Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo

Gawo 22: 1900 kupita mtsogolo—Chipembedzo Chonyenga Cholakidwa ndi Nthaŵi Yake Yapita!

“Mfungulo ku mtsogolo mwa mtundu iri m’nthaŵi yake yapita.”—Arthur Bryant, katswiri wa mbiri yakale Wachingelezi wa zaka za zana la 20

BABULO WAMKULU ali chimene Baibulo limatcha ulamuliro wa dziko wa chipembedzo chonyenga, kuchifanizitsa icho ndi mtundu wakale wa Babulo. (Chibvumbulutso 18:2) Zimene zinachitika kwa ulamuliro wakale umenewo sizimaneneratu zabwino kaamba ka mnzake wa dzina wamakono. Mu usiku umodzi wokha wa 539 B.C.E., Babulo anagwa kwa Amedi ndi Aperesi pansi pa Koresi Wamkulu. Pambuyo popatutsa madzi a Mtsinje wa Firate, womwe unkayenda kupyola mzindawo, magulu ankhondo owukirawo anali okhoza kuyenda osawonedwa modutsa gombe la mtsinjewo.

Yehova Mulungu ndi Mwana wake, Yesu Kristu, mfumu yaikulu kuposa Koresi, adzakwaniritsa chilakiko chofananacho pa Babulo Wamkulu wosakhulupirika. Baibulo limalongosola iye kukhala mkazi wachigololo wamkulu wokhala pa madzi ambiri, kusonyeza chilikizo limene akulandira kuchokera kwa “anthu, ndi makamu, ndi mitundu, ndi, manenedwe.” Koma chiwonongeko chisanachitike, chilikizo limeneli, mofanana ndi “mtsinje waukulu Firate,” liyenera “kuphwa, kuti ikonzeke njira ya mafumu ochokera potuluka dzuwa.”—Chibvumbulutso 16:12; 17:1, 15.

Umboni wakuti kuphwa koteroko kukuchitika lerolino ukakhala wothandiza kwambiri kuzindikiritsa chipembedzo chonyenga. Kodi pali umboni uliwonse?

Ziyembekezo Zowala Zizimiririka

Pamene zaka za zana la 20 zinafika, munthu wachitatu aliyense pa dziko lapansi anadzinenera kukhala Wachikristu. Ziyembekezo za Dziko Lachikristu zinali zowala. Mu 1900, mlengezi ndiponso wopata mphotho ya Nobel John R. Mott anasonyeza mtsogolo mwabwino, akumafalitsa bukhu lakuti The Evangelization of the World in This Generation.

Koma World Christian Encyclopedia ikuvomereza kuti “zaka za zana la 20 zatsimikizira kukhala zosiyana modabwitsa ndi ziyembekezo zimenezo.” Ikumalongosola kuti “palibe aliyense mu 1900 amene anayembekezera kuchoka kwaunyinji ku Chikristu kumene kunachitika Kumadzulo kwa Europe chifukwa cha ntchito zakudziko, mu Russia ndipo pambuyo pake Kum’mawa kwa Europe chifukwa cha Chikomyunizimu, ndi mu Americas chifukwa cha kukondetsa zinthu zakuthupi,” iyo ikunena kuti izi ndi “zipembedzo zina zachiphamaso” zinabuka “kuchokera ku kukhalako kwakung’ono kwambiri mu 1900, kokha 0.2% ya dziko lonse, . . . kufika ku 20.8% ya dziko lonse pofika mu 1980.”

“Kuchoka kwaunyinji” kumeneku kwasiya matchalitchi a Kumadzulo kwa Europe alibiretu anthu. Chiyambire 1970 Tchalitchi cha Lutheran mu Federal Republic of Germany chataikiridwa yoposa 12 peresenti ya ziŵalo zake. Yoposa mbali imodzi mwa zitatu ya matchalitchi mu Netherlands atsekedwa, ena asandutsidwa nyumba zosungiramo katundu, nyumba zodyeramo, nyumba zogona, ndipo ngakhale madisco. Ndipo mu Britain chifupifupi mbali imodzi mwa zisanu ndi zitatu za tchalitchi cha Anglican chimene chinalipo zaka 30 zapitazo sichigwiritsidwanso ntchito. Nzosadabwitsa kuti mtsogoleri wachipembedzo akumalankhula chaka chatha pa msonkhano wa akatswiri a maphunziro aumulungu Achiprotesitanti a ku Europe ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo anadandaula kuti “‘Kumadzulo Kwachikristu’ kwakale sikungadzitchenso Kwachikristu. . . . Europe yakhala munda waumishonale.”

Komabe, vutolo likupyola Dziko Lachikristu ndi Europe. Mwachitsanzo, zikuyerekezedwa kuti pa dziko lonse, Chibuda chikutaya anthu 900,000 pachaka ku chikhulupiriro cha kusadziŵa.

Kusoŵa kwa Antchito

“Kuti mudzutse mudzi choyamba dzutsani ansembe ake,” ukulangiza tero mwambi wa ku Japan. Koma kodi ansembe otani? M’zaka khumi isanafike 1983, chiŵerengero cha ansembe Achikatolika pa dziko lonse chinatsika ndi 7 peresenti. Ndipo m’zaka 15, avirigo anatsika ndi 33 peresenti. Pakali pano, chiyembekezo cha oloŵa m’malo n’chosatsimikizirika. M’zaka zochepera pa 20, kulembetsa m’maseminale Achikatolika mu United States kwatsika kuchokera pa 48,992 kufika ku 11,262.

Mathayo Achikatolika nawonso akuvutika. Pa nthaŵi ina, Society of Jesus, yoyambitsidwa mu Paris mu 1534 ndi Ignatius wa ku Loyola, inkalamulira kotheratu maphunziro m’maiko oŵerengeka. Ziŵalo zake, zodziŵika motchuka kukhala Ajesuit, zinatsogolera mu ntchito yaumishonale. Koma chiyambire 1965, umembala watsika koposa ndi mbali imodzi mwa zinayi.

Nzoipa kuti antchito akuchepa; komabe choipitsitsa nchakuti ambiri a iwo sangakhulupiriridwenso. Unyinji wa ansembe ndi avirigo amene amatsutsa malamulo a tchalitchi pa umbeta, njira zoletsera kutenga mimba, ndi mbali ya chipembedzo ya akazi chikuwonjezeka. Izi zinasonyezedwa mu January 1989 pamene akatswiri a maphunziro aumulungu 163 a ku Europe Achikatolika anapereka ndemanga yapoyera—pofika May 1 inali itasainidwa ndi oposa 500 owonjezereka—kupatsa mlandu Vatican wa kulamulira ndi kugwiritsira mphamvu molakwa.

Mamiliyoni angapo m’Dziko Lachikristu afa mwauzimu, minkhole ya kupereŵera kwa chakudya chauzimu. Munthu watchalitchi wa ku U.S. anavomerezadi pamene anadandaula kuti: “Tchalitchi [chakhala] msika wogulitsa zakudya zauzimu zosapatsa thanzi kwa odutsa. Ulaliki wa pasitala wakhala kokha ‘chapadera cha pa mlungu,’ choperekedwa kwa ogula pa mtengo wotsitsidwa chifukwa cha kudzipereka.”

Chiyambire 1965, umembala m’matchalitchi asanu aakulu Achiprotesitanti mu United States watsika ndi 20 peresenti ndipo kulembetsa kwa Sande sukulu ndi yoposa 50 peresenti. “Sikokha kuti zipembedzo zamwambo zikulephera kumveketsa uthenga wawo,” akulemba tero magazine a Time, koma “mowonjezereka izo sizotsimikizira za uthengawo.” Nzosadabwitsa kwenikweni, chifukwa cha njala yauzimu imeneyo, manyuzipepala ambiri a tchalitchi aleka kufalitsidwa. Kalekale mkati mwa ma 1970, imodzi ya iwo inachitira chisoni kuti: “Nyengo ya magazine wamba a tchalitchi . . . yatha.”

Gulu Lopanda Chikondwerero ndi Losavomereza

M’zaka za zana la 18, munthu waboma Wachingelezi Edmund Burke anazindikira kuti “palibe china chirichonse chimene chiri chakupha chotero ku chipembedzo kuposa kupanda chikondwerero.” Akanakhala kuti anali ndi moyo lerolino, akanapeza achipembedzo opanda chikondwerero ambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene anafunsidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo, 44 peresenti ya Alutheran mu United States ananena kuti sakanalankhula ponena za chikhulupiriro chawo kwa mabanja opanda tchalitchi ngati anafunsidwa ndi pasitala wawo kutero. Kufufuza kwaposachedwa kwambiri kunasonyeza kuti zoposa mbali zitatu mwa zinayi za Akatolika a ku U.S. amamva kuti kusamvana ndi papa, ngakhale pa nkhani za makhalidwe, sikumawalepheretsa iwo kukhala Akatolika abwino.

Mu Japan, 79 peresenti ya chiŵerengero chonse cha anthu amanena kuti kukhala wachipembedzo nkofunika kwambiri. Koma, mogwirizana ndi Religions of Modern Man, popeza kuti kokha mbali imodzi mwa zitatu imadzinenera kukhala yachipembedzo, nchachidziŵikire kuti ambiri ali opanda chikondwerero.

Achikulire opanda chikondwerero mwachipembedzo mwachisawawa samakhala ndi ana achangu ndi omvera. Kufufuza kwa a zaka 11 mpaka 16 zakubadwa kopangidwa ndi wotsogolera wa Institute of Psychology pa University ya Bonn, Germany, kunavumbula kuti kuposa ndi kale lonse, achichepere akuyang’ana kwa anthu oti akopereko mkhalidwe. Koma pamene anafunsidwa amene owatsanzira awo ali, achicheperewo analephera kutchula atsogoleri atchalitchi ngakhale kamodzi.

Chisonkhezero Chandale Zadziko Chikuzimiririka

Chipembedzo cholinganizidwa sichikuperekanso chisonkhezero pa ndale zadziko chimene chinali nacho kalelo. Mwachitsanzo, Vatican yakhala yosakhoza, ngakhale m’maiko aakulu Achikatolika, kuletsa kuperekedwa kwa malamulo a kuchotsa mimba, chisudzulo, ndi ufulu wakulambira amene simawakonda. Mofananamo, mikhalidwe yakakamiza Vatican kuvomereza pangano la mu 1984 limene linalanda chikhulupiriro Chachikatolika kaimidwe kake monga chipembedzo chokhazikika cha Italy!

Zimene chipembedzo chonyenga chinakwaniritsa kalelo mwa chididikizo chamachenjera cha ndale zadziko chikuyesera kuzikwaniritsa mwa magulu otsutsa apoyera otsogozedwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo otchuka, onga ngati akibishopu wa Anglican Desmond Tutu wa ku South Africa.

Tiimabe Titagwirizana, Ndi Kugwa Titagaŵanikana

Msonkhano wa mu 1910 wa zitaganya za amishonale Achiprotesitanti mu Edinburgh, Scotland, unabala gulu lachipembedzo lamakono. Gulu limeneli lalimbitsidwa posachedwapa m’kuyesera kuchilikiza kugwirizana kwachipembedzo ndi kumvana, kulola “chipembedzo Chachikristu” kulankhula ndi liwu limodzi.

Gulu lachipembedzolo limakhala m’mitundu yambiri. Sitepi lodziŵika linatengedwa mu 1948 mu Amsterdam pamene World Council of Churches inapangidwa. Poyambirirapo yopangidwa ndi chifupifupi matchalitchi 150 Achiprotesitanti, Anglican, ndi Orthodox, bungwelo limanyadira kuwirikiza kaŵiri chiŵerengerocho.

Ngakhale kuti sichiŵalo cha World Council of Churches, Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chikuwoneka kukhala chikupita kulinga kumeneko. Mu 1984 pa malikulu a bungwelo mu Switzerland, Papa John Paul anagwirizana ndi mlembi wamkulu womasiya ntchito wa bungwelo m’kutsogolera utumiki wachipembedzo wapemphero. Ndipo mu May 1989, Akatolika anali pakati pa anthu atchalitchi oposa 700 a ku Europe amene anasonkhana mu Basel, Switzerland, pa chimene nyuzipepala ina inachitcha “chochitika chachikulu koposa cha chipembedzo chiyambire Kukonzanso.”

Chiyambire pakati pa ma 1930, kufunitsitsa kwa kugonja kumeneku kwakhala kodziŵika chifukwa cha kuvomereza komakula kwa lingaliro lakuti zipembedzo zonse “Zachikristu” ziri ndi umodzi wachibadwa wopatsidwa ndi Mulungu. Monga “umboni” wa umodzi wachibadwa, World Council of Churches imagogomezera kuti ziŵalo zake zonse zilandire chiphunzitso cha Utatu, kuwona “Yesu Kristu monga Mulungu ndi Mpulumutsi.”

Dziko Lachikristu lafunanso kukambitsirana ndi zipembedzo zosakhala Zachikristu. Mogwirizana ndi The Encyclopedia of Religion, uku nkufuna kupeza kugonjera kothandiza “pakati pa ulamuliro wa maphunziro a zaumulungu, umene umasonyeza kuti ngati chikhulupiriro china ndicho chowonadi palibe zikhulupiriro zina zimene ziridi ndi kuyenera kwa kukhalako, ndipo kuphatikiza, kumene kumasonyeza kuti palibe kusiyana kokwanira pakati pa zikhulupiriro kwa kupereka vuto ndipo kuti kuziphatikiza zonsezo kungapange chikhulupiriro chatsopano cha mtsogolo.”

M’chenicheni, chipembedzo chonyenga chiri ngati chingwe chopangidwa ndi nkhosi zambiri, zonse zikumakokekera kumbali zosiyana. Ameneyu ndi kalambula bwalo ku tsoka, popeza kuti mawu a Yesu adakadikirabe kuti atsutsidwe: “Ufumu uliwonse wogawanika pawokha sukhalira kupasuka, ndi mudzi uliwonse kapena banja logawanika pa lokha silidzakhala.”—Mateyu 12:25.

Landirani Zowona, Kanani Zabodza!

Anthu ena angasankhe kunyalanyaza umboniwo. Koma kawonedwe kabwino kopanda maziko kangakhale kangozi. “Matchalitchi akhalako kwa m’mbadwo woposa umodzi ndi chiyembekezo chakuti zinthu zikasintha zokha kukhala bwino,” inadziŵitsa tero The Times ya ku London mu October 1988. Iyo inawonjezera kuti: “Mosasamala kanthu za kugwa kwakutali kwapang’onopang’ono kwa umembala wa tchalitchi mu Britain, pakhala kuyesayesa kochilikizidwa kochepera mkati mwa matchalitchi kwa kulongosola kapena kusintha, kapena kupanga malamulo ogwirizana nazo.” Iyo kenaka mwanzeru inamaliza kuti: “Gulu lirilonse lamalonda lomapeza kuti zogulitsa zake zikutsika mopitirizabe likakhoza kaya kudzikonzekeretsa lokha kaamba ka tsoka lenileni kapena kutenga masitepi a kuwongolera katundu wake ndi kagulitsidwe.”

Palibe chirichonse chimene chikusonyeza kuti chipembedzo chonyenga “chidzatenga masitepi a kuwongolera katundu wake ndi kagulitsidwe.” Maziko okha a kawonedwe kabwino kwa anthu owopa Mulungu ali kutembenukira ku chipembedzo chowona, chimene mtsinje wake woyenda wa madzi auzimu suli mu ngozi ya kuphwa. Ponena za chipembedzo chonyenga, “Nthaŵi Yoŵerengera Yayandikira!” Phunzirani zowonjezereka mu nkhani yathu yotsatira.

[Bokosi patsamba 24]

Mboni za Yehova: Madzi Awo Sakuphwa

“Pamene zipembedzo zamwambo zikugwa pang’onopang’ono, matchalitchi awo ndi akachisi akukhala opanda anthu nthaŵi zonse, Mboni za Yehova zikukumana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ziŵalo ndipo zikutengadi matchalitchi akale ndi nyumba zina zatsopano kuti zisonkhanitsemo ziŵalo zake.”—Le Petit Journal, nyuzipepala ya ku Canada.

“Mu Italy alimo zikwi 45 . . . Lerolino mpatukowo uli ndi magazine enieni, amene ali abwino ndiponso osangalatsa (ali odzaza ndi nkhani ndi zinthu zochokera ku dziko lonse), umasindikiza mabukhu aang’ono amene ali a panthaŵi yake ndiponso amayankha akatswiri enieni Achikatolika a Baibulo, limagaŵira Mabaibulo otembenuzidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku Chihebri . . . Ndi njira zimenezi, Mbonizo zakhala ndi chipambano chachikulu.”—Famiglia Mese, magazine Achikatolika a ku Italy (olembedwa mu 1975; pofika mu April 1989, chiŵerengero cha Mboni za Yehova mu Italy chinali chitafika ku 169,646.)

“[Mboni za Yehova] zikubatiza mazana mazana pamene ife tikubatiza aŵiriaŵiri ndi atatuatatu.”—The Evangelist, bukhu lodalirika la Evangelical Tract Distributors. (Mboni za Yehova zinabatiza anthu 69,649 mu 1962 pamene ndemanga imeneyi inapangidwa; mu 1988 chiŵerengero cha Mboni zobatizidwa chatsopano chinali 239,268.)

“Mu 1962 ndinamaliza phunziro la Mboni za Yehova ndi kumaliza kuti: ‘Kunena kuti Chitaganya cha Dziko Latsopano chidzazimiririka mwadzidzidzi n’kokaikirika.’ . . . Pali Mboni zoposa kuwirikiza kaŵiri lerolino [1979] kuposa pa nthaŵiyo. Zizindikiro zonse zikusonyeza kuti Watchtower Society idzawirikizanso kaŵiri mu ukulu mkati mwa zaka khumi zikudzazi.”—William J. Whalen mu U.S. Catholic. (Mboni 989,192 za mu 1962 zinafika ku 3,592,654 pofika 1988.)

Chiyambire 1970 chiŵerengero cha Mboni za Yehova mu Federal Republic of Germany (ndi West Berlin) chawonjezeka ndi 38 peresenti. M’zaka 30 zapita, chiŵerengero cha mipingo ya Mboni za Yehova mu Netherlands chawonjezeka kuchoka pa 161 kufika 317, ndipo mu Britain kuchoka pa 825 kufika 1,257, kupangitsa kukhala koyenera kumanga Nyumba Zaufumu zatsopano zambiri m’maiko aŵiri onsewo.—Yerekezerani ndi ndime 3 pansi pa mutu waung’ono wakuti “Ziyembekezo Zowala Zizimiririka.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Chipembedzo chimanyalanyazidwa m’piringupiringu wa dziko la lerolino