena kuti umbombo umaloŵetsa m’mavuto. Kwa okalamba, si umbombo. Ali ndi mantha akuti ndalama zidzawathera asanafe. Safuna kuti adzavute ana awo. Ndiyenso amaopa kuulula [chinyengocho] chifukwa amaopa kuti ana awo aziganiza kuti sangathe kudzisunga okha.”
Okalamba omwe amawabera sikuti nthaŵi zonse amanyengedwa kapena kusocheretsedwa. Nthaŵi zina amakhala okhaokha, mwina akufuna “kupanga” mabwenzi. Kwina kwake akazi amasiye ena anawanyengerera kuperekeratu $20,000 za “maphunziro a kuvina othandiza pamoyo wonse,” anatero mlembi wina wa nyuzipepala. “Ena anali ofooka kwambiri kuti ayende. Sanali opusa koma a nkhaŵa.” Kalabu ya zovinavina imapatsa olembetsa atsopano malo akuti iwo azipitako kukakhala ndi mabwenzi awo atsopano, kaŵirikaŵiri ausinkhu wawo. Tinkhani tosangalatsa, wogulitsa malonda waulemu, amene akhozanso kukhala mphunzitsi wa zovinavina, nzovuta kukana.
Adziŵeni Akuba a ku Japan
Akuba ena alinso ndi njira zina zimene amadyerera nazo okalamba osungulumwa. Ku Japan anthu akuba opanda khalidwe ayerekezera kukhala athu ofuna kuthandiza, akumatha nthaŵi kucheza ndi okalamba omwe akufuna kuwaberawo, akumamvetsera zovuta zawo. Mwapang’onopang’ono amayamba kubwera kudzacheza kaŵirikaŵiri, ndipo munthuyo atayamba kuwakhulupirira, mpamene amachita naye malonda achinyengo. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha chinyengo chotere anali malonda a golide achinyengo amene pafupifupi anthu okwana 30,000, kuphatikizapo opuma pantchito, zinamveka kuti anawabera mayeni 200,000,000,000 ($1,500,000,000). Asahi Evening News ya ku Japan inali ndi mutu wakuti “Palibe Mwaŵi Wopezanso Zobedwazo.”
Nyuzipepala ya Asahi Shimbun ya ku Tokyo inasimba nkhani yakuti: Mkazi wogulitsa malonda wina anachezera nkhalamba ina yaimuna, akumati: “Ndimadera nkhaŵa za inu kwambiri kuposa ntchito yanga, inu a K, chifukwa mumakhala nokha.” Anamvetsera nkhani zawo zochuluka, ndipo iwo anapusitsidwa ndi kukongola kwake. Poti, anapempha ngati angadzabwerenso tsiku lotsatira. “Osadzalephera,” inayankha nkhalambayo.
Anayamba kumadzacheza kaŵirikaŵiri; nthaŵi zina ankadyera pamodzi chakudya chamadzulo, ndipo ankabwera ngakhale ndi chakudya cha a K. “Ndidzakusamalirani kufikira mutafa,” mkaziyo analonjeza. Ndiye inakwana nthaŵi yokambitsirana za malonda: “Ndidzasamalira katundu wanu. Kampani imene ndimagwirako ntchito ija posachedwa yayambitsa njira yabwino yakuti munthu akhoza kugwiritsira ntchito katundu wake mwaphindu.” Malondawo anafuna kuti iye akongole ndalama ndi kuti nyumba yake ndi katundu wake akhale chikole iye atalephera kubweza ngongolezo, kugula mtanda wa golide, ndi kukasungitsa kukampani yakeyo. Apa anatchera msampha. A K. anakhala wa m’gulu la oberedwa ndalama. Atangotsirizana zamalondazo, mkaziyo sanabwerenso.
“Pamene ndinali msilikali,” akutero a K., “Ndikanafa nthaŵi iliyonse. Koma nzoŵaŵa kwambiri kuti munthu wina andibere katundu wanga mwa kupezera mpata pa kufooka kwathu ife nkhalamba amene timakhala tokha popanda mbale aliyense wodalira. Kuoneka kuti dziko lafika panthaŵi imene anthu akufuna ndalama, ngakhale mwanjira yakuba.”
Kubera Nkhalamba ku Italy
Buku lotchedwa L’Italia che truffa (Italy Wobera Anthu) linasimba za pulani yatsatanetsatane imene akuba anakonza ku Italy kuti abere nkhalamba ndalama zawo zofunika kwambiri zomwe anasunga. Mu 1993 boma lotsogoleredwa ndi gavanala wakale wa Banki ya Italy linayamba kulamulira. Monga momwe mungayembekezere, siginecha yake inalipobe pa ndalama za mapepala (mwachionekere zidakagwirabe ntchito) zimene zinatuluka panthaŵi imene iye anali gavanala. Atafika pamakomo a nkhalamba, akuba angapo, omwe anati amagwira ntchito ku Banki ya Italy amenenso anali ndi zitupa zabodza zakuntchito monga umboni, anauza aliyense amene anati amubere kuti: “Mukudziŵa kuti gavanala wa Banki ya Italy wakhala pulezidenti wa Kabineti ya Nduna; choncho, siginecha yake yomwe ili pandalama za mapepala sikugwiranso ntchito ayi. Tili pantchito yolanda ndalama zonse zamapepala zakale kubanja lililonse ndi kuwabwezera zatsopano zosainidwa ndi yemwe wamloŵa m’malo . . . Landirani lisiti ili. Mkucha mupite nalo ku banki lanu, ndipo mukalandira ndalama zonse zimene mwatipatsazi.” Mwa njira imeneyi, akubawo analanda ma lire mamiliyoni 15 (pafupifupi $9,000) tsiku limodzi!
Akuba ena ku Italy amafikira anthu ongodziyendera pamsewu, kuphatikizapo nkhalamba. Amapempha opusa kuti afufuze nawo zina zake mumzindawo ndiye kenaka nkuwapatsa mapepala kuti asaine akumati kusainako nkungotsimikizira kuti anachita nawo kufufuzako. Kwenikweni, amakhala akusaina pangano lotsimikiza kuti adzachita kenakake kapena kugula chinachake.
Ndiye pambuyo pake, munthuyo amadzalandira katundu papositi, nthaŵi zina pamodzi ndi chenjezo pamwamba pake loonekera bwino lakuti akakana kugula katunduyo, adzalandira chilango china chake. Ena, makamaka okalamba, amaopa, akumalingalira kuti kuli bwino kupereka ndalama zocheperapo ndi kukhala ndi katundu wopanda phinduyo kusiyana nkukokedwera kukhoti.
Kodi kubera anthu ndalama nkofala motani ku Italy? Malinga ndi buku lakuti L’Italia che truffa, chiŵerengero cha milandu ya kuba yomwe imakanenedwa kupolisi chimakwana 500,000 pachaka. Milandu ya kuba yoposa chiŵerengero chimenechi katatu siimakanenedwa kupolisi. Mtolankhani wina wa pa TV anati: “Chiŵerengerocho chingakwane zinyengo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana mamiliyoni aŵiri chaka chilichonse, kapena kuti pakati pa zikwi zisanu kapena zisanu nchimodzi patsiku.”
Zimatero basi. Palibe usinkhu uliwonse (kapena mtundu, dziko, kapena fuko) limene limasiyidwa ndi omwe amanyenga anthu kuwabera ndalama zawo—kaŵirikaŵiri zonse zomwe amasunga pamoyo wawo wonse. Chenjerani! Zikhoza kukuchitikirani.
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]
Zimene Mungachite Kuti Asakubereni
SIKUTI mabungwe onse amene amachita malonda a patelefoni ndi osaona mtima. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States, munali makampani 140,000 amene anachita malonda a patelefoni mu 1994, malinga nkunena kwa bungwe la American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). Akuti okwanira ngati 10 peresenti ya ameneŵa, kapena kuti 14,000 anali achinyengo. Chotero muyenera kuchenjera pamene mupatsidwa mwaŵi umene uoneka kukhala wabwino kuposa mmene ziyeneradi kukhalira. Pano pali mfundo zina zokuthandizani kuti amalonda a patelefoni asakubereni.
◆ Ngati wina akuchitirani telefoni kukuuzani kuti mwapata mphotho yaulere, mwina chinthu chanzeru kwambiri chimene mungachite ndicho kuibwezerapo foniyo.
◆ Ngati wamalonda wapatelefoni alimbikira kuti mugule lero lomwe ngati simutero mudzachedwa, ichi nchisonyezero chakuti zimenezo nzonyenga.
◆ Samalani nambala yanu ya khadi la ngongole. Osaisonyeza kwa alendo omwe amafuna chuma.
◆ Musagule kanthu kalikonse patelefoni pokhapokha mutaimba ndinu foniyo ndiponso mukuchita malondawo ndi kampani imene imatumizira anthu maoda imene mukudziŵa kuti ili ndi mbiri yabwino.
Eni nyumba ayenera kuchenjera ndi okonza nyumba achinyengo. Pano pali malangizo angapo, operekedwa ndi bungwe la AARP Consumer Affairs:
◆ Osauza munthu wachilendo pokhapokha mutapenda mosamalitsa zikalata zake za ntchito; funsani maina ndi manambala a matelefoni a makasitomala ena amene wawagwirirako ntchito.
◆ Osasaina kanthu kalikonse popanda kukaonetsetsa bwino, ndipo tsimikizirani kuti mukumvetsetsa ndi kugwirizana ndi mfundo zonse za panganolo.
◆ Osadalira wina kuti akulongosolereni za mapangano pokhapokha atakhala munthu amene mumamdziŵa ndi kumdalira. Ŵerengani nokha timawu ting’onoting’ono pa chikalatacho.
◆ Osalipiriratu asanakonze. Tsimikizirani kuti ntchitoyo yatsirizidwa ndipo mwasangalala nayo musanalipire komaliza.
Khalani maso. Gwiritsirani ntchito nzeru yanu. Ngati simukufuna kugula musaope kukana. Ndipo kumbukirani: Ngati muzimva kukhala zabwino kuposa mmene ziyeneradi kukhalira, mwina nzachinyengo.
[Chithunzi patsamba 21]
Akubawo akhoza kumachita ngati anthu achifundo pofuna kubera nkhalamba