Mmene Nkhondo Zimasakazira Ana
NKHONDOYO, imodzi mwa nkhondo zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni za ku Sierra Leone, inachitika kumayambiriro kwa 1995. Pamene nkhondoyo inatha, Tenneh wazaka zinayi, amene makolo ake anali atafa kale pankhondo, anali gone pansi atavulala. Chipolopolo chinali chitaloŵa m’mutu wake, kumbuyo kwa diso lake lakumanja ndipo chinali kuopsa nchakuti mwina chipolopolocho chikanapereka mpata wakuti matenda aloŵepo amene akanafalikira ku ubongo ndi kumupha.
Patapita miyezi 16, banja lina lachibritishi linamtumiza Tenneh ku England kukachitidwa opaleshoni. Kagulu kamadokotala kanachotsa chipolopolocho, ndipo anthu anakondwera kuti opaleshoniyo inatheka popanda vuto, kuti mwanayo wapulumutsidwa. Komabe, chikondwererocho sichinakule chifukwa chozindikira kuti Tenneh anakhalabe wamasiye amene sanayenera nkomwe kulasidwa.
Zida, Njala, ndi Matenda
Ngakhale kuti Tenneh analasidwa mwangozi, ana ambiri amalasidwa osati mwangozi koma ndi cholinga. Mafuko akayamba kumenyana, kupha akuluakulu sikukhala kokwana; ana a adani amaonedwa monga adani amaŵa. Wokambapo pa zandale ku Rwanda ananena mu 1994 kuti: “kuti muphe makoswe, muyenera kupha ana a makoswe.”
Komabe, ana ambiri amene amafa pankhondo safa ndi mabomba kapena zipolopolo koma chifukwa cha njala ndiponso matenda. Mwachitsanzo, m’nkhondo za mu Afirika, kusoŵa chakudya ndi zipatala kwaphetsa anthu kuŵirikiza pafupifupi nthaŵi 20 kuposa amene aphedwa pa kumenyana kwenikweniko. Kutseka njira zolandirira katundu wofunika ndi njira imodzi yankhanza imene amagwiritsirira ntchito masiku ano pankhondo. Magulu a asilikali atchera mabomba ofotsera pansi m’madera kumene amalima chakudya, kuphwasula nkhokwe za chakudya ndi mipope yamadzi, ndi kulanda thandizo loperekedwa. Aphwasulanso zipatala, kuthamangitsa ogwira ntchito pachipatala.
Machitidwe ameneŵa amavutitsa ana koopsa. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa 1980 ndi 1988, ana amene anafa pazifukwa zokhudzana ndi nkhondo anafika chiŵerengero cha 330,000 ku Angola ndi 490,000 ku Mozambique.
Alibe Nyumba, Alibe Banja
Nkhondo zimapangitsa ana kukhala amasiye mwa kupha makolo awo, komanso zimatero mwa kumwaza mabanja. Dziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi anthu 53 miliyoni athaŵa panyumba zawo chifukwa cha kuopa ziwawa. Amenewo ndi mmodzi pa anthu 115 alionse padziko lapansi! Pafupifupi theka ali ana. Ali mkati mothaŵa, kaŵirikaŵiri ana amasiyana ndi makolo awo.
Chifukwa cha kumenyana ku Rwanda, ana 114,000 anasiyana ndi makolo awo kumapeto kwa 1994. Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa mu 1995, mwana mmodzi mwa asanu ku Angola anakumana ndi zofananazo. Kwa ana ambiri, makamaka aang’ono kwambiri, kusokonezeka maganizo kumene amakhala nako chifukwa chosakhala ndi makolo awo ndi kowasautsa kwambiri kuposa chisokonezo cha nkhondo yeniyeniyo.
Kuphedwa ndi Mabomba Otchera Pansi
Kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi ana zikwi mazana ambiri amapita koseŵera, kukadyetsa ziŵeto, kukafuna nkhuni, kapena kukabzala mbewu, kumene amakaphedwa ndi mabomba otchera pansi. Mabomba otchera pansi amapha anthu 800 mwezi uliwonse. M’maiko 64 muli mabomba otchera pansi onse pamodzi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 110 amene anafotseredwa panthaka. M’Cambodia mokha anatchera pansi mabomba oterowo pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ndi aŵiri, aŵiri pa mwana aliyense.
Maiko oposa 40 amapanga mabomba otchera pansi pafupifupi mitundu 340 yosiyanasiyana aukulu ndi amaonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Ena amaoneka monga miyala, ena monga nanazi, ndiponso ena monga agulugufe aang’ono obiriŵira amene amanka namatsika pang’onopang’ono kuchokera mu helikopita kosaphulika. Malipoti amati mabomba ena otchera pansi, opangidwa monga zidole, aikidwa pafupi ndi sukulu ndi mabwalo oseŵerera kumene azimayi ndi ana akhoza kuwapeza.
Zimatenga pafupifupi $3 zokha kukonza bomba lotchera pansi lopha munthu mmodzi, koma kuti alipeze ndi kulichotsa pansi zimatenga pakati pa $300 ndi $1000. Mu 1993 mabomba otchera pansi 100,000 anachotsedwa, koma anatchera atsopano mamiliyoni aŵiri. Onsewo ndi akupha aphee amene sagona, sasiyanitsa msilikali ndi mwana, sadziŵa mapangano amtendere, ndipo kwazaka 50 amakhala adakali amphamvu.
Mu May 1996, patapita zaka ziŵiri akukambirana ku Geneva, Switzerland, okambitsirana a UN analephera kupanga lamulo loletsa mabomba otchera pansi. Ngakhale kuti analetsa mitundu ina mwa mabomba otchera pansi ndi kupereka malamulo pakagwiritsiridwe ntchito ka ena, sadzalingalirapo zoletseratu mabomba otchera pansi mpaka atadzapanganso msonkhano wina wa UN, umene udzachitike m’chaka cha 2001. Kuchokera tsopano kufika nthaŵi imeneyo, mabomba otchera pansi angaphe anthu ena 50,000 ndi kupundula 80,000. Ambiri a ameneŵa angadzakhale ana.
Kuzunza ndi Kugwirira Akazi
M’nkhondo zaposachedwa ana azunzidwa, mwina ncholinga cholanga makolo awo kapena pofuna kudziŵa zina zake zokhudzana ndi makolo awo. Nthaŵi zina, m’dziko lino la kumenyana kwa nkhanza, sipachita kukhala chifukwa, ndipo kuzunza ana kumachitika kuti kungokhala zosangalatsa.
Kuzunza akazi, kuphatikizapo kugwirira akazi, kumakhala kofala panthaŵi ya nkhondo. Pamene panali kumenyana ku Balkans, linali khalidwe kugwirira atsikana ndi kuwakakamiza kubalira adani awo ana. Mofananamo ku Rwanda, asilikali anali kugwirira akazi ncholinga chowononga mabanja. Nthaŵi zina pamene asilikali anaukira midzi, pafupifupi mtsikana aliyense amene anapulumuka anamgwira namagona naye. Atsikana ambiri amene anatenga mimba anakanidwa ndi mabanja awo ndiponso mtundu wawo. Atsikana ena anataya ana awo; ena anadzipha.
Kupsinjika Maganizo
Ana pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo amapirira mavuto oopsa kwambiri kuposa amene akulu ambiri anakumana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Sarajevo, kufufuza pakati pa ana 1,505 kunasonyeza kuti pafupifupi onse anayamba akhalapo pomwe bomba linkaphulika. Oposa theka anaomberedwapo, ndipo aŵiri mwa atatu alionse anapezeka m’mikhalidwe yoti akanaphedwa.
Kufufuza pa ana 3,000 a ku Rwanda kunasonyeza kuti 95 peresenti anaonererapo chiwawa ndi kupha panthaŵi ya kupululutsana mafuko, ndipo kuti pafupifupi 80 peresenti anataya abale awo. Pafupifupi mmodzi mwa atatu alionse anaonapo amuna akugwirira akazi kapenanso kuzunza akazi ndipo oposa chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu anaonapo ana ena akupha nawo kapena kumenya. Zoterezi zimasokoneza maganizo ndi mitima ya ana. Lipoti lonena za ana osokonezeka maganizo kudziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia linati: “Saiŵala zomwe zinachitikazo . . . zomwe zimawabweretsera maloto oipa, kuwakumbutsa mwadzidzidzi zochitika zakale zosokoneza maganizo, mantha, kuwasoŵetsa mtendere ndi kuŵaŵidwa mtima.” Pambuyo popululutsana mafuko ku Rwanda, katswiri wa zamaganizo pa National Trauma Recovery Centre anati: “Zizindikiro zina zomwe ana amasonyeza ndizo maloto oipa, kulephera kusumika maganizo, kupsinjika maganizo ndi kusayembekezera zabwino ponena za mtsogolo.”
Kodi Ana Angathandizidwe Motani?
Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kusokonezeka maganizo sikungachoke pamene ana amabisa malingaliro awo a zimene amakumbukira ndi kulingalira ponena zakale. Kuchira nthaŵi zambiri kumayamba pamene mwana alimbana ndi zakale zomwe akukumbukira mwa kuuza wachikulire amene ali wachifundo ndi wachidziŵitso cha zomwe zinachitika. “Chinthu chimodzi chothandiza kwambiri ndicho kupangitsa ana kumasuka ndi kulankhula mosaopa,” anatero wantchito zothandiza anthu ku West Africa.
Chithandizo china chofunika kwambiri pochiritsa mavuto a malingaliro ndiko kugwirizana ndi kuthandizana kwa banja ndi anthu ena. Monga ana ena onse, ovutika ndi nkhondo amafunikira chikondi, kuwamvetsetsa, ndi chifundo. Komabe, kodi palidi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti pali chiyembekezo chakuti ana onse adzasangalala ndi mtsogolo mwabwino?
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 8]
Linali Kuoneka Monga Mpira
Ku Loas mtsikana wina ndi mlongo wake anali paulendo wokadyetsa njati zoŵeta. Mtsikanayo anaona chinthu m’ngalande chimene chinali kuoneka monga mpira. Anachitenga ndi kuchiponyera kwa mlongo wakeyo. Chinagwa pansi ndi kuphulika, ndi kumupha nthaŵi yomweyo.
[Bokosi patsamba 9]
Mmodzi Yekha pa Zikwi
Pamene kumenyana kunabuka m’dera lake ku Angola, Maria, wazaka 12 ndipo wamasiye, anamgwira amuna ndi kugona naye ndipo anatenga mimba. Pamene nkhondoyo inakula, Maria anathaŵa, kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 300 kupita kumene kunalibe nkhondo, ndipo anakakhala kumalo oona za ana othaŵa. Popeza anali wochepa kwambiri, anachira mwamsanga, ndipo anabala movutikira kwambiri mwana wosakwanitsa miyezi. Mwanayo anangokhala milungu iŵiri chabe. Maria anamwalira mlungu umodzi pambuyo pake. Maria ndi mmodzi chabe pa zikwi za ana amene anthu awazunza ndi kuwagwira kugona nawo pankhondo zaposachedwa.
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 9]
Kusokonezeka Maganizo Ndiponso Mtima
Shabana wa ku India wazaka zisanu ndi zitatu amasonyeza bwino lomwe mmene chiwawa chimakhudzira ana. Anaona gulu likumenya atate ake mpaka kufa ndiye kenaka nkudula mutu amayi ake. Mtima wake ndi maganizo zinauma, nizibisa chisoni chake ndiponso kufedwako. “Sindimawakumbukira makolo,” iye akutero m’maso muli gwa, mawu osamvekako achisoni ayi. “Sindiganizanso za iwo.”