Nkhondo Imene Inasintha Zinthu Padziko

Zaka 100 zapitazo, acinyamata mamiliyoni ambili anacoka kunyumba zao ndi kupita kukamenya nkhondo. Iwo anacita zimenezi modzipeleka cifukwa ca mzimu wokonda dziko lao umene unali wofala. Mu 1914, munthu wina wa ku America amene analoŵa nkhondo mwa kufuna kwake, analemba kuti: “Ndine wokondwa kwambili cifukwa coganizila zinthu zosangalatsa zimene zidzacitika mtsogolomu.”

Koma posakhalitsa, cisangalalo cao cinatha ndipo anakhumudwa ndi zimene zinacitika. Palibe amene anadziŵa kuti magulu akulu-akulu a asilikali adzamenyana kwa nthawi yaitali ku Belgium ndi ku France. Pa nthawiyo, nkhondo imeneyi anali kuicha “Nkhondo Yaikulu.” Koma masiku ano, timaicha nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse.

Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inali yaikulu cifukwa cakuti inapha ndi kuvalaza anthu ambili. Ena amanena kuti inapha anthu pafupi-fupi 10 miliyoni ndi kuvulaza ena 20 miliyoni. Komanso nkhondoyi inacitika cifukwa cakuti anthu anacita zinthu mosalingalila bwino. Atsogoleli a ku Ulaya analephela kuthetsa mikangano ya maiko kuti nkhondo ya padziko lonse isayambe. Comvetsa cisoni kwambili n’cakuti “Nkhondo Yaikulu” imeneyo inabweletsa mavuto osaneneka. Inasintha zinthu padzikoli ndipo zimenezi zimatikhudza ngakhale masiku ano.

ZIMENE ZINAYAMBITSA NKHONDO

Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba cifukwa cakuti atsogoleli a maiko sanapange zosankha mwanzelu. Buku lina limanena kuti atsogoleli a maiko a ku Ulaya ‘sanali kudziŵa kuti zosankha zao zidzayambitsa mavuto a padziko lonse m’caka ca 1914.’—The Fall of the Dynasties—The Collapse of the Old Order 1905-1922.

Patapita milungu yoŵelengeka kucokela pamene Francis Ferdinand wa ku Austrian anaphedwa, maiko amphamvu a ku Ulaya anakakamizika kuyamba nkhondo. Nkhondo itangoyamba, anthu anafunsa mtsogoleli wa dziko la Germany kuti, “Kodi n’ciani cayambitsa nkhondo?” Mothedwa nzelu, iye anayankha kuti: “Palibe amene akudziŵa.”

Atsogoleli osiyana-siyana amene anapanga zosankha zimene zinayambitsa nkhondo sanadziŵe mavuto amene nkhondoyo idzabweletsa. Koma pasanapite nthawi yaitali asilikali anadziŵa zimene zinali kucitika. Iwo anazindikila kuti atsogoleli a maiko ao anawapusitsa, atsogoleli a machalichi ao anawanamiza ndipo akulu-akulu a asilikali anawacitila cinyengo. Kodi io anacita motani zimenezo?

Atsogoleli a maiko analonjeza kuti nkhondo idzathandiza kuti zinthu zikhale bwino padziko. Mtsogoleli wa dziko la Germany anati: “Tikumenya nkhondo kuti titeteze zinthu zathu, miyambo ndi cikhalidwe cathu ndi kukonza tsogolo lathu.” Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wa ku America analimbikitsa mfundo yakuti nkhondo “idzathandiza kuti ulamulilo wa demokalase ufalikile padziko.” Ku Britain, anthu anali kuganiza kuti nkhondoyo idzakhala “nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo zonse.” Koma maganizo awo anali wolakwika.

Atsogoleli acipembedzo anacilikiza nkhondo ndi mtima wonse. Buku lina limati: “Atsogoleli acipembedzo analimbikitsa anthu kumenya nkhondo m’malo mophunzitsa Baibulo. Popeza kuti anthu ambili analowetsedwa m’nkhondoyo, cidani cinafalikila m’maiko ambili.” (The Columbia History of the World) M’malo mothetsa cidani, atsogoleli acipembedzo anasonkhezela cidani. Buku linanso limati: “Atsogoleli acipembedzo analibe mphamvu yolimbikitsa anthu kucita zabwino ndipo ambili a io sanafune kucita zimenezo. Atsogoleli ambili acipembedzo anali kukamba kuti Mkristu ayenela kukhala wokonzeka kufela dziko lake. Asilikali a zipembedzo zosiyana-siyana zacikristu analimbikitsidwa kupha anzao m’dzina la Mpulumutsi wao.”—A History of Christianity.

Akulu-akulu a asilikali ananena kuti adzapambana nkhondo mwamsanga ndi mosavuta, koma si mmene zinthu zinayendela. Posakhalitsa nkhondo inafika poipa kwambili cifukwa palibe amene anaoneka kuti akugonja. Wolemba mbili wina ananena kuti asilikaliwo “anazunzika ndi kuvutika maganizo kwambili pankhondoyo kuposa ndi kale lonse.” Ngakhale kuti asilikali ambili anali kufa, akulu-akulu a asilikali anakakamizabe anthu ao kukamenya nkhondo yoopsayo. N’zosadabwitsa kuti asilikali ambili anagalukila atsogoleli ao.

Kodi anthu anakhudzidwa motani ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse? Buku lina limanena kuti msilikali wina amene anamenya nao nkhondoyo anati: “Nkhondoyo inaononga maganizo ndi makhalidwe a anthu a panthawiyo.” Nkhondo imeneyo itatha, maufumu ena amphamvu anathelatu. Nkhondo yoopsayi inali ciyambi ca nyengo imene anthu ambili anaphedwa pa nkhondo zosiyana-siyana kuposa nthawi ina iliyonse m’mbuyomu. Kugalukila boma kapena masitalaka pa nchito zikucitika kaŵili-kaŵili ngakhale masiku ano.

N’cifukwa ciani nkhondoyi inasintha zinthu kwambili padzikoli? Kodi zinangocitika mwangozi? Kodi mayankho a mafunso amenewa angatithandize kudziŵa mmene zinthu zidzakhalile mtsogolo?