Aids—Mmene Tingalimbanirane Nayo
PADAKALI pano palibe mankhwala ochiritsa AIDS, ndipo zikuoneka ngati akatswiri a zamankhwala sapeza msanga mankhwalawo. Kuli bwino kupewa nthendayi ngakhale kuti mankhwala amene alipo amapangitsa kuti matendawo asakule mwamsanga. Tisanayambe kukamba za mmene tingadzitetezere, choyamba tikambe za mmene kachilombo ka AIDS (HIV) kamachokera kwa wina kupita kwa wina komanso zinthu zimene sizingakupatseni kachilomboka.
Munthu akhoza kutenga matendawa mwanjira zinayi: (1) mwakugwiritsira ntchito singano kapena jekeseni imene ili ndi kachilomboka, (2) mwakugonana ndi munthu wina (mwachibadwa, kumatako, kapena mkamwa) ndi munthu wokhala ndi matendaŵa, (3) mwakuikidwa magazi, ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi magazi ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi sikuopsanso kwenikweni m’maiko olemera kumene magazi amawapima kwambiri kuti aone ngati ali ndi zisonyezero za HIV, ndi (4) kwa amayi awo omwe ali ndi matendaŵa, amene akhoza kupatsirako mwana wawo asanabadwe kapena panthaŵi yakubala mwinanso panthaŵi yakuyamwitsa.
Malinga ndi bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) la ku United States, anapereka umboni wogwirizana ndi sayansi kuti (1) simungatenge AIDS monga mmene mungatengere chimfine (2) simungaitenge mwakukhala pafupi ndi munthu wa AIDS kapena mwakumgwira kapena kumkumbatira, (3) simungaitenge mwakudya chakudya chimene munthu amene ali nayo wagwira, kukonza, kapena pamene ndiye akuperekera chakudyacho, ndipo (4) simungaitenge chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito chimbudzi chimodzi, telefoni, zovala, kapena ziŵiya zodyera ndi zomwera. Kuwonjezera apo, bungwe la CDC linati udzudzu kaya kachilombo kena kalikonse sikangakupatseni vailasi imeneyi.
Njira Zotetezera
Kachilombo ka AIDS kamabisala m’magazi a munthu amene ali ndi nthendayo. Ngati munthu wokhala ndi nthendayi abayidwa jekeseni, magazi pamodzi ndi kachilomboko zingathe kutsalira ku singano kapena mkati mwa jekeseniyo. Ngati munthu wina abayidwa ndi jekeseni yomweyo, ndiye kuti angathe kutenga kachilomboka. Musaope kuŵafunsa a dokotala kapena a nesi ngati mukukayikira singano ya jekeseni. Muli ndi ufulu wodziŵa; moyo wanu uli pangozi.
Kachilombo ka AIDS kamapezekanso mu umuna kapena ukazi wa munthu amene ali ndi nthendayi. Motero ponena za kupewa, bungwe la CDC linati: “Njira yodalirika kwambiri yotetezera nkupewa basi. Ngati mufuna kugonana ndi munthu wina, dikirani kufikira mutapeza bwenzi lokhulupirika limene mukhale nalo kwa nthaŵi yaitali, monga muukwati, ndipo ayenera kukhala munthu amene alibe matendaŵa.”
Onani kuti, kuti mupewe, “muyenera kukhala paubwenzi ndi bwenzi lokhulupirika.” Ngati ndinu wokhulupirika koma mnzanuyo si wokhulupirika ndiye kuti ndinu wosatetezereka. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri m’maiko mmene amuna ndiwo ali ndi mphamvu zonse pazakugonana ndi zachuma. Kumadera ena amayi saloledwa nkomwe kukambitsirana ndi amuna zakugonana, sangayese nkomwe kukamba za njira zogonanirana zoyenerera.
Komabe, si amayi onse okhala kumalo amenewo amene amaponderezedwa. Kufufuza kochitidwa ku West Africa kumasonyeza kuti amayi ena omwe samadalira amuna awo pazachuma, anakwanitsa kuleka kugonana ndi amuna awo omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka nthendayi popanda chiwawa china chilichonse. Ku New Jersey, U.S.A., amayi ena amakana kugona ndi mwamuna ngati safuna kuvala kondomu. Koma ngakhale kuti makondomu akhoza kutetezeradi HIV ndi matenda ena opatsirana mwakugonana, iwo ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino ndiponso nthaŵi zonse.
Ndi Liti Pamene Muyenera Kukapimitsa
Karen amene tinamtchula m’nkhani yoyamba ija, palibe chomwe akanachita kuti adziteteze kumatendaŵa. Mwamuna wake anali atatenga matendawo zaka zambiri kumbuyoko asanakwatirane, ndipo anakwatirana kale pamene njira zopimira matendawo ndiponso kachilombo ka HIV zisanadziŵike bwino. Komabe, makono kupima kachilombo ka HIV ndiyo njira imene imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri m’maiko ena. Choncho ngati mukukayika zakuti kaya muli ndi HIV kapena mulibe, kuli bwino kupimitsa kaye musanakhale pa chibwenzi. Malangizo a Karen ndi akuti: “Sankhani wokwatirana naye mwanzeru. Ngati musankha molakwa mudzanong’oneza bondo, mudzataya ngakhale moyo wanu.”
Ngati pachitika chigololo, kupimitsa kungathandize kuti munthu wosalakwayo atetezeredwe. Kungakhale bwino kupimitsa nthaŵi zingapo chifukwa pakuyesa kachilombo ka HIV sikadziŵika kuti kalipo kufikira patapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene kanalowa m’thupi. Ngati muyambiranso kugonana (kusonyeza kuti mwamkhululukira munthu wolakwayo), kungakhale bwino kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu kutetezera kuti matenda asagwire winayo.
Kodi Maphunziro Angathandize Motani?
Nzosangalatsa kuona kuti ngakhale kuti Baibulo linalembedwa kale AIDS isanayambike, kutsatira malamulo amene limanena kungatithandize kudzitetezera ku matendaŵa. Mwachitsanzo, Baibulo limaletsa kugonana ndi munthu amene simunakwatirane naye, limalamula kuti muzikhulupirika m’banja, ndipo limati Akristu ayenera kukwatira munthu amene nayenso amatsatira malamulo a m’Baibulo. (1 Akorinto 7:39; Ahebri 13:4) Ilo limati tiyenera kusala magazi ndi zodetsa thupi zonse.—Machitidwe 15:20; 2 Akorinto 7:1.
Nkoyenera kuti mudziphunzitse inu mwini za kuwopsa ndi ngozi imene ingakhalepo ngati muli pamodzi ndi munthu wokhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Kudziŵa bwino za AIDS kumathandiza anthu kudziteteza kumatendaŵa.
AIDS Action League inati: “Kaŵirikaŵiri AIDS mukhoza kuipewa. Maphunziro ndi ofunika kwambiri ndipo ndiwo chitetezo chokha cha anthu kumatenda a AIDS kufikira pamene mankhwala adzapezekere.” (Tapendeketsa mawu ndife.) Nkoyenera kuti makolo azikambitsirana mosabisa mawu iwo eni ndiponso ndi ana awo ponena za AIDS.
Kodi Munthu Angathandizike ndi Mankhwala Amitundu Ingati?
Zizindikiro za matendaŵa sizioneka kufikira zitatha zaka kuyambira pa zisanu nchimodzi mpaka khumi kuchokera panthaŵi imene munthuyo anagwidwa nkachilombo ka HIV. Zaka zonsezi mumakhala muli nkhondo m’thupi. Tizilomboto timabalana nkumapha maselo omwe amatetezera thupi kumatenda. Maselo otetezera thupi kumatenda nawonso amabwezera. Nkupita kwa nthaŵi, chitetezo cha thupi chimagonjetsedwa popeza tizilomboto timabadwa mabiliyoni ambiri tsiku ndi tsiku.
Papangidwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuyesera kuthandiza chitetezo cha thupi, mankhwala okhala ndi maina ovuta omwe amangodziŵika ndi zilembo kuti—AZT, DDI, ndi DDC. Ngakhale kuti ena ankakhulupirira kuti mankhwalaŵa angathandize ndithu ndi kuti mwinanso angachiritse, posapita nthaŵi malingaliro amenewo anatheratu. Kuwonjezera pankhani yakuti amatha mphamvu mkupita kwa nthaŵi, iwo amawononganso matupi a anthu ena—monga kutha maselo a magazi, kupangitsa magazi kutseka mitsempha panthaŵi yosayenera, ndi kuwononga mitsempha yonyamula mauthenga m’thupi ya m’manja ndi m’mapazi.
Tsopano pali mankhwala atsopano: otchedwa protease inhibitor. Madokotala amapereka mankhwala ameneŵa pamodzi ndi ena omwenso amapha mavailasi, onse pamodzi mitundu itatu. Kupima kunasonyeza kuti ngakhale mankhwala omwa mitundu patatu nthaŵi imodzi ameneŵa samapha kachilomboka, koma amakalepheretsa, kapena kukhala pang’ono kukalepheretsa kuti kasachulukane m’thupi.
Mankhwala omwa mitundu patatu ameneŵa awongolerako thanzi la amene akudwala. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mankhwalawo amagwira ntchito bwino pamene omwe ali ndi HIV apatsidwa chithandizo mwamsanga zizindikiro za matendawo zisanayambe kuoneka. Zikatero, nkutheka kuteteza kuti munthuyo asadwale matenda a AIDS mpaka kunthaŵi yosadziŵika. Popeza mankhwalawo ndi atsopano, sizinadziŵike kuti angatenge nthaŵi yaitali motani akulepheretsa kuti matendawo asayambike mwa munthu.
Mankhwala a mitundu patatuŵa ngokwera mtengo. Pa avareji mtengo wa mankhwala a mitundu patatu opha mavailasi kuphatikizapo kupima m’labotale ndi $12,000 pachaka. Kusiya vuto la zachuma, munthu amene akulandira mankhwala a mtunduwu ayenera kumapita kumene mankhwala amasungidwa m’firiji. Munthuyo amamwa mapilisiwo kaŵiri patsiku ndi enanso katatu patsiku. Ena ndi ofunika kumwa asanadye kanthu, ena atayamba wadya kaye chakudya. Kuvuta kwa kumwa mankhwalaku kumawonjezereka ngati munthuyo afunikira kumamwa mankhwala ena olimbana ndi matenda ena omwe amagwira munthu chifukwa chakuti ali ndi AIDS.
Nkhaŵa imene madokotala ali nayo ndi yakuti chingachitike nchiyani ngati munthuyo atalekeza kumwa mankhwala? Ndiye kuti mavailasiwo akhoza kuwonjezereka mosamvanso mankhwala, ndipo mavailasi omwe sanafe ndi mankhwala poyamba paja akhoza kukhala olimba osathekanso kutchinjirizidwa ndi mankhwala omwe munthuyo ankamwa poyambapo. Mtundu wa kachilombo ka HIV kosamva mankhwala kakhoza kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuchiza. Kuwonjezera apo, munthuyo akhoza kupatsirako ena mavailasi ovutaŵa.
Kodi Yankho la Vutoli ndi Katemera?
Akatswiri ofufuza za AIDS amakhulupirira kuti njira yofunika kwambiri yochepetsera mliri wa AIDS ndi katemera wamphamvu. Katemera wothandiza wa yellow fever, chikuku, kandukutu, ndi matenda a rubella amapangidwa kuchokera kumavailasi omwe afooketsedwa. Mwachibadwa, mavailasi ofooketsedwa akaikidwa m’thupi, maselo otetezera thupi amalimbana nawo, kuwonjezera pamenepo amakonzekera mwakuti mavailasi enieni akadzaloŵa m’thupi amadzagonjetsedwa.
Kufufuza komwe kunachitika posachedwapa komwe anayesera pa anyani kunasonyeza kuti ngakhale mutagwiritsira ntchito mavailasi ofooketsedwa a HIV amayambitsabe matenda. Mmawu ena, katemerayo amayambitsa matenda omwe mumafuna kuti atetezere.
Nkhani ya katemera yakhala yokhumudwitsa kwambiri. HIV sikufa ndi mankhwala ambiri amene anaŵagwiritsira ntchito poyesa omwe akanapha mavailasi ambiri opanda mphamvu. Koma kuposa apo, imasinthasintha, choncho ndi yovuta kuipha. (Padakali pano pali mitundu khumi ya HIV padziko lonse lapansi.) Kuwonjezera apo, kachilomboko kamawononga maselo amene amatetezera thupi kumatenda pomwe katemera amapangidwa ncholinga chokathandizana ndi maselo amenewo kulimbana ndi matenda.
Vuto lina ndi la zachuma. “Makampani omwe si a boma alibe chidwi” chofufuza mankhwalawa, linatero gulu la ku Washington la International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. Iwo akuti amaopa kuti ngakhale atapeza mankhwalawo sadzapezapo phindu, chifukwa ambiri adzagulitsidwa kumaiko osauka.
Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zambiri, ofufuza akupitirizabe kufufuza njira zosiyanasiyana kuti apeze katemera yemwe angathandize. Komabe padakali pano palibe chiyembekezo chakuti katemerayo apezeka msanga. Nthaŵi zonse m’labotale akapeza katemera yemwe aoneka ngati wothandiza, pamabuka vuto lina la ntchito yokwera mtengo ndiponso yovuta yakuti ayesa bwanji pa anthu.
[Bokosi patsamba 5]
Kodi Ndani Amene Amagwidwa ndi HIV?
Padziko lonse lapansi anthu 16,000 amagwidwa ndi kachilomboka tsiku lililonse. Kumanenedwa kuti oposa 90 peresenti ya ameneŵa amakhala m’maiko otukuka kumene. Mmodzi mwa anthu khumi amakhala mwana wazaka zosakwana 15. Ena ndi akuluakulu amene 40 peresenti ya iwo ndi akazi ndipo oposa theka ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 15 ndi 24.—World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
[Bokosi patsamba 7]
Munthu Wokhala ndi Kachilomboka Mungamudziŵe Bwanji?
Simungadziŵe kuti munthu uyu ali nako kapena ayi mwakungomuyang’ana. Ngakhale kuti sipakhala chizindikiro chilichonse chodziŵitsa kuti ali ndi HIV, iwo akhoza kupatsirako ena. Kodi nkoyenera kukhulupirira munthu ngati wanena kuti alibe kachilomboka? Ayi. Ambiri sadziŵa kuti ali nako. Omwe amadziŵa amabisa, mwina amanama kuti alibe. Kufufuza komwe kunachitika ku United States kunasonyeza kuti anthu anayi mwa khumi omwe ali nkachilombo ka HIV analephera kuuza zibwenzi zawo zomwe amagonana nazo.
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 6]
Kugwirizana kwa HIV ndi AIDS
Mawu akuti HIV amaimira “human immunodeficiency virus,” kachilombo kamene kamawononga pang’onopang’ono mbali ya thupi imene imalimbana ndi matenda. Mawu akuti AIDS amaimira “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.” Apa mpomwe HIV imafika ikakhala kuti yakhwima kufika poika moyo wa munthu pangozi. Dzinalo limasonyeza kuti HIV yawononga chitetezo m’thupi, ikumapangitsa wodwalayo kugwidwa ndi matenda ena alionse omwe chitetezo chikanakhalapo chikanalimbana nawo.
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
CDC, Atlanta, Ga.
[Chithunzi patsamba 7]
Nkwanzeru kukapimitsa musanakwatirane kuona kaye ngati munthuyo alibe kachilombo ka HIV