Muli ndi Kuyenera kwa Kusankha

Njira yaposachedwapa yazamankhwala (yotchedwa kupendedwa kwa upandu/phindu) ikupangitsa kukhala kofeŵerapo kwa madokotala ndi odwala kugwirizana popeŵa kuchiritsa ndi mwazi. Madokotala amapenda zenizeni monga ngati maupandu a mankhwala ena kapena opaleshoni ndi mapindu othekera. Odwala nawonso angatenge mbali m’kupenda koteroko.

Tiyeni tigwiritsire ntchito chitsanzo chimodzi chimene anthu m’malo ambiri angachisimbe—matsagwidi osatha. Ngati muli ndi vuto limeneli, mwachiwonekere mukapita kwa dokatala. Kunena zowona, inu mungawonane ndi aŵiri, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri akatswiri azathanzi amavomereza kupeza lingaliro lachiŵiri. Wina angavomereze kuchita opaleshoni. Iye akusanja zimene kumeneku kumatanthauza: utali wa kukhala m’chipatala, ukulu waululu, ndi mtengo wake. Ponena za maupandu ake, iye akunena kuti kukha mwazi kwakukulu sikofala ndipo imfa yochititsidwa ndi opaleshoniyo simachitika kaŵirikaŵiri. Koma dokotala wina wopereka lingaliro lachiŵiri akukulimbikitsani kuyesa mankhwala opha tizirombo. Iye akufotokoza mtundu wa mankhwala, kuthekera kwachipambano, ndi mtengo wake. Ponena za upandu wake, iye akunena kuti odwala oŵerengeka kwambiri akhala osagwirizana ndi mankhwalawo.

Mosalephera dokotala aliyense wokhoza bwino analingalira maupandu ndi mapindu, koma tsopano inu muyenera kupima maupandu ndi mapindu othekerawo, kuphatikizapo zinthu zina zimene mumadziŵa bwino kwambiri. (Inu muli pamalo bwino kwambiri a kulingalira mbali zoterozo monga nyonga yanu yamalingaliro kapena yauzimu, ndalama zabwanja, chiyambukiro pabanja, ndi makhalidwe a inu mwini.) Ndiyeno mumapanga chosankha. Mwinamwake mukuvomereza modziŵa mankhwala amodzi koma ndikukana enawo.

Zimenezi zikakhalanso motero ngati anali mwana wanu amene anali ndi matsagwidi osachiritsika. Maupandu, mapindu, ndi mankhwala zikasanjidwira inu, makolo achikondi amene ali oyambukiridwa mwachindunji kwambiri ndi amene adzakhala athayo kulimbana ndi zotulukapo zake. Mutalingalira mbali zake zonse, mungapange chosankha chanzeru pankhani imeneyi yokhudza thanzi la mwana wanu ndipo ngakhale moyo wake. Mwinamwake muvomereza opaleshoni, limodzi ndi maupandu ake. Makolo ena angasankhe mankhwala opha tizirombo, limodzi ndi maupandu ake. Pamene kuli kwakuti madokotala amasiyana m’malangizo awo, moteronso odwala kapena makolo amasiyana ponena za chimene amalingalira kutinchabwino koposa. Imeneyindi mbali yomvekera bwino ya kupanga zosankha (zaupandu/zaphindu) zanzeru.

Bwanji nanga za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mwazi? Palibe aliyense amene mosaipitsidwa maganizo amapenda maumboni angakane kuti kuthiriridwa mwazi kumaphatikizapo upandu waukulu. Dr. Charles Huggins, amene ali woyang’anira wa mautumiki a kuthiriridwa mwazi pa Massachusetts General Hospital yaikulu, anamveketsa zimenezi bwino lomwe kuti: “Mwazi sunakhalepo wabwinopo. Koma uyenera kulingalira kukhala waupandu mosapeŵeka. Ndiwo chinthu chaupandu koposa chimene timagwiritsira ntchito m’mankhwala.”—The Boston Globe Magazine, February 4, 1990.

Pokhala ndi chifukwa chabwino, anthu ogwira ntchito zachipatala alangizidwa kuti: “Nkoyenerera kupendanso kachiŵiri mbali yaupandu ya kugwirizana kwa phindu/uphandu ya kuthiriridwa mwazi ndi kufunafuna zoloŵa m’malo.” (Akanyenyawo ngathu.)—Perioperative Red Cell Transfusion, msonkhano wa National Institutes of Health, June 27-29, 1988.

Madokotala sangavomerezane ponena za mapindu kapena maupandu m’kugwiritsira ntchito mwazi. Wina angapereke mwali wochuluka ndi kukhala wokhutiritsidwa maganizo kuti iko nkoyenerera kuchitidwa, popeza kuti iye wakhala ndi zotulukapo zabwino ndi kuchita popanda mwazi. Komabe, potsirizira pake, inuyo, wodwala kapena kholo, muyenera kusankha. Chifukwa ninji inuyo? Chifukwa chakuti thupi lanu (kapena la mwana wanu), moyo, makhalidwe, ndi unansi wofunika kwakukulu ndi Mulungu zikukhudzidwa.

KUYENERA KWANU KUMAZINDIKIRIDWA

M’malo ambiri lerolino, wodwala ali ndi kuyenera kosakhoza kuswedwa kwa kusankha mankhwala amene adzalandira. “Lamulo la kuvomereza modziŵa lazikidwa pamfundo ziŵiri: yoyamba, yakuti wodwala ali ndi kuyenera kwa kulandira chidziŵitso chokwanira kuti apange chosankha chodziŵa ponena za mankhwala olingaliridwa; ndipo yachiŵiri, yakuti wodwala angasankhe kulandira kapena kukana lingaliro la dokotala. . . . (Kusiyapo ngati odwalawo akuwonedwa kukhala ali ndi kuyenera kwa kunena kuti ayi, ndiponso inde, ndipo ngakhale inde wokhala ndi mikhalidwe, mbali yaikulu ya chifukwa cha kuvomereza kodziŵa imachoka.”—Informed Consent—Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, 1987.a

Odwala ena akumana ndi mavuto pamene ayesa kusonyeza kuyenera kwawo. Angakhale ochokera kwa bwenzi lokhala ndi malingaliro amphamvu ponena za kuchitidwa opaleshoni ya matsagwidi kapena ponena za mankhwala opha tizirombo. Kapena dokotala angakhale atakhutiritsidwa maganizo za kuyenera kwa chilangizo chake. Mkulu wa chipatala angafikire ngakhale pakusavomereza, kozikidwa pazinthu za lamulo kapena za chuma.

“Ochita opaleshoni yolungamitsa ziŵalo ambiri amasankha kusachita opaleshoni pa [Mboni] odwala,” akutero Dr. Carl L. Nelson. “Ndichikhulupiliro chathu kuti wodwala ali ndi kuyenera kwa kukana mtundu uliwonse wa mankhwala ochiritsira. Ngati kuli kothekera mwaluso kuchita opaleshoni mwabwino pamene tikusiya mankhwala ena, monga ngati kuthiriridwa mwazi, pamenepo kuyenera kukhala monga chosankha.”—The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, March 1986.

Wodwala wolingalira bwino sadzakakamiza dokotala kugwiritsira ntchito njira yochiritsira imene dokotalayo alibe nayo luso. Komabe, monga mmene Dr. Nelson ananerera, madokotala ambiri odzipereka angalandire zikhulupiliro za wodwala. Mkulu wina Wachijeremani analangiza kuti: “Dokotala sangakane kupereka chithandizo . . . akumalingalira kuti ponena za Mboni ya Yehova sizoloŵa m’malo zonse zimene ziri m’manja mwake. Iye amakhalabe ndi thayo la kupereka chithandizo ngakhale pamene njira zimene ziri zotseguka kwa iye zichepetsedwa.” (Der Frauenarzt, May-June 1983) Mofananamo, zipatala ziripo osati chabe kupanga ndalama koma kutumikira anthu onse popanda kusankha. Katswiri wazaumulungu Wachikatolika Richard J. Devine akunena kuti: “Ngakhale kuli kuti zipatala ziyenera kupanga kuyesayesa kwina kulikonse kwa zamankhwala kusungitsa moyo ndi thanzi la wodwala, ziyenera kutsimikizira kuti chisamaliro cha mankhwala sichimaswa chikumbumtima [chake]. Ndiponso, ziyenera kupeŵa mitundu yonse ya kukakamiza, kuyambira pakunyengerera wodwala kufikira kukupeza chilolezo cha lamulo la khothi kukakamiza kuthirira mwazi.”—Health Progress, June 1989.

KOPOSA NDI MABWALO AMILANDU

Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti bwalo lamilandu siliri malo a nkhani zamankhwala zaumwini. Kodi mukalingalira motani ngati munasankha kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala opha tizirombo komano winawake napita kubwalo lamilandu kuti akakamizitse kuchitidwa opaleshoni ya matsagwidi? Dokatala angafune kupereka chisamaliro chimene akuganiza kuti chiri chopambana koposa, koma iye alibe thayo la kufunafuna kuyenera kwalamulo kwa kupondereza zoyenera zanu zazikulu. Ndipo popeza kuti Baibulo limaika kusala mwazi pamlingo wamakhalidwe wofanana ndi kupeŵa chisembwere, kuumiriza mwazi pa Mkristu kukakhala kofanana ndi kugonedwa kuomiriza—kugwirira chigololo.—Machitidwe 15:28, 29.

Komabe, Informed Consent for Blood Transfusion (1989) ikusimba kuti mabwalo amilandu ena amavutika maganizo kwambiri pamene wodwala ali wofunitsitsa kuvomereza kuyesa kwina kwakutikwakuti chifukwa cha zoyenera zake za chipembedzo “kwakuti amapanga zilolezo zina zalamulo—malamulo opangidwa, ngati inu mudzatero—kulola kuthiriridwa mwazi kuchitika.” Iwo angayese kudzikhululukira mwa kunena kuti kukhala ndi pakati kukuphatikizidwapo kapena kuti pali ena oti asamaliridwe. “Amenewo ndiwo malamulo opandidwa,” bukhulo limatero. “Anthu okula msinkhu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kukana kupatsidwa chisamaliro cha mankhwala.”

Ena amene amaumilira pakuthiriridwa mwazi amanyalanyaza chenicheni chakuti Mboni sizimakana kuchiritsa konse. Izo zimakana kuchiritsa kumodzi kokha, kumene ngakhale akatswiri amanena kuti nkodzala upandu. Kaŵirikaŵiri matenda angachiritsidwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Ina iri ndi upandu uwu, ina irindi upandu uwo. Kodi bwalo lamilandu kapena dokotala molamulira angadziŵe upandu umene “uli wokukomerani kwambiri”? Inuyo ndiye wodziŵa zimenezo. Mboni za Yehova nzolimba kuti sizimafuna kuti munthu wina azisankhire; ndithayo lawo lachindunji pamaso pa Mulungu.

Ngati bwalo lamilandu liumiriza mankhwala onyansa pa inu, kodi kumeneku kungayambukire motani chikumbumtima chanu ndi mbali yaikulu ya kufunitsitsa kwanu kukhala ndi moyo? Dr. Konrad Drebinger analemba kuti: “Kukakhaladi mpangidwe wolakwa wa chikhumbo chochiritsa chimene chikachititsa munthu kukakamize wodwala kulandira mankhwala akutiakuti, akumapondereza chikumbumtima chake, kuti amchiritse mwakuthupi koma akumapereka nkhonya yakupha pamalingaliro ake.”—Der Praktische Arzt, July 1978.

CHISAMALIRO CHACHIKONDI KAAMBA KA ANA

Milandu yonena za mwazi kwakukulukulu imakhudza ana. Panthaŵi zina, pamene makolo achikondi apempha mwaulemu kuti zinthu zopanda mwazi zigwiritsiridwe ntchito, ogwira ntchito zachipatala ena afunafuna chichirikizo cha bwalo lamilandu kuti apereke mwazi. Ndithudi, Akristu amavomerezana ndi malamulo kapena mchitidwe wa bwalo lamilandu wa kuletsa kuchitiridwa moipa kwa ana kapena kunyanyalidwa. Mwinamwake mwaŵerenga nkhani m’zimene kholo lina linachitira nkhanza mwana kapena kummana chisamaliro chirichonse chamankhwala. Nzachisoni chotani nanga! Mwachiwonekere, Boma lingathe ndipo liyenera kuloŵelera kutetezera mwana wonyanyalidwayo. Komabe, nkosavuta kuwona mmene kuliri kosiyana kwambiri pamene kholo losamalira lipempha mankhwala abwino kwambiri opanda mwazi.

Kaŵirikaŵiri milandu imeneyi imalunjika pamwana wokhala m’chipatala. Kodi mwanayo anafika bwanji kumeneko, ndipo chifukwa ninji? Pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse makolo odera nkhaŵa anadza ndi mwana wawo kuti apeze chisamaliro chabwino. Monga momwedi Yesu analiri wokondwera ndi ŵana, makolo Achikristu amasamalira ana awo. Baibulo limatchula ‘mayi wosamalira ana ake.’ Mboni za Yehova ziri ndi chikondi chachikulu choterocho kaamba ka ana awo.—1 Atesalonika 2:7; Mateyu 7:11; 19:13-15.

Mwachibadwa, makolo onse amapanga zosankha zoyambukira ubwino ndi moyo wa ana awo: Kodi banjalo lidzagwiritsira ntchito gasi kapena mafuta kutenthetsa m’nyumba? Kodi adzamka ndi mwana paulendo wautali wapangalimoto? Kodi iye angapite kokasambira? Zinthu zoterozo zimaphatikizapo maupandu, ngakhale, a moyo kapena imfa. Koma chitaganya chimazindikira nzeru yaukholo, chotero makolo amapatsidwa ulamuliro waukulu pafupifupi zosankha zonse zoyambukira ana awo.

Mu 1979 U.S. Supreme Court inafotokoza momvekera bwino kuti: “Zinthu zoterozo zimaphatikizapo maupandu, ngakhale, a moyo kapena imfa. Koma chitaganya chimazindikira nzeru yaukholo, choteromakolo amapatsidwa ulamuliro waukulu pafupifupi zosankha zonse zoyambukira ana awo.”—Parham v. J.R.

Chaka chimodzimodzicho New York Court of Appeals inaweruza kuti: “Chinthu chachikulu koposa m’kutsimikizira kuti ngati mwana akumanidwa chisamaliro chokwanira chamankhwala . . . ndicho ngati makolowo apereka njira yovomerezeka ya chisamaliro chamankhwala kaamba ka mwana wawo mothandizidwa ndi mikhalidwe yonse yowazinga. Kufufuza kumeneku sikungachitidwe mogwirizana ndi kuti kaya khololo lapanga chosankha ‘chabwino’ kapena ‘cholakwika,’ kaamba ka mkhalidwe umene ulipo wa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, mosasamala kanthu za kupita kwake patosogolo kwakukulu, sikumaloleza kwenikweni manenedwe otsimikizirika oterowo. Kapena bwalo lamlandu silingaloŵe m’malo mwa kholo.”—In re Hofbauer.

Kumbukirani chtsanzo cha makolo osankha pakati pa opaleshoni ndi mankhwala opha tizirombo. Njira iriyonse yochiritsira ikakhala ndi maupandu ake. Makolo achikondi ali ndi thayo la kupima maupandu, mapindu, ndi zinthu zina ndiyeno kupanga chosankha. Ponena za zimenezi, Dr. Yona Samuels (Anesthesiology News, October 1989) anapereka lingaliro la kupendedwa kwa Guides to the Judge in Medical Orders Affecting Children, zimene ziri ndi lingaliro ili:

“Chidziŵitso cha zamankhwala sichiri chopita patsogolo mokwanira kutheketsa dokotala kuneneratu ndi kutsimikizirika koyenera kwakuti wodwala wake adzakhala ndi moyo kapena kufa . . . Ngati pali chosankha cha njira—mwachitsanzo, ngati dokotala apereka njira imene irindi kuthekera kwa chipambano kwa 80 peresenti koma imene makolo sakuvomereza, ndipo makolowo alibe chiletso panjira imene irindi kuthekera kwa chipambano cha 40 peresenti yokha—dokotalayo ayenera kutsatira njira yangozi mwa mankhwala koma yosakanidwa ndi makolo.”

Polingalira maupandu ambiri akupha m’kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mwazi amene awonekera ndi chifukwa chakuti pali njira zina zoloŵa m’malo zamphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kodi kupeŵa mwazi sikungakhaledi ndi upandu wochepa?

Mwachibadwa, Akristu amapima zinthu zambiri ngati mwana wawo afunikira opaleshoni. Opaleshoni iriyonse, yogwiritsira ntchito mwazi kapena yoapnda, iri ndi maupandu. Kodi ndiwochita opaleshoni wotani amene amapereka zitsimikiziro? Makolo angadziŵe kuti madokotala aluso akhala ndi chipambano chabwino kwambiri ndi opaleshoni ypanda mwazi pa ana a Mboni. Chotero ngakhale ngati dokotala kapena mkulu wachipatala ali ndi chosankha china, koposa ndi kuchititsa nkhondo ya bwalo lamilandu youmitsa thupi ndi yodyetsa nthaŵi, kodi sikoyenerera kwa iwo kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi makolo achikondi? Kapena makolo angasamutsire mwana wawo kuchipata china kumene ogwira ntchito kumeneko ali odziŵa kusamalira mikhalidwe yotero ndi ofunitsitsa kuchita motero. Kunena zowona, chisamaliro cha mankhwala chopanda mwazi mwachiwonekere chidzakhala chisamaliro chabwino kwambiri, pakuti chingathandize banja “kupeza zonulirapo zoyenera zamankhwala ndi zosakhala za mankhwala,” monga mmene tawonera poyambilira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

KUCHOTSA MANTHA A KUWOPA LAMULO

Inu mungadabwe kuti, ‘Kodi nchifukwa ninji madokotala ena ndi zipatala amafulumira kukafunafuna chilolezo cha bwalo la milandu cha kupereka mwazi?’ M’malo ŵena chifukwa chofala ndicho mantha a kudalirika pathayolo.

Palibe maziko a mantha oterowo pamene Mboni za Yehova zisankha kusamaliridwa popanda mwazi. Dokotala wina pa Albert Einstein College of Medicine (U.S.A.) analemba kuti: “[Mboni] zochuluka zimasaina mosavuta fomu la American Medical Association kuchotsera thayo madokotala ndi zipatala, ndipo ambiri amanyamula Medical Alert [kadi]. Fomu losainidwa bwino lomwe ndi kulembedwa deti lakuti ‘Kukana Kulandira Zinthu za Mwazi” ndilo pangano lolembedwa ndipo liri logwira ntchito mwalamulo.”—Anesthesiology News, October 1989.

Inde, Mboni za Yehova mogwirizanika zimapereka chitsimikiziro cha lamulo chakuti dokotala kapena chipatala sichidzakhala ndi mlandu wa kusadalirika m’kupereka njira yochiritsira yopemphedwa yopanda mwazi. Monga mmene kwavomerezedwera ndi akatswiri azachipatala, Mboni iriyonse imanyamula kadi la Medical Document. Limeneli limakonzedwanso chaka chirichonse ndipo limasainidwa ndi munthuyo ndi mboni, kaŵirikaŵiri achibale ake apafupi.

M’March 1990, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu la Ontario, Canada, linachirikiza chosankha chimene chinafotokoza movomereza chiphaso choterocho kuti: “Kadilo ndilo chilengezo cholembedwa cha kaimidwe kololedwa kamene mwini kadiyo angakhale nako mololeka poika chiletso cholembedwa [mu]pangano ndi dokotala.” M’Medicinsk Etik (1985), Pulofesala Daniel Andersen analemba kuti: “Ngati pali mawu olembedwa osanena paŵiri kuchokera kwa wodwala onena kuti iye ndiye mmodzi wa Mboni za Yehova ndipo sakufuna mwazi pansi pa mikhalidwe iriyonse, kulemekeza kudzifunira wodwalayo kumafunikiritsa kuti chokhumba chimenechi chilemekezedwe, monga momwe kukananenedwera mwapakamwa.”

Mboni zidzasainanso mafumo apangano ndi chipatala. Mtundu wina wa fomu umene umagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa chipatala cha pa Freiburg, Germany, uli ndi danga pamene dokotala angafotokoze mawu amene ananena kwa wodwalayo ponena za chisamaliro cha mankhwala. Ndiyeno, pamwamba pa masiginechala a dokotala ndi wodwala, fomu limeneli limawonjezera kuti: “Monga chiŵalo cha bungwe la Mboni za Yehova, ine pandekha ndikukana kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mwazi wa munthu wina kapena zinthu za mwazi mkati mwa opaleshoni yanga. Motero ndikuzindikira kuti njira yolinganizidwayi ndi yofunika iri ndi upandu waukulu wa zovuta la kuchucha mwazi. Nditafotokozeredwa zonse makamaka ponena za zimenezo, ndikupempha kuti opaleshoni yofunikayo ichitidwe popanda kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mwazi wa munthu wina kapena zinthu za mwazi.”—Herz Kreislauf, August 1987.

Kwenikweni, kuchitidwa opaleshoni yopanda mwazi kungakhale ndi upandu wotsikirapo. Koma mfundoyo pano njakuti Mboni zodwalazo mwachimwemwe zimachotsa mantha alionse osafunika kotero kuti ogwira ntchito zachipatala achite zimene afunikira kuchita, kuthandiza anthu kuchira. Kugwirizanika kumeneku kumapindulitsa onse, monga momwe Dr. Angelos A. Kambouris anasonyezera mu “Maopaleshoni Aakulu a Mmimba pa Mboni za Yehova” kuti:

“Pangano lochitidwa opaleshoni isanakhale liyenera kulingaliridwa ndi madokotala kukhala logwira ntchito ndipo liyenera kumamatiridwa mosasamala kanthu za zochitika zomakula mkati ndi pambuyo pa opaleshoni. [Zimenezi] zimakhazikitsa pansi mtima wa odwalawo kulinga ku chisamaliro cha opaleshoni, ndi kusinthitsa chisamaliro cha dokotala wa opaleshoni kuchoka kukulingalira lamulo ndi nthanthi kumka kumaopaleshoni aluso, motero, kukumamlola kuchita mogwirizana ndi zosankha zabwino koposa za wodwala wake.”—The American Surgeon, June 1987.

[Bokosi patsamba 19]

“Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kopambanitsa kwa luso lazamankhwala ndiko chochititsa chachikulu cha kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zowonongera chisamaliro chazaumoyo kwatsopano. . . . Kuthiriridwa mwazi nkwapadera chifukwa cha mtengo wake ndi kuthekera kwake kwaupandu waukulu. Chifukwa cha chimenecho, kuthiriridwa mwazi kunaikidwa pampambo ndi American Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals kukhala ‘mphamvu yaikulu upandu waukulu ndi wokhoterera kuzolakwa.’”—“Transfusion,” July-August 1989.

[Bokosi patsamba 20]

United States: “Chigogomezera kufunika kwa kuvomereza kwa wodwala ndicho lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino a kudzilamulira kwa munthu, kuti zosankha zonena za choikidwiratu cha munthu mwini ziyenera kupangidwa ndi munthu wokhudzidwayo. Chifukwa cha lamulo chofunira chivomerezo cha wodwalayo umapereka mlandu.”—“Informed Consent for Blood Transfusion,” 1989.

Germany: “Kuyenera kwa wodwala kwa chitsimikizo chaumwini kumapambana lingaliro la kupereka chithandizo ndi kusungitsidwa kwa moyo. Chifukwa cha chimenecho: palibe kuthirira mwazi motsutsa chifuniro cha wodwala.”—“Herz Kreislauf,” August 1987.

Japan: “Palibe ‘zosakanika’ m’mbali ya zamankhwala. Madokotala amakhulupilira kuti njira ya mankhwala amakono njopambana koposa ndipo imatsatira njirayo, koma iwo sayenera kuumiriza mbali yake iriyonse kukhala ‘zosakanika’ pa odwala. Nawonso odwala ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wa kusankha.”—“Minami Nihon Shimbun,” June 28, 1985.

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

“Ndapeza mabanja [a Mboni za Yehova] kukhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi achikondi,” akusimba motero Dr. Lawrence S. Frankel. “Ana ngophunzitsidwa, odera nkhaŵa, ndi aulemu. . . . Pamawonekera kukhala kugwirizana kwamphamvu kwenikweni ndi zilangizo zamadokotala, zimene zingaimire kuyesayesa kwa kusonyeza kuvomereza kuloŵerera kwa madokotala kufikira kumlingo umene zikhulupiliro zawo zimalola.”—Department of Pediatrics, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, U.S.A., 1985.

[Bokosi patsamba 22]

“Ndikuwopa kuti ndikofala,” akunena motero Dr. James L. Fletcher, Jr., “kuti kunyada chifukwa cha kudziŵa ntchito kwatenga malo a lingaliro labwino la madokotala. Chisamaliro cha mankhwala chimene chimawonedwa kukhala ‘chabwino koposa lero’ chimasinthidwa kapena kutayidwa maŵa. Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri chaupandu koposa, ‘kholo lopembedza’ kapena dokotala wonyada amene wakhutiritsidwa maganizo kuti chisamaliro chake cha mankhwala nchofunika mosakanika?”—“Pediatrics,” October 1988.