“Ntchito Yanthaŵi Yaitali Yatha”

ZAKA makumi asanu zapitazo, mayi wina wachikulire analankhula, ndipo dziko linamvetsera. Zimenezi zinachitikira ku Paris pa December 10, 1948. M’nyumba imene inali itangomangidwa kumene ya Palais Chaillot munali Msonkhano Waukulu wa United Nations, ndiye wapampando wa bungwe loona za mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe, la UN Commission on Human Rights, anaimirira kuti alankhulepo. Eleanor Roosevelt, mayi wamtali, mkazi wa Franklin D. Roosevelt, pulezidenti wakale wa United States, anauza anthu osonkhanawo ndi mawu amphamvu kuti: “Lero tayamba nyengo ya chochitika chofunika m’moyo wa bungwe la United Nations ndi m’moyo wa anthu, zimenezo zavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la Msonkhano Waukulu loona za chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu wa anthu onse wachibadwidwe.”

Mayiyo atangotsiriza kuŵerenga mawu oyamba a Chikalata chokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe limodzi ndi mfundo zake 30, bungwe la Msonkhano Waukulu linachivomereza chikalatacho.a Ndiyeno pofuna kumlemekeza Mayi Roosevelt chifukwa cha kutsogolera kwake kwaukatswiri, mamembala a UN anaimirira nkumuombera m’manja “Mayi Wolemekezeka pa Dziko Lonse,” monga momwe ankamtchera. Ndiyeno mayiyo atatsiriza ntchito yakeyo, analemba kuti: “Ntchito yanthaŵi yaitali yatha.”

Malingaliro Ambiri Opanga Chikalata Chimodzi

Zaka ziŵiri msonkhanowo usanachitike, mu January 1947, bungwe la UN litangoyamba kumene ntchito yake, zinaonekeratu kuti ntchito yolemba chikalata chokhudza ufulu wa anthu wachibadwidwe chovomerezedwa ndi mamembala onse a UN ikanakhala yovuta. Kungoyambira pachiyambi, mamembala 18 a bungwelo sanagwirizanepo nkomwe koma ankangokangana mosalekeza. Nthumwi ya China inaganiza kuti m’chikalatacho mulembedwenso malingaliro a Confucius, membala woimira Akatolika anachirikiza ziphunzitso za Thomas Aquinas, United States anachirikiza lamulo la America la ufulu wachibadwidwe, la American Bill of Rights, ndipo a ku Soviet Union anafuna kuphatikizapo malingaliro a Karl Marx—ndipo ameneŵa anali malingaliro oŵerengeka chabe amene anthu ananenapo!

Kukangana kwa mamembala a bungwelo kunkatsala pang’ono kumpsetsa mtima Mayi Roosevelt. Mu 1948, pamsonkhano wina ku Paris, ku Sorbonne, mayiyo anatchulapo kuti popeza kuti analera banja lawo lalikulu, ankaganiza kuti zimenezo zinawaphunzitsa kuleza mtima kwambiri. Komabe, anateronso kuti “kuyang’anira bungwe la Commission on Human Rights loona za mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe kunafunika kuti akhalenso woleza mtima kwambiri,” ndipo mawu amenewo anasangalatsa omvetserawo.

Ngakhale zinali choncho, luso limene anapeza monga nakubala linawathandizadi. Pachochitika chomwecho, mtolankhani wina analemba kuti mmene Mayi Roosevelt ankachitira ndi mamembala a bungwelo zinamkumbutsa za mayi “woyang’anira banja lalikulu lokhala ndi anyamata aphokoso kaŵirikaŵiri, nthaŵi zina amphulupulu komabe ali anyamata a mitima yabwino, omwe amafuna kudzudzulidwa nthaŵi zonse.” (Eleanor Roosevelt—A Personal and Public Life) Komabe, mophatikiza chifundo ndi kulimba mtima, mayiyo anali kukhoza kunena mfundo zogwira mtima popanda kuwakhumudwitsa adani ake.

Chifukwa cha zimenezo, patatha zaka ziŵiri zamisonkhano imeneyo, atasintha mfundo zambirimbiri za panganolo, atasinthanso mawu ambiri, ndi kuponya mavoti 1,400 pa liwu lililonse ndi chiganizo chilichonse, bungwelo linakonza chikalata chokhudza ufulu wa anthu wachibadwidwe umene bungwelo linakhulupirira kuti anthu onse amuna ndi akazi, kulikonse padziko lapansi, anayenera kukhala nawo. Chinatchedwa kuti chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu wa anthu onse wachibadwidwe, The Univeral Declaration of Human Rights. Choncho, ntchito imene inkaoneka ngati yosatheka, inatheka.

Ankayembekezera Zochuluka

Zoona, sankayembekezera kuti makoma achitsenderezowo agwa pakulila kwa lipenga loyamba lomwelo. Komabe, kuvomerezedwa kwa Chikalata Chaufulu chimenecho kunachititsa anthu ena kuyembekezera zochuluka. Pulezidenti wa bungwe la Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN panthaŵiyo, Dr. Herbert V. Evatt wa ku Australia, ananeneratu kuti “amuna ndi akazi mamiliyoni ambiri, limodzi ndi ana padziko lonse, okhala kutali ndi Paris ndi New York, adzapempha kuthandizidwa ndi kutsogozedwa kudzera mwa chikalata chimenechi.”

Chiyambire pamene Dr. Evatt ananena mawu amenewo papita zaka makumi asanu. Mkati mwa nthaŵi imeneyo, ambiri akhaladi akuona Chikalata chimenecho monga chowatsogoza ndi kuchigwiritsira ntchito monga njira yodziŵira mlingo wa ufulu womwe anthu ayenera kukhala nawo padziko lonse. Nanga anapezanji pamene anatero? Kodi maiko omwe ndi mamembala a UN angazikwanitse zimenezo? Kodi ufulu wa anthu wachibadwidwe padziko lapansi ngwotani lerolino?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 4]

Kodi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Nchiyani?

United Nations imatanthauzira ufulu wachibadwidwe kuti ndiwo “ufulu womwe aliyense ali nawo mwachibadwa ndipo popanda umenewo sitingakhale ngati anthu.” Ufulu wachibadwidwe amautanthauziranso kuti “chinenero cha anthu onse chamakhalidwe aumunthu.”—ndipo ngwoyeneradi kutchedwa choncho. Monga momwe luso lakuphunzira chinenero china lili luso lobadwa nalo limene limatipangitsa kukhala anthu, momwemonso pali zofunika zina ndi mikhalidwe ina imene imatisiyanitsa ndi zolengedwa zina padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amafuna kudziŵa zinthu, kuphunzira maluso ojambula zinthu, ndi kudziŵa zinthu zauzimu. Munthu amene amalepheretsedwa kupeza zofunika zimenezi, amakakamizidwa kukhala ndi moyo wovutika kwambiri. Loya wina woona za ufulu wachibadwidwe anafotokoza kuti, kuti tithandize anthu kupeza zofuna zawo, tikugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti ‘ufulu wachibadwidwe,’ m’malo mwakuti ‘zofunika pamoyo’ chifukwa ponena mogwirizana ndi lamulo, liwu lakuti ‘zofunika’ si lamphamvu monga liwu lakuti ‘ufulu.’ Tikamautchula kuti ‘ufulu,’ ndiye kuti tikulemekeza anthu kuti azipeza zofuna zawo monga kanthu kena kamene aliyense ayenera kukhala nako mwa makhalidwe ngakhalenso mwalamulo.”

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Chikalata cha Mfundo za Ufulu wa Anthu Onse Wachibadwidwe

Wolemba ndi wopata mphoto ya Nobel, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, anatcha Chikalata cha Ufulu chimenecho kuti “chikalata chabwino kwambiri” chimene UN inalembapo. Zimene zinalembedwamozo zimasonyeza chifukwa chake anthu ambiri amachivomereza.

Mfundo yaikulu ya Chikalatacho yalembedwa m’chaputala 1: “Anthu onse amabadwa omasuka ndipo ali ndi ulemu wolingana komanso ndi ufulu wolingana. Anapatsidwa maganizo ndi chikumbumtima ndipo ayenera kuchitirana monga pachibale.”

Pazifukwa zimenezo, omwe analemba Chikalatacho anatchula magulu aŵiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mbali yoyamba yalembedwa m’Chaputala 3: “Anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wakukhala moyo, wakuchita zimene afuna ndi ufulu wakutetezedwa.” Mfundo imeneyi ndiyo ikupanga maziko akuti munthu ali ndi ufulu woyenera anthu onse ndi ufulu wazandale monga mmene zilili m’Mfundo 4 mpaka 21. Mbali yachiŵiri ya ufulu njochokera pa Mfundo 22, imene ikunena kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu “wofunika kwambiri pa ulemu wake ndi pa kukulitsa umunthu wake.” Imeneyo imachirikiza Mfundo 23 mpaka 27, zomwe zimafotokoza kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wakupeza ndalama, wakuchita zimene akufuna, ndi ufulu wakusunga mwambo wakwawo. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration chinali choyamba padziko lonse chimene chinaphatikizapo mbali yachiŵiri ya ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chinalinso chikalata choyamba cha padziko lonse kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “ufulu wachibadwidwe.”

Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Brazil, a Ruth Rocha, anafotokoza mosavuta zimene mfundo za ufulu zimatanthauza, kuti: “Zilibe kanthu kuti munthuwe ngwafuko liti. Zilibe kanthu kuti ndiwe mwamuna kapena mkazi. Zilibe kanthu kuti umalankhula chinenero chanji, kuti chipembedzo chako nchiti, umaganiza zotani pankhani zandale, kuti unachokera kudziko liti kapena kuti achibale ako ndani. Zilibe kanthu kuti ndiwe m’mphaŵi kapena wolemera. Zilibenso kanthu kuti munthuwe umachokera kumbali iti ya dziko; kaya kuti wolamulira m’dziko lako ndi mfumu kapena pulezidenti. Aliyense ayenera kukhala womasuka ndiponso waufulu.”

Kuyambira pamene chinavomerezedwa, chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu anachitembenuzira m’zinenero zoposa 200 ndipo zakhala ena mwa malamulo a maiko ambiri. Komabe, lero atsogoleri ena akuganiza kuti chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu chiyenera kulembedwanso. Koma Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Kofi Annan akukana zimenezo. Ofesala wina wa UN ananena kuti Mlembiyo anati: “Monga momwe sikufunikira kulembanso Baibulo kapena Koran, sikukufunikanso kusintha Chikalatacho. Chimene chikufunikira kusinthidwa si mawu a mfundo za ufulu ayi, koma khalidwe la anthu.”

Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Kofi Annan

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN/DPI photo by Evan Schneider (Feb97)

[Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Mayi Roosevelt pochititsa msonkhano wokhudza chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu wa anthu onse wachibadwidwe

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mayi Roosevelt ndi chizindikirocho pamasamba 3, 5, ndi 7: UN photo