Sakey a Nagban Imperyo ya Amabaing ed Saray Kritiko na Biblia
“Dati say awaran na imperyo na Asiria so sakey ed sankakilotan iran kapitulo ed saray kronika na mundo.” “Say kabat lambengat ed kadaanan a Ninive et say nilugan ed nikaykayat iran inkasalambit tan propesiya ed Biblia, tan say nibanbana tan samet iran impanukoy nen Diodorus Siculus . . . tan saray arum.”—Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, Tomo 1 tan 3, 1862.
SI Griegon manag-awaran a Diodorus Siculus so nambilay ed 2,000 a taon lan apalabas. Unong ed sikato, say Ninive so kuadradon syudad; say apatiran diking so walaan na dagup a 480 estadio ed dukey. Satan so 60 a milya a manpaliber! Iiter na Biblia so mipadparan deskripsyon, a manedeskribe ed Ninive bilang baleg a syudad “ya akaren ed taloy agew.”—Jonas 3:3.
Agpanisiaan na saray koma-19 siglon kritiko ed Biblia a say agkabat a syudad ed kadaanan a mundo so ontan kabaleg. Inkuan da met a no talagan niwala so Ninive, peteg a satan so kabiangan na kadaanan a sibilisasyon a tinumbokan na Babilonia.
Sayan panmoria so sumlang ed Genesis kapitulo 10, a mangibabagan si Nimrod ya apo-ed-pueg nen Noe so angiletneg na inmunan mapulitikan estado diad pasen na Babel, odino Babilonia. “Nanlapu ed satan a dalin,” ituloy na Biblia, “pinmaway ya anga ed Assur, tan impaalagey to so Ninive, tan say Rehobotir, tan Cale. Tan Resen ed leet na Ninive tan Cale: sikato so sakey a baleg a ciudad.” (Genesis 10:8-12) Imanoen, dedeskribien na kasulatan so apatiran balon syudad na Asiria a bilang sakey a “baleg a ciudad.”
Nen 1843 adiskobre na sakey ya arkeologon Pranses a si Paul-Émile Botta iray deral na palasyo ya apaneknekan a kabiangan na sakey a syudad na Asiria. Sanen sayan impakadiskobre so akabatan na lapag, satan so amawala na baleg a panpitamitam. Ipapaliwawa nen Alan Millard diad libro ton Treasures From Bible Times, a “say interes na lapag so binmaleg, sanen apaneknekan a say palasyo so kien nen Sargon, say ari na Asiria ya asalambit ed Isaias 20:1, a say kiwawala to so nanduaruwaan lapud sikatoy agkabat.”
Kaleganan to, sakey nin arkeologo, si Austen Henry Layard, so ginmapon nankotkot ed saray deral diad pasen a tinawag na Nimrud ngalngali 42 a kilometro diad mamaabalaten-sagur na Khorsabad. Saman so apaneknekan a saray deral na Cale—sakey ed saray apatiran syudad ya asalambit ed Genesis 10:11. Insan, nen 1849, akotkot nen Layard iray deral na baleg a palasyo diad pasen a tinawag na Kuyunjik, ed leet na Cale tan Khorsabad. Say palasyo so apaneknekan a kabiangan na Ninive. Walad leet na Khorsabad tan Cale iray deral na arum a nanayaman, a pati say talugtog a tinawag na Karamles. “No ipasen tayo so apatiran baleg a talugtog na Nimrud [Cale], Koyunjik [Nineve], Khorsabad, tan Karamles, bilang saray suyok na kuadrado,” kuan nen Layard, “naromog a saray apatiran diking so sustosuston ontukoy ed 480 estadio odino 60 milya ed geograpo, a satan so binaroy nen propeta [Jonas] ed taloran agew.”
Mapatnag, sirin, ya insakup nen Jonas so amin na sarayan nanayaman a bilang “baleg a ciudad,” a tinawag to ra unong ed ngaran na syudad ya inmunan nidatak ed Genesis 10:11, salanti, Ninive. Ontan met so nagagawa natan. Alimbawa, wala so pandumaan na orihinal a syudad na Londres tan saray kabangibang a pasen, a manitibukel ed no maminsan et tatawagen a “Babaleg a Londres.”
Mapangtan Ari na Asiria
Say palasyo ed Ninive so walaan na masulok a 70 kuarto, a walaan na ngalngalin 3 kilometron bakor. Walad sarayan bakor iray apoolan a kera na eskulturan mangipanonot ed saray impanalo ed militar tan arum iran agawaan. Kaslakan so aderal lan tuloy. Anggaman kuan, diad mansamposampot lan pansiansia to diman, adiskobre nen Layard so sakey a silir a nipreserban tuloy. Diad saray bakor et nidispley so impangiretrato ed impansakup ed kinutaan-a-tuloy a syudad, pati saray kautibo a manmamartsa ed arap na managsakup ya ari, ya akayurong ed trono diad paway na syudad. Diad tagey na ari et sakey ya inyukit ya impatalos na saray onsiano ed Asirianon panagsulat ya onggendan: “Si Senakerib, ari na mundo, ari na Asiria, so akayurong ed nimedu -trono tan pormal ya angusisa ed samsam ya (inala) manlapud Lakis (La-ki-su).”
Sayan displey tan inyukit so nanengneng natan ed British Museum. Mitukoyan itan ed maawaran ya ebento a nirekord ed Biblia diad 2 Arari 18:13, 14: “Dia ed komalabin-apat a taon nen Ezekias si Senakerib ari ed Asiria so tinmatdang sumpa ed saray amin a kinutaan a ciudad na Juda, tan inala to ra. Et si Ezekias ari ed Juda nanbaki ed ari ed Asiria ed Lakis, ya inkuan to, Nankasalanan ak, ompawil ka manlapu ed siak: pian say ipasakbat mo ed siak sakbaten ko. Et say ari ed Asiria angiter ed Ezekias ari ed Juda na talonlasus a talento a pilak tan talomplo a talento a balitok.”
Arum ya inyukit so aromog ed saray deral na Ninive a mangiiter na kaaruman iran detalye ed impansakup nen Senakerib ed Juda tan say buwis a binayaran nen Ezekias. “Angangko ta sakey ed saray makatantandan pampara na maawaran a paneknek a nirekord et say kantidad na kayamanan ed balitok a sinamsam ed si Ezekias, a talomplon talento, so mipakna ed duaran nambiigan a tuloy a salaysay,” insulat nen Layard. Si Sir Henry Rawlinson, a tinmulong a mangipatalos ed Asiryanon sulat so angiyabawag a sarayan inyukit so “nanggawa ed maawaran ya inkatoo nen [Senakerib] ya agnasuppiat.” Niarum ni, itetepet nen Layard ed libro ton Nineveh and Babylon: “Siopa’ta so nayari odino posiblin manisia, sakbay na sarayan impakadiskobre, a diad dalem na bunton na dalin tan basura ya ananda ed pasen na Ninive et naromog so awaran na saray bakal ed baetan nen Ezekias tan Senakerib, a nisulat ed mismon panaon sanen saratan so sinamsam a mismo nen Senakerib, tan mamepekder ed rekord na Biblia ed anggan sankamelagan iran detalye?”
Siempre, arum iran detalye na rekord nen Senakerib so agmipakna ed Biblia. Alimbawa, inkuan nen arkeologon si Alan Millard: “Say sankapatnagan a katuaan so walad sampot na [rekord nen Senakerib]. Imbaki nen Ezekias so igaganggan to, tan amin a buwis, so inter ed si Senakerib ed ‘saginonor, diad Ninive.’ Saratan so ag-insempet na armadan Asirio ed gendat a mananalon paraan.” Ibabaga na Biblia a say buwis so binayaran sakbay na impawil na ari na Asiria ed Ninive. (2 Arari 18:15-17) Akin a nandumaan? Tan akin ya agmakapanlastog si Senakerib nipaakar ed impanlubak ed kabisera na Juda, say Jerusalem, a singa say impanlastog to diad impanlubak ed kinutaan a Juda say Lakis? Iter na taloran managsulat na Biblia so ebat. Sakey ed sikara, say akatasi, so angisulat: “Say angel nen Jehova pinmaway, tan kinabil to ed pakalso na Asiria so sanlasus tan walomplo tan lima a libo; et sanen saray lalaki binmangon ira ya asaksakbay dia ed kabuasan, nia saraya sikara so inatey ya amin a bangkay. Dia ed ontan si Senakerib ya ari na Asiria tinmainan tan linma tan pinmawil, tan nanayam ed Ninive.”—Isaias 37:36, 37; 2 Arari 19:35; 2 Awaran 32:21.
Diad libro ton Treasures From Bible Times, ibabaga nen Millard: “Anggapoy maabig a rason a panduaruwaan iyan report . . . Malinew, say ontan a desyang so ag-irekord nen Senakerib pian basaen na saray kasandi to, lapud satan so mangipaabeba ed sikato.” Imbes, nanggunaetan nen Senakerib a palesaen so impresyon a maaligwas so impansakup to ed Juda tan si Ezekias so nantultuloy a nanpasakup, ya angipawit na buwis ed Ninive.
Apekderan Iray Gapoan na Asiria
Saray libraryan nankarga na sinamplon nilibo iran tapyas a langa so adiskobre met ed Ninive. Papaneknekan na sarayan dokumento a say Imperyo na Asiria so nanlapu ed abalaten a Babilonia, unong ya ipapanengneng na Genesis 10:11. Diad impangusar ed sayan impormasyon, inyapasakey na saray arkeologo iray sagpot da ed araddawin abalaten. Ipapaliwawa na Encyclopœdia Biblica: “Amin ya atilak na saray Asirio so mangipaparungtal ed Binababilonia a gapoan da. Say lenguahe tan metodo na panagsulat da, literatura ra, relihyon da, tan siensia ra so tinawir ed mamaabalaten a kakaabay da tekep balet na samet a panamasimbalo.”
Saray adiskobre a singa say walad tagey so amaskar ed saray kritiko na Biblia a manguman ed saray panmoria ra. On, say masimoon a panangusisa ed Biblia so mangiparungtal a saya so insulat na saray maalwar, matuan managsulat. Sakey a datin manunan ukom ed Korte Suprema na Estados Unidos, si Salmon P. Chase, so angikuan kayari impangusisa to ed Biblia: “Satan so andukey, masimoon, tan mapetepet ya impanaral: tan diad impangusar ed saray parehon prinsipyo na paneknek diad relihyoson pamaakaran a singa mabetbet kon gagawaen ed sekular iran pamaakaran, adampot ko so desisyon a say Biblia so sakey a libron ginawa na atagtagey-nen-too, satan so nanlapu ed Dios.”—The Book of Books: An Introduction.
Peteg, say Biblia so nagkalalo nen say suston awaran. Saya so impuyan a Salita na Dios, sakey a regalo parad kagunggunaan na katooan. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Say prueba ed saya so nanengneng diad pangusisa ed heograpiya na Biblia. Saya so nasingbat ed ontumbok a paway.
[Saray litrato ed pahina 6, 7]
Tagey: Taloran detalye ya inala manlapud naukitan a bakor
Leksab: Drowing na naukitan a bakor na Asiria a manedeskribe ed impankubkob ed Lakis
[Credit Lines]
(Courtesy of The British Museum)
(Nanlapud The Bible in the British Museum, ya impalapag na British Museum Press)
[Picture Credit Line ed pahina 4]
Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum