Zikhulupiriro—N’chifukwa Chiyani Zidakalipobe?

MWINA mukudziŵa kuti, pali anthu ambiri amene amaonabe mphaka wakuda akadutsa kutsogolo kwawo kuti ndi tsoka kapena amene amaopa kuyenda kunsi kwa makwerero. Enanso ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Lachisanu lomwe deti lake ndi 13 limakhala tsiku la tsoka ndiponso kuti nyumba yosanja ya nambala 13 ndi malo angozi kukhalamo. Zikhulupiriro ngati zimenezi zidakalipo ngakhale kuti n’zopanda tanthauzo.

Taganizirani. N’chifukwa chiyani anthu ena amanyamula kamwendo ka kalulu ngati kachithumwa kapena amagogoderanji pa thabwa pamene akulakalaka kuti chinthu chinachake chichitike? Kodi si chifukwa chakuti, ngakhale zilibe umboni, iwo amakhulupirira kuti kuchita zimenezo kumabweretsa mwayi? Buku lakuti A Dictionary of Superstitions limati: “Munthu wodalira zikhulupiriro amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zina, malo ena, nyama zina, kapena zochita zina n’zamwayi ndipo kuti zina zilibe mwayi.”—Onani Agalatiya 5:19, 20.

Kuyesa Kuzithetsa ku China

Mwachionekere, zikhulupiriro ayesa kuzithetsa makono koma alephera. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1995 Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Shanghai inatulutsa lamulo laboma loletsa zikhulupiriro chifukwa inati zili miyambo yachikale ya anthu akale. Cholinga chake chinali kufuna “kuthetsa zikhulupiriro zachikale, kukonzanso miyambo ya maliro ndi kulimbikitsa zochita zotsogola ndi zopindulitsa.” Koma kodi zotsatira zake zakhala zotani?

Malinga ndi lipoti lina, anthu a ku Shanghai anapitirizabe kutsatira zikhulupiriro. Motsutsana ndi lamulo laboma loletsa mwambo wa chitchaina womatentha ndalama zamapepala zoyerekezera kumanda a makolo awo, munthu wina yemwe ankapita nawo kumandako anati: “Tinatentha ndalama zokwana mayuan 19 biliyoni [pafupifupi madola 3 biliyoni a ku United States].” Anawonjezera kuti: “Ndi mwambo kuchita zimenezi, ndipo zimasangalatsa milungu.”

Nyuzipepala ina yotchuka kwambiri yotchedwa Guangming Daily inagogomezera kuti lamulolo silingagwire ntchito, ponena kuti pali anthu opitirira mwina “mamiliyoni asanu omwe ndi akatswiri a mayere ku China, pamene chiŵerengero cha akatswiri a zasayansi ndi a zaluntha alipo mamiliyoni khumi okha basi.” Nyuzipepalayo inati: “Ziŵerengerozi zikusonyeza kuti a mayere alipo ambiri.”

Ponena za kukhalitsa kwa zikhulupiriro The Encyclopedia Americana, International Edition, inati: “Pakati pa anthu onse, miyambo yachikale sikuti amangoibwezeretsa kokha ayi, koma amaitanthauziranso ndi kuipatsa matanthauzo atsopano.” The New Encyclopa̗dia Britannica yaposachedwapa inati: “Ngakhale m’nthaŵi ino yomwe akuti yamakono, imene anthu amafuna zinthu zokhala ndi umboni, pali anthu ambiri omwe ngati atawapanikiza ndi mafunso angavomereze kuti mwamseri amakhulupiriradi zinthu zingapo zopanda tanthauzo.”

Moyo wa Chiphamaso

Mwachionekere anthu ambiri ali ndi moyo wa chiphamaso, chifukwa chakuti savomera pagulu zimene amachita mwamseri. Wolemba wina ananena kuti amabisa chifukwa chakuopa kuoneka wopusa kwa ena. N’chifukwa chake, anthu otere amakonda kutchula zikhulupiriro zawozo kukhala khalidwe kapena zizoloŵezi chabe. Mwachitsanzo, othamanga, anganene kuti zochita zawozo n’chizoloŵezi chabe chimene amachita asanayambe mpikisano.

Mtolankhani wina ananena ndemanga yake yokuluwika ponena za kalata imene imatumizidwa kwa anthu angapo n’kuwapempha kuti apange makalata ena otero ndi kuwatumiza kwa anthu ena ochuluka. Kaŵirikaŵiri, munthu amene wapatsira mnzake kalatayi amati adzakhala ndi mwayi, koma amene sanapatsire wina ndi kudukiza mzera umenewu amati adzapeza tsoka. Chotero mtolankhaniyo anali wotsatira kulandira kalatayo mumzerawo ndipo anati: “Ndikufuna kuti mudziŵe kuti sindikuchita zimenezi chifukwa chakuti ndimakhulupirira malodza, koma ndimangofuna kupeŵa tsoka.”

Akatswiri a zamakhalidwe ndi zamiyambo ya anthu amaganiza kuti ngakhale mawu okhawo akuti “zikhulupiriro” amadalira ndi zimene wonenayo akutanthauza; ndipo sakufuna kufotokoza mikhalidwe ina mwa mawu ameneŵa. Iwo amakonda mawu “omveka” bwino koma ophiphiritsa akuti “chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba ndiponso chikhulupiriro chawo,” “miyambo,” kapena “mitundu ya chikhulupiriro.” M’buku lake lakuti Lest Ill Luck Befall Thee—Superstitions of the Great and Small, Dick Hyman anati: “Mofanana ndi tchimo komanso chimfine, zikhulupiriro zili ndi anthu oonekera poyera oŵerengeka koma ochita mwamseri ambirimbiri.”

Komabe, mulimonse mmene angazitchulire, mfundo yaikulu n’njoti zikhulupiriro zidakalipobe. N’chifukwa chiyani izi zili chonchi m’mbadwo uno wotsogola kwambiri pa za sayansi?

N’chifukwa Chiyani Zikupitirirabe

Inde, ena amanena kuti kudalira zikhulupiriro n’chibadwa cha anthu. Pali ena amene amanena kuti chizoloŵezi cha zikhulupiriro chili m’magazi athu. Komabe, pali kufufuza kumene kwasonyeza kuti si choncho ayi. Umboni ulipo wakuti anthu amakhala a zikhulupiriro chifukwa cha zimene amaphunzira.

Polofesa Stuart A. Vyse analongosola kuti: “Mkhalidwe wa zikhulupiriro, monganso mikhalidwe ina yambiri, imazoloŵereka mwapang’onopang’ono m’moyo wa munthu. Sitinabadwe ndi khalidwe logogoda pa chikuni; timachita kuphunzira zimenezi.” Akuti anthu amaphunzira zikhulupiriro za matsenga adakali ana ndipo kenako amakhalabe otengeka mtima ndi zikhulupiriro zake patapita nthaŵi yaitali “atafika kale pa msinkhu wodziŵa zinthu.” Koma kodi n’kuti komwe amatengako zambiri za ziphunzitso za zikhulupiriro?

Zikhulupiriro zochuluka n’zogwirizana kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso zokondedwa za chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kanani zikhulupiriro zinali mbali ya chipembedzo cha anthu akumeneko Aisrayeli asanafikeko. Baibulo limanena kuti, unali mwambo wa Akanani kusamalira mitambo, kuchita matsenga, kukhala ndi nyanga, kulodza anzawo, kufunsira kwa obwebweta ndi openduza, komanso kufunsira kwa akufa.—Deuteronomo 18:9-12, NW.

Agiriki nawonso anali odziŵika chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zogwirizana ndi chipembedzo chawo. Anali kukhulupirira alauli, kuombeza maula, ndi kuchita matsenga monga anali kuchitira Akanani. Ababulo anali kuyang’ana m’chiŵindi cha nyama, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti chiŵavumbulira zomwe ayenera kuchita. (Ezekieli 21:21) Iwo analinso otchuka pa kutchova juga ndipo anali kufuna chithandizo kwa mulungu yemwe Baibulo limamutcha kuti “mulungu Wamwayi.” (Yesaya 65:11) Otchova juga amakono amatchuka kwambiri chifukwa chokhala azikhulupiriro.

Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, matchalitchi ambiri alimbikitsa kwambiri kutchova juga. Mwachitsanzo Tchalitchi cha Katolika, ndi chimodzi cha matchalitchi oterewa ndipo chimachirikiza zinthu monga maseŵera a juga otchedwa bingo. Mofanana ndi zimenezi, wotchova juga wina anati: “Ndikukhulupirira kuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika chimadziŵa kuti [otchova juga ndi anthu azikhulupiriro zedi,] chifukwa chakuti avirigo nthaŵi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi njira yodutsa am’pikisano atanyamula mabokosi awo a zopereka. Kodi poti ambirife tinali Akatolika, tidakadutsa osapereka kalikonse kwa avirigowo ndipo n’kuyembekeza kuti tipambana pa ndalama zimene tabetcha pam’pikisanowo? Chotero timapereka. Ndipo ngati tapeza ndalama zambiri tsiku limenelo tinali kupereka moolowa manja, chifukwa timaganiza kuti potero tizipambana nthaŵi zambiri.”

Chitsanzo chinanso chodziŵika bwino chosonyeza kugwirizana kwa zikhulupiriro ndi chipembedzo ndi zikhulupiriro za pa Khirisimasi, chikondwerero chimene amachilimbikitsa ndi matchalitchi a Dziko Lachikristu. Zimenezi zikuphatikizapo chikhulupiriro chakuti kupsopsonana mmunsi mwa kamtengo kotchedwa mistletoe kamene kamamera pamwamba pa inzake, kumathandiza munthu kupeza banja. Zikuphatikizaponso zikhulupiriro zina zambiri zokhudza Santa Claus.

Buku lakuti Lest Ill Luck Befall Thee limanena kuti zikhulupiriro zinayambika chifukwa chofuna “kufufuza za m’tsogolo.” Chotero lero, monganso zinalili m’mbiri yonse, anthu wamba pamodzinso ndi atsogoleri adziko lapansi amakonda kukafunsa kwa wolosera mwayi ndi ena amene amachita zamatsenga. Buku lakuti Don’t Sing Before Breakfast, Don’t Sleep in the Moonlight limati: “Anthu ayenera kukhulupirira kuti kunja kuno kuli zithumwa ndi nyanga zimene zingachotse mantha pa zinthu zodziŵika ndi zosadziŵika zomwe.”

Chotero zikhulupiriro zayesa kuthandiza anthu kuwapatsa malingaliro otetezera mantha awo. Buku lakuti Cross Your Fingers, Spit in Your Hat limati: “[Anthu] amadalira zikhulupiriro pa zifukwa zomwe amakhala nazo nthaŵi zonse. Pamene akumana ndi vuto limene sangalithetse—limene lingathe mwa ‘mwayi’ kapena ‘mphumi’—zikhulupiriro zimawachititsa kukhala wotetezeka.”

Ngakhale kuti sayansi yakonza m’njira zochuluka zopititsa patsogolo moyo wa anthu, malingaliro osoŵa chitetezo adakalipobe. Ndiponsotu, kusoŵa chitetezo kwakula kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe sayansi yapanga. Polofesa Vyse anati: “Zikhulupiriro komanso kuopa mizimu zili mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya chikhalidwe chathu . . . chifukwa chakuti, dziko lomwe tikukhalamoli latichititsa kuti tiziona zinthu kukhala zosatsimikizika.” The World Book Encyclopedia inati: “Zikhulupiriro zidzakhalapobe malinga ngati anthu . . . akupitirizabe kukhala osatsimikiza kuti chichitike n’chiyani m’tsogolo.”

Mwachidule, tinganene kuti zikhulupiriro zakhalitsa chifukwa chakuti zimayamba chifukwa cha mantha omwe afala zedi ku mtundu wa anthu ndiponso zimachirikizika ndi zikhulupiriro zambirimbiri zachipembedzo zimene anthu amakonda. Ndiyeno, kodi tinene kuti, zikhulupiriro n’zopindulitsa, chifukwa chakuti zimathandiza anthu kupirira mantha? Kodi n’zosavulaza? Kapena kodi n’zoopsa kwakuti n’zofunika kuzipeŵa?

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Kuli akatswiri a za mayere mwina okwana mamiliyoni asanu ku China kokha

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Mwa kuchilikiza maseŵera a juga otchedwa bingo matchalitchi ambiri achirikiza zikhulupiriro

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Miyambo ya pa Khirisimasi monga kupsopsonana mmunsi mwa kamtengo kotchedwa “mistletoe” ndi zikhulupiriro