Kuionera Pansanjika ya 29

MUMZINDA wa New York City muli nyumba ya United Nations. Ndiye mukafika pansanjika yake ya 29, mutangotuluka m’chikepe, mudzaona kachikwangwani kobiriŵira kosonyeza kumene kuli Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (ofesi ya Kazembe wamkulu wa zaufulu wachibadwidwe), (OHCHR). Ofesi yonga mkhalapakati imeneyi imaimira likulu la OHCHR ku Geneva, Switzerland—malo ochitikira ntchito zonse za UN zokhudza ufulu wa anthu wachibadwidwe. A Mary Robinson, Kazembe wa bungwe la High Commission for Human Rights, ndiwo mkulu wa OHCHR ku Geneva, pamene ofesi ya ku New York, mkulu wake ndi a Elsa Stamatopoulou womwe ndi Mgiriki. Chakuchiyambi kwa chaka chino, Mayi Stamatopoulou analandira mwaulemu mlembi wa Galamukani! ndipo anafotokoza zimene zakhala zikuchitika m’zaka makumi asanu zapitazo pankhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe. Nawa mafunso ena amene mlembiyo anali kufunsa.

F. Kodi mukuona kuti mwapita patsogolo motani pakuchirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe?

Y. Ndikupatsani zitsanzo zitatu za mmene tapitira patsogolo: Choyamba, zaka 50 zapitazo, nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe sinkatchulidwa pa nkhani za m’maiko; koma lero ili ponseponse ndipo zikuchitikadi. Maboma omwe anali asanamve za ufulu wachibadwidwe zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, tsopano akukamba za ufulu womwewo. Chachiŵiri, tsopano tili ndi lamulo ladziko lonse, kapena buku la malamulo, lokhala ndi mapangano ambirimbiri olembedwa ouza maboma zoyenera kuchita ndi anthu awo. [Onani bokosi lakuti “The International Bill of Human Rights,” (Lamulo la Dziko Lonse la Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe) patsamba 7.] Inali ntchito yovuta ndipo kunatenga zaka zambiri kukhazikitsa lamulo limeneli. Komabe tikunyada nalo zedi. Chitsanzo chachitatu nchakuti lero anthu ambiri kuposa kale akuchita nawo zinthu zochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo amadziŵa kumveketsa bwino mfundo pankhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe.

F. Kodi pali mavuto otani?

Y. Pokhala nditagwira ntchito m’bungwe la UN kwa zaka 17 pankhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndikuona kuti tilidi ndi mavuto othetsa nzeru. Vuto lalikulu nlakuti maboma amaiona nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe monga nkhani yokhudza zandale osati yokhudza anthu wamba. Ndiye mwina anthu amaopa kuchita nawo mapangano a za ufulu wachibadwidwe chifukwa choganiza kuti angaukiridwe ndi a zandale. Ndiyeno zikamatero, mapangano a za ufulu wachibadwidwe amangoguga. Vuto lina nlakuti UN yalephera kuletsa anthu kulanda anzawo ufulu wachibadwidwe m’maiko ngati lomwe kale linali Yugoslavia, Rwanda, ndipo posachedwapa, Algeria. Chokhacho chakuti UN inalephera kuletsa anthu kusakaza anzawo m’maiko amenewo chinali kulephera kwenikweni. Njira zokhazikitsira ufulu wachibadwidwe zilipo kale, koma pangofunikira wina woti achitepo kanthu. Nangano winayo angakhale ndani? Ngati anthu amene amachirikiza za ufulu wachibadwidwe amapeza zokhumba zawo zandale, kaŵirikaŵiri iwowo tsopano amanyalanyaza kuletsa ena kulanda anzawo ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe.

F. Kodi kutsogoloku mukuonako zotani?

Y. Ndikuona zoipa komanso zabwino panjira zopezera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa onse. Chimene chikundidetsa nkhaŵa nchakuti anthu akutsegula mabizinesi padziko lonse, ndiye zimenezo zimapangitsa makampani akuluakulu kukhazikika m’maiko amene anthu antchito salira kulipidwa ndalama zambiri. Lero, ngati kungafunikire, tingaimbe mlandu maboma chifukwa cholanda ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo tingawakakamize kusintha zinthu. Koma tingaimbe ndani mlandu wakulanda ena ufulu wachibadwidwe ngati a zamalonda ambirimbiri akuvomerezana kuti asamalamulidwenso ndi maboma koma kuti mphamvu yonse ikhale m’manja mwa a zamalonda okhaokha? Popeza kuti ife tilibe mphamvu pa a zamalonda, zimenezo zimalepheretsa magulu olamulira maboma, monga UN, kuchitapo kanthu. Pankhani za ufulu wachibadwidwe, vuto limeneli nlalikulu. Tsopano nkofunika kwambiri kupangitsa a zamalonda kuti nawonso azichirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

F. Nanga zabwino zimene mwatchula zija?

Y. Kuti anthu padziko lonse adzaphunzira kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Ndikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kupangitsa anthu kudziŵa za ufulu wachibadwidwe mwa kuwaphunzitsa. Inde, zimenezo nzovutadi chifukwa zimafuna kuchita kusintha maganizo. Nchifukwa chake zaka khumi zapitazo, bungwe la UN linayambitsa ntchito yophunzitsa anthu padziko lonse za ufulu wawo ndi kuphunzitsanso maiko zimene ayenera kuchita. Ndiponso, UN yasankha zaka za 1995 mpaka 2004 kukhala “Zaka Khumi za Maphunziro a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe.” Tikuyembekezera kuti maphunzirowo angasinthe maganizo ndi mitima ya anthu. Zimenezotu zingomveka ngati Uthenga Wabwino, komabe tikati tinene za maphunziro a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ine ndine wokhulupirira weniweni. Ndikukhulupirira kuti m’zaka zana zikudzazi, dziko lidzasankha makhalidwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe ngati njira yake yochitira zinthu.

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu Onse Wachibadwidwe

Kusiyapo Universal Declaration of Human Rights, palinso International Bill of Human Rights. Kodi ziŵirizi kugwirizana kwake kuli pati?

Chabwino, mutati muyerekezere Lamulo la Dziko Lonse la Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi buku lamitu isanu, ndiye kuti Chikalata cha Mfundo za Ufulu chingakhale ngati chaputala 1. Machaputala 2 ndi 3 ndiwo (Pangano la Mfundo za Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi wa Zandale) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, kenako (Pangano la Mfundo za Ufulu wa Anthu Onse wa Zachuma ndi Zachikhalidwe) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Ndipo machaputala 4 ndi 5 ali ndi Malamulo Odzisankhira.

Ngakhale kuti amaganiza kuti Pangano la Mfundo za Ufulu wachibadwidwe nlophunzitsa anthu makhalidwe abwino, kuuza anthu zimene afunikira kuchita, mapangano ena anayiwo nawonso ayenera kumveredwa mwalamulo, chifukwa amauza anthu zimene ayenera kuchita. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yolemba zikalata zimenezi inayamba mu 1949, panapita zaka makumi angapo zisanayambe kugwira ntchito. Lero, zikalata zinayizi, limodzi ndi Pangano la Mfundo za Ufulu wachibadwidwe nzimene zapanga International Bill of Human Rights (Lamulo la Dziko Lonse la Mfundo za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe).

Kusiyapo Lamulo la Dziko Lonse limeneli, bungwe la UN lavomerezanso mapangano ena okwana 80 a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Katswiri wina wa zaufulu wachibadwidwe ananena kuti: “Choncho nkulakwa kuganiza kuti mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe ali mu Lamulo la Dziko Lonse ndiwo ofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Pangano la Ufulu wa Mwana lopangidwa mu 1990, lili pangano la UN lovomerezeka m’maiko ambiri, komabe pangano limenelo silili pa International Bill, (Lamulo la Dziko Lonse). Dzina lakuti ‘Lamulo la Dziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe’ linasankhidwa ncholinga chokopa chidwi cha anthu osati monga dzina wamba. Ndipo nanunso mungavomereze kuti lilidi dzina lokopa chidwi.”a

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Elsa Stamatopoulou

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN/DPI photo by J. Isaac