Mmene Kujambula Zithunzi Kunayambira
YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU SWEDEN
Pali Nkhani ina imene imati alendo a mtaliyana wina wodziwa zasayansi dzina lake Giambattista Della Porta (Amene mwina anabadwa mu 1535, ndipo anafa mu 1615) anadabwa kwambiri. Pa khoma lomwe linali patsogolo pawo, pankayendayenda zithunzi za anthu ang’onoang’ono atazondoka. Alendowo anachita mantha n’kuthawa m’chipindamo. Della Porta anaimbidwa mlandu wa ufiti!
IZI n’zomwe zinachitika Della Porta atayesera kusangalatsa alendo ake powaonetsa zithunzi zojambulidwa mwa njira yomwe alendowo anali asanaonepo. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito kamera ya chipinda chamdima chokhala ndi kabowo kakang’ono mbali imodzi. Kamera imagwira ntchito m’njira yosavuta kufotokoza, koma zotsatirapo zake nthawi zina zimakhala zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Kodi imagwira bwanji ntchito?
Kuwala kukalowa m’bokosi kapena m’chipinda cha mdima kudzera pa kabowo kakang’ono, chithunzi chozondoka chimaoneka pa khoma loyang’anizana ndi kabowoko. Zomwe alendo a Della Porta aja anaona sizinali zinthu zoopsa ayi, koma anali anthu akuchita masewero panja pa nyumbayo. Zipinda kapena mabokosi amdima ojambulira zithunzi ndi amene anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito kale, makamera amasiku ano asanabwere. Lero, mwina inuyo ndi mmodzi mwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene ali ndi kamera kapena amene agwiritsapo ntchito makamera amene munthu amagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha n’kutaya. Makamera oterewa ndi osasowa m’madera ambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chipinda kapena bokosi la mdima pojambula zithunzi sikuti kunayamba mu nthawi ya Della Porta. Aristotle (amene anabadwa mu 384 B.C.E. n’kufa mu 322 B.C.E.) anafotokoza mfundo zimene kamera inadzayamba kuyendera m’tsogolo. Katswiri wina wachiluya wa m’zaka za m’ma 900 dzina lake Alhazen anafotokoza bwino kwambiri mfundo zimenezo ndipo munthu wojambula zithunzi pamanja wa m’zaka za m’ma 1400 dzina lake Leonardo da Vinci analemba za zimenezi m’mabuku ake a notsi. Anthu atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi othandiza kuti chithunzi chioneke bwino pojambula m’zaka za m’ma 1500, zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi kamera zinayamba kuoneka ngati zenizeni ndipo anthu ambiri ojambula zithunzi pamanja anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi amenewa kuti asonyeze bwino kukula kwa chinthu pokuyerekezera ndi malo amene chakhala. Koma ngakhale kuti anayesera njira zambiri zoti zithunzi zomwe anajambulazo zikhale zokhalitsa, sanathe kuchita zimenezi mpaka kufika m’zaka za m’ma 1800.
Munthu Woyamba Kujambula Zithunzi
Mfalansa wina wodziwa zasayansi dzina lake Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce mwina anayamba kuyesera kupanga zithunzi zokhalitsa kale kwambiri mu 1816. Koma zinthu zinamuyendera bwino kwambiri makamaka pamene ankayesera njira inayake yosindikizira zithunzi ndipo anatulukira phula linalake lomwe linkasintha mtundu likakhudzidwa ndi kuwala lotchedwa phula la ku Yudeya. Pa nthawi ina pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1820, anaika lata lopakidwa phula m’bokosi lamdima ataliyang’anitsa ku windo la nyumba yake ndipo analisiya pamenepo kwa maola eyiti kuti mulowe kuwala. Kenaka panatuluka chithunzi, koma ngakhale munthu wosadziwa kujambula sakananyadira chithunzi chosaoneka bwino cha nyumba, mtengo, ndi nkhokwe chomwe Niepce anajambulacho, koma mwiniwakeyo anasangalala nacho kwambiri. Chithunzi chakecho mwina n’chimene chinali chithunzi chokhalitsa choyamba kujambulidwa!
Kuti apititse patsogolo njira yakeyi, mu 1829 Niepce anayamba kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi munthu wina wanzeru dzina lake Louis Daguerre. Niepce atamwalira mu 1833, m’zaka zotsatira Daguerre anapita patsogolo m’mbali zina zofunika. Iye anayamba kumata malata a mkuwa ndi mankhwala enaake amene amada akakhala powala. Zimenezi sizinkachedwa kwambiri kusintha mtundu zikakhudzana ndi kuwala poyerekezera ndi phula lija. Mwangozi, anatulukira kuti akaika malatawo pa nthunzi ya mankhwala enaake pambuyo powaika padzuwa, pankaoneka bwinobwino chithunzi chosamalizika kutuluka. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti nthawi imene ankafunika kuziika padzuwa ichepe kwambiri. Kenaka Daguerre atatulukira kuti kutsuka malatawo m’madzi a m’chere kunkachititsa kuti chithunzicho chisade pakapita nthawi, chimenechi chinakhala chiyambi choti kujambula zithunzi kutchuke padziko lapansi.
Anthu Asonyezedwa Luso Lojambula Zithunzi
Njira yojambulira zithunzi imene Daguerre anatulukira itaonetsedwa kwa anthu mu 1839, anasangalala nayo koopsa. Katswiri wina dzina lake Helmut Gernsheim analemba m’buku lake lotchedwa The History of Photography [Mbiri Yojambula Zithunzi], kuti: “Mwina palibenso chinthu china chomwe munthu anatulukira chomwe anthu anasangalala nacho kwambiri, ndiponso chomwe anayamba kuchikonda mwamsanga kuposa njira yojambulira zithunzi ya Daguerre.” Munthu wina amene analipo panthawi imene anthu anaonetsedwa njira imeneyi analemba kuti: “Patangotha ola limodzi, masitolo onse ogulitsa zinthu zojambulira zithunzi anadzaza ndi anthu ofuna kudzagula zinthu zimenezi, koma masitolowo analibe zida zokwanira anthu onsewo. Anthuwo ankafuna kuyamba kujambula zithunzi ndi njira yatsopanoyi. Patangotha masiku ochepa, m’mabwalo onse a ku Paris munali anthu ali ndi makamera awo, atawaika kumaso kwa matchalitchi ndi nyumba zachifumu, pa timatebulo ta miyendo itatu. Anthu onse asayansi ndi ophunzira a ku Paris anali kupukuta malata a siliva, ndipo ngakhale eni magolosale olemera analephera kudziletsa kuti asawonongeko chuma chawo pa chitukuko chatsopanochi, ndipo nawonso [anagula nawo mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito pojambula m’njira yatsopanoyi].” Olemba manyuzipepala a ku Paris posapita nthawi anayamba kunena kuti anthu akutengeka kwambiri ndi njira yojambulira ya Daguerre.
Kukongola kwa zithunzi zojambulidwa m’njira ya Daguerre kunachititsa Mngelezi wina wasayansi dzina lake John Herschel kulemba kuti: “Sikukokomeza kunena kuti zithunzizi n’zozizwitsa.” Ena mpaka anati zinali zamatsenga.
Koma si aliyense amene anakondwera ndi njira yatsopano yojambulira zithunziyi. Mu 1856 mfumu ya ku Nepals inaletsa kujambula zithunzi, mwina chifukwa choti inkaganiza kuti n’zogwirizana ndi ufiti. Mfalansa wina wojambula zithunzi pamanja dzina lake Paul Delaroche ataona chithunzi chojambulidwa m’njira ya Daguerre, anati: “Kuyambira lero kujambula zithunzi pamanja kwatha!” Njira yatsopano yojambulirayi inadetsanso nkhawa kwambiri anthu ena ojambula ndi penti, amene ankakhulupirira kuti kujambula zithunzi ndi kamera kuwaphera bizinesi. Munthu wina anafotokoza zimene ena mwa iwo ankaopa pamene anati: “Popeza zithunzi zimaonetsa zinthu monga momwe zililidi, zingachititse anthu kusiya kuyamikira kukongola kwa zinthu.” Kuwonjezera apo, zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi kamera sankazikonda chifukwa choti nthawi zonse zinkaonetsa zinthu monga momwe zililidi ndipo ankaopa kuti anthu asiya kukonda zinthu zimene m’mbuyomu ankaziona ngati zokongola.
Daguerre ndi Talbot
Mngelezi wina wasayansi, dzina lake William Henry Fox Talbot, ankakhulupirira kuti ndi iyeyo amene anayambitsa kujambula zithunzi, choncho anadabwa atamva zoti Daguerre ndi amene anatulukira luso limeneli. Talbot anakhala akuika mapepala opakidwa mankhwala enaake m’bokosi la mdima lojambulira zithunzi. Kenaka ankapaka phula chithunzi chosamalizika kutulukacho kuti azitha kuchiona, n’kuchiika pamwamba pa pepala lina lopakidwa phula. Akatero ankaika mapepalawo padzuwa, zomwe zinkatulutsa chithunzi chooneka bwinobwino.
Ngakhale kuti njira ya Talbot poyamba inali yosatchuka kwambiri ndiponso zithunzi zake zinali zosaoneka bwino kwenikeni poyerekezera ndi za Daguerre, njira yake ndi imene inaoneka kuti ikhoza kutulutsa zinthu zabwino m’tsogolo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, munthu ankatha kukhala ndi makope angapo a chithunzi chimodzi, ndipo mapepala anali otsika mtengo ndiponso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kusiyana ndi zithunzi zachitsulo za Daguerre zomwe zinali zosachedwa kuthetheka. Kujambula zithunzi kwa masiku ano kumatsatirabe njira ya Talbot, pamene njira ya Daguerre, ngakhale kuti poyamba anthu anaikonda kwambiri, siinapite patali.
Koma Niepce, Daguerre, ndi Talbot, si anthu okhawo amene ankanena kuti ndi amene anayambitsa kujambula zithunzi. Kuchokera pa nthawi imene Daguerre analengeza za njira yake yatsopano yojambulira zithunzi mu 1839, anthu oposa 24 anayamba kunena kuti iwowo ndi amene anatulukira kujambula zithunzi. Anthuwo anali ochokera ku mbali zonse za dziko lapansi, kuyambira kumpoto ku Norway mpaka kum’mwera ku Brazil.
Kusintha Kwakukulu Komwe Kunabwera Chifukwa Chojambula Zithunzi
Munthu wina wofuna kutukula miyoyo ya anthu dzina lake Jacob August Riis, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa luso lojambula zithunzi anaona kuti kujambula zithunzi ndi mwayi wapadera wouzira anthu za umphawi ndi kuvutika kwa anthu ena. Mu 1880 anayamba kujambula zithunzi za malo onyansa a mu mzinda wa New York City pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala enaake a ufa omwe ankawayatsa m’poto kuti akhale ngati fulashi. Njira imeneyi inali ndi kuopsa kwake. Kawiri konse anayatsa nyumba yomwe anali kugwiriramo ntchito, ndipo kamodzi zovala zake zinakolera moto. Zithunzi zake akuti n’chinthu chimodzi chomwe chinachititsa Theodore Roosevelt kusintha zinthu zina ndi zina kuti atukule miyoyo ya anthu atakhala pulezidenti. Kukongola kwa zithunzi zingapo zomwe William Henry Jackson anajambula kunachititsanso nyumba ya malamulo ya ku United States mu 1872 kusandutsa malo a Yellowstone kukhala malo oteteza zachilengedwe oyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Anthu Ambiri Anayamba Kujambula Zithunzi
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1880, anthu ambiri ofuna kujambula zithunzi ankalepherabe kutero chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo ndi kuvuta kojambula zithunzi. Koma George Eastman atatulukira kamera yotchedwa Kodak mu 1888, anatsegula njira yoti anthu ambiri ayambe kumajambula zithunzi. Kamerayi inali yabokosi, yotha kunyamulika ndiponso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Akajambula zithunzi, mwini kamerayo ankatumiza kamera yonseyo ku fakitale. Kumeneko ankatsuka filimuyo n’kuika filimu ina m’kameramo kenaka n’kuitumiza kwa mwiniwakeyo, limodzi ndi zithunzi zomwe atsuka. Zonsezi ankazichita pa mtengo wotsika ndithu. Choncho mawu awo otsatsira malonda oti “Inu mumangokanikiza kabatani, zinazo timachita ndife” analidi oona.
Choncho munthu aliyense wofuna anayamba kutha kujambula zithunzi, ndipo zithunzi mabiliyoni ambiri zimene zimajambulidwa masiku ano ndi umboni woti anthu akukondabe kujambula zithunzi. Ndipo masiku ano kwabwera makamera adijito, amene amajambula zithunzi zooneka bwino kwambiri. Izi zachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikonda kujambula zithunzi. Makamera adijito amakhala ndi kakhadi m’kati, kamene kamatha kusunga zithunzi mahandiredi angapo. Munthu akhoza kusindikiza yekha zithunzi zokongola kwambiri kunyumba kwake, pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ndi makina osindikizira. Indedi, kujambula zithunzi kwapita patsogolo kwabasi.
[Chithunzi patsamba 20]
Chithunzi choonetsa bwino mzinda wa Paris chojambulidwa ndi njira ya Daguerre, cha m’ma 1845
[Chithunzi patsamba 20]
Chithunzi chomwe mwina anakopera ku chithunzi choyamba kujambulidwa, cha m’ma 1826
[Chithunzi patsamba 20]
Chithunzi cha bokosi la mdima lojambulira zithunzi, lomwe anthu ambiri ojambula pamanja amagwiritsa ntchito
[Chithunzi patsamba 21]
Niepce
[Zithunzi patsamba 23]
Chithunzi cha mu 1844 cha Louis Daguerre chojambulidwa ndi njira yake, limodzi ndi chithunzi cha kamera yake
[Zithunzi patsamba 23]
Situdiyo ya William Talbot, cha m’ma 1845, ndi makamera ake
[Zithunzi patsamba 23]
Chithunzi cha mu 1890 cha George Eastman atanyamula kamera yotchedwa Kodak nambala 2, ndi china cha kamera yotchedwa nambala 1 ndi pokulungizira filimu pake
[Chithunzi patsamba 23]
Chithunzi chokongola cha malo oteteza zachilengedwe a Yellowstone National Park, chojambulidwa ndi W. H. Jackson, mu 1871
[Chithunzi patsamba 23]
Makamera adijito amasiku ano amajambula zithunzi zooneka bwino kwambiri
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 20]
Panoramic of Paris: Photo by Bernard Hoffman/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; Niepce’s photograph: Photo by Joseph Niepce/Getty Images; camera obscura: Culver Pictures
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 22]
Page 23: Talbot’s studio: Photo by William Henry Fox Talbot & Nicholaas Henneman/Getty Images; Talbot’s camera: Photo by Spencer Arnold/Getty Images; Kodak photo, Kodak camera, and Daguerre camera: Courtesy George Eastman House; Yellowstone: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-52482