Chiwopsezo cha Nyukliya Kodi Chatha Tsopano?

“MTENDERE pa Dziko Lapansi ukuonekera kukhala wothekera kwambiri tsopano kuposa pa nthaŵi ina iliyonse chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II.” Ndemanga yopereka chiyembekezo imeneyi yonenedwa ndi mtolankhani wina kumapeto kwa ma 1980 inazikidwa pa chenicheni chakuti mapangano ofunika kwambiri a kutula zida ndi kusintha kosayembekezereka m’zandale potsirizira pake kunali kutathetsa Nkhondo Yapakamwa. Koma kodi chiwopsezo cha nyukliya, chosonyezedwa m’kulimbana kwa amene kale anali maulamuliro aakulu, chathanso? Kodi mtendere ndi chisungiko zokhalitsa zinalidi pafupi kupezedwa?

Ngozi za Kufalikira

Mkati mwa Nkhondo Yapakamwa, akumadalira pa kuwopana kuti asungebe mtendere, maulamuliro aakulu anavomerezana za kuloleza kukulitsidwa kwa luso la kupanga zinthu za nyukliya kaamba ka zolinga za mtendere komano nkuika ziletso pa kuligwiritsira ntchito kupangira zida za nyukliya. Mu 1970 pangano lotchedwa Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty linayamba kugwira ntchito; pambuyo pake linavomerezedwa pafupifupi ndi maiko 140. Chikhalirechobe, maiko okhoza kupanga zida za nyukliya, onga ngati Argentina, Brazil, India, ndi Israel, akana kusaina kufikiradi lerolino.

Komabe, mu 1985 dziko lina lokhoza kupanga zida za nyukliya, North Korea, linasaina. Chotero pamene linalengeza za kutuluka kwake m’panganolo pa March 12, 1993, nalonso dziko lonse linada nkhaŵa. Magazini ankhani a ku Germany otchedwa Der Spiegel anati: “Chidziŵitso cha kutuluka mu Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty chakhazikitsa chitsanzo: Tsopano pali chiwopsezoo cha mpikisano wa zida zankhondo za nyukliya, choyambika ku Asia, umene ungakhale wowopsa kwambiri kuposa mpikisano waukulu wa mabomba umene unalipo pakati pa maulamuliro aakulu.”

Pokhala ndi utundu womabala maiko atsopano paliŵiro lofulumira, chiŵerengero cha maiko opanga zida za nyukliya mwina chidzawonjezereka. (Onani bokosi.) Mtolankhani Charles Krauthammer akuchenjeza kuti: “Kutha kwa chiwopsezo cha Soviet Union sikukutanthauza kutha kwa ngozi ya nyukliya. Ngozi yeniyeni ndiyo kufalikira kwake, ndipo kufalikirako kwangoyamba kumene.”

Mabomba Ogulitsa

Maiko amene angakhoze kupanga zida za nyukliya ali ofunitsitsa kupeza kutchuka ndi mphamvu zimene zida zimenezi zimapereka. Dziko lina likunenedwa kukhala litagula mitu iŵiri kapena kuposa pamenepo ya zida za nyukliya ku Kazakhstan. Lomwe kale linali lipabuliki la Soviet Union limeneli mwalamulo linasonyeza mitu ya zidayo kukhala “yosoŵa.”

Mu October 1992 amuna angapo anagwidwa ku Frankfurt, Germany, ali ndi magalamu 200 a radioactive cesium yowopsa, yokwanira kuipitsira madzi onse a mzindawo. Sabata limodzi pambuyo pake, ozembetsa zinthu anagwidwa mu Munich ali ndi makilogalamu 2.2 a uranium. Kutulukiridwa kumeneku kwa magulu aŵiri ozembetsa zinthu za nyukliya mkati mwa masabata aŵiri kunadzidzimutsa akuluakulu aboma, popeza kuti zochitika zisanu zokha zotero ndizo zimene zachitiridwa lipoti padziko lonse m’chaka chapita chonsecho.

Kaya anthu ameneŵa anali ndi cholinga cha kukagulitsa zinthuzo ku magulu a zigaŵenga kapena kumaboma a maiko sizikudziŵika. Komabe, kuthekera kwa uchigaŵenga wa zida za nyukliya kukukula. Dr. David Lowry wa European Proliferation Information Centre akufotokoza ngoziyo kuti: “Zokha zimene chigaŵenga chingafunikire kuchita ndizo kutumiza uranium yamphamvu koposa ku boma lomveka kuti likaipende, chikumanena kuti tili ndi yochuluka motere ndipo nawu umboni wake. Zili monga ngati wachifwamba amene akutumiza khutu la wogwidwa.”

“Mabomba a Nthaŵi” a Mtendere ndi “Misampha ya Imfa”

Pamene chaka cha 1992 chinayamba, makina 420 otulutsa mphamvu ya nyukliya anali kugwira ntchito ya mtendere yopangira magetsi; enanso 76 anali mkati mwa kupangidwa. Koma mkati mwa zaka, ngozi za makinawo zachititsa malipoti osimba za kuwonjezereka kwa matenda, kupita padera kwa akazi, ndi ana obadwa opunduka. Lipoti lina likunena kuti podzafika mu 1967 zochitika pa fakitale yopangira plutonium ya Soviet Union zinachititsa kutulutsidwa kwa radiation kowirikiza katatu kuposa mmene ngozi ya Chernobyl inachitira.

Ndithudi, ngozi yomalizirayo mu Chernobyl, Ukraine, mu April 1986 ndi imene inali ndi mitu ya nkhani yaikulu. Grigori Medwedew, wachiŵiri kwa injiniya wamkulu wa zanyukliya pa fakitale ya ku Chernobyl mkati mwa ma 1970, akufotokoza kuti “mtambo waukulukulu wokhalitsa wa radiation” umene unaulutsidwira mumlengalenga “uli wofanana ndi mabomba khumi a Hiroshima ponena za ziyambukiro zake zokhalapo pambuyo pa nthaŵi yaitali.”

M’buku lake lakuti Tschernobylskaja chronika, Medwedew akundandalika ngozi 11 zowopsa za makina otulutsa mphamvu ya nyukliya mu amene kale anali Soviet Union mkati mwa ma 1980 ndi zinanso 12 mu United States. Zotsirizirazo zinaphatikizapo ngozi yoipa ya mu 1979 pa Three Mile Island. Ponena za chochitika chimenecho Medwedew akunena kuti: “Chinakantha nkhonya yoyamba yaikulu pa mphamvu ya nyukliya ndi kuthetsa malingaliro onyenga a kutetezereka kwa mafakitale a mphamvu ya nyukliya m’maganizo mwa ambiri​—koma osati m’maganizo mwa onse.”

Zimenezi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake ngozizo zimachitikabe. Mkati mwa 1992 zinawonjezereka ku Russia pafupifupi ndi 20 peresenti. Pambuyo pa chimodzi cha zochitika zimenezi, m’March wa chaka chimenecho pa nyumba yopangira magetsi a Sosnovy Bore mu St. Petersburg, Russia, milingo ya radiation inakwera ndi 50 peresenti kumpoto chakummaŵa kwa England ndi kuŵirikiza kaŵiri ukulu wa mlingo wololedwa mu Estonia ndi kummwera kwa Finland. Profesa John Urquhart wa Newcastle University akuvomereza kuti: “Sindingathe kutsimikiza kuti anali Sosnovy Bore amene anachititsa chiwonjezekocho​—komanso ngati sanali Sosnovy Bore, chinali chiyani chimene chinachititsa?”

Maboma ena amanena kuti makina onga a ku Chernobyl ngosakonzedwa bwino mumpangidwe wake ndipo ngangozi kwambiri pogwira ntchito. Chikhalirechobe, oposa khumi ndi aŵiri akugwiritsiridwabe ntchito kuthandiza kukwaniritsa kusoŵa kwakukulu kwa magetsi. Oyendetsa makina ena aimbidwa mlandu wa kutseka madongosolo otetezera kotero kuti awonjezere mphamvu za magetsi otulutsidwa. Malipoti onga ameneŵa amachititsa mantha maiko onga France, amene amagwiritsira ntchito mafakitale a mphamvu za nyukliya kupangira 70 peresenti ya magetsi ake. Ngati “Chernobyl” ina ingachitikenso, ndiye kuti mafakitale ambiri a ku France angakakamizidwe kutsekedweratu.

Ngakhale makina “otetezereka” mwachionekere amafikira kukhala osatetezereka pamene akhalitsa. Kuchiyambiyambi kwa 1993, mkati mwa kupima mipope kotetezera kwanthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ming’alu yoposa zana limodzi inapezedwa m’mipope ya makina pa Brunsbüttel, amodzi a makina akale koposa m’Germany. Ming’alu yofanana nayo yapezedwa m’makinawo ku France ndi Switzerland. Ngozi yaikulu yoyamba pa fakitale ya mphamvu ya nyukliya ya ku Japan inachitika mu 1991, kukhalitsa kukumakhala chochititsa chake chothekera. Zimenezi zimaperekeratu uthenga woipa kwa United States, kumene pafupifupi zigawo ziŵiri mwa zitatu za makina amalonda amenewo ali ndi zaka zoposa khumi.

Ngozi za makina otulutsa mphamvu ya nyukliya zingathe kuchitika kulikonse panthaŵi iliyonse. Pamene makinawo achuluka, ndi pamenenso chiwopsezo chake chimakhala chokulirapo; pamene makinawo akhalitsa, ndi pamenenso ngozi yake imakhala yokulirapo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi nyuzipepala ina inazitcha kuti mabomba oyenda ndi nthaŵi ndi misampha ya imfa ya radiation.

Kodi Nkuti Kumene Ayenera Kutayira Zinthu Zake Zotha Ntchito?

Posachedwapa anthu anali odabwa kupeza malo a m’mbali mwa mtsinje ochezerako kumapiri a Alps a ku France ali otsekerezedwa ndi kulondedwa ndi apolisi. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa The European inafotokoza kuti: “Kupima kwanthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kolamulidwa pambuyo pa kufa kwa mkazi wina wa komweko ndi poizoni ya beryllium miyezi iŵiri yapitayo kunasonyeza milingo ya radiation pamalo ochezerawo imene inali yamphamvu kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 100 kuposa ija ya madera ena ozungulirapo.”

Beryllium, chitsulo chopepuka kwambiri chopangidwa m’njira zosiyasiyana, imagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu indasitale yopanga ndege ndi, pamene yakhudzidwa ndi radiation, imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’masiteshoni a mphamvu ya nyukliya. Mwachionekere fakitale yopanga beryllium inali itatayira zinthu zotha ntchito zotulutsidwa ndi mchitidwe wa radiation wangoziwo pa dera lochezeralo kapena pafupi nalo. “Fumbi la beryllium, ngakhale pamene lili losakhudzidwa ndi radiation,” inatero The European, “lili limodzi la mitundu ya zinthu zotha ntchito za poizoni koposa zodziŵika m’maindasitale.”

Zidakali choncho, zotengera zinthu zotha ntchito za radiation 17,000 zinasimbidwa kukhala zitatayidwa m’madzi m’nyengo ya zaka zoposa 30 kugombe la Novaya Zemlya, logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi amene kale anali Soviet Union monga mbali yoyeserako zida za nyukliya mkati mwa ma 1950. Ndiponso, zigawo za radiation za masabumarini a nyukliya ndi mbali za makina a nyukliya 12 kapena kuposa pamenepo zinatayidwa m’malo a zinthu zotha ntchito apafupi ameneŵa.

Kaya kukhale kwadala kapena ayi, kuipitsa kwa nyukliya nkowopsa. Ponena za sabumarini imene inamira kufupi ndi gombe la Norway mu 1989, Time inachenjeza kuti: “Chombo chomiracho chayamba kale kutulutsa cesium-137, isotope yokhoza kuchititsa kansa. Komabe zotulutsidwazo zikulingaliridwa kukhala zochepa kwambiri kwakuti sizingayambukire zamoyo za m’nyanja kapena thanzi la anthu. Koma Komsomolets inanyamulanso mabomba aŵiri a nyukliya okhala ndi makilogalamu 13 a plutonium imene theka la maatomu ake limatenga zaka 24,000 kuti linyonyotsoke ndipo poizoni yake njamphamvu koposa kwakuti kadontho kake kangathe kupha. Akatswiri a ku Russia anachenjeza kuti plutonium imeneyo ikhoza kutulukira m’madzi ndi kuwononga madera aakulu a nyanja zamchere mofulumira pofika mu 1994.”

Ndithudi, kutaya zinthu zotha ntchito za radiation sikuli vuto la ku France ndi ku Russia kokha. United States ali ndi “mapiri a zinthu zotha ntchito zangozi ndipo alibe malo enieni ozisungirako,” ikusimba motero Time. Iyo ikunena kuti madiramu miliyoni imodzi a zinthu zakupha amakhala m’malo osungira akanthaŵi limodzi ndi kutsimikizirika kwa “ngozi ya kutayikiridwa, kubedwa ndi kuwononga malo okhala chifukwa cha kusasamaliridwa bwino.”

Mwachitsanzo, tanki lina la zinthu zotha ntchito za nyukliya pa imene kale inali fakitale ya zida zankhondo ku Tomsk, Siberia, linaphulika mu April 1993, likumayambitsa mantha a kuchitika kwa Chernobyl yachiŵiri.

Mwachionekere, mfuu iliyonse ya mtendere ndi chisungiko yonenedwa pa maziko a mapeto ongolingaliridwa a chiwopsezo cha nyukliya sili yodalirika kwambiri. Komabe mtendere ndi chisungiko zili pafupi. Kodi timadziŵa motani?

[Bokosi patsamba 4]

MAIKO OKHOZA KUPANGA ZIDA ZA NYUKLIYA

12 Ndipo Akali Kuwonjezerekabe

AMENE ALENGEZA kapena AMENE AKUTERO: Belarus, Britain, China, France, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Ukraine, United States

AMENE AKHOZA: Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Ngakhale kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mtendere kwa mphamvu ya nyukliya kungakhale kwangozi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kumbuyo: Chithunzi cha U.S. National Archives

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 2]

Chikuto: Stockman/​International Stock

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 3]

Chithunzi cha U.S. National Archives