Abaharanira amahinduka boba bafise umuti w’ingorane?
UBUCURUZI burimwo ubusuma, amategeko arenganya, akarenganyo mu kibano, ivyo kubungabunga amagara y’abantu bicumbagira, amashure atigisha neza, abarya imitsi abandi bitwaje amadini be n’ukwonona ibidukikije. Izo ni ingorane zituma benshi muri twebwe bavunika umutima. Vyongeye, izo ni ingorane zikangura abaharanira amahinduka.
Abaharanira amahinduka bari ahantu nka hose, ugasanga bahimiriza ko ibintu bihinduka mu buryo buri ku rutonde, buhuje n’ibwirizwa shingiro. Muri rusangi abaharanira amahinduka si abantu baremesha ubusimbirahamwe canke akajagari, kubera yuko benshi muri bo birinda kurenga amategeko be n’ubukazi. Abaharanira amahinduka bamwebamwe usanga bafise ibiti mu kibano, gutyo bakaba ari bo bibwiriza guhindura ibintu. Abandi na bo barinda kwosha no guhimiriza abari ku butegetsi kugira ngo bagire ico bakoze.
Abaharanira amahinduka bagerageza gutuma ikibano gihindura ukuntu kibona ibibazo kanaka. Ntibiyamiriza ibintu gusa, ariko kandi usanga bafise ivyiyumviro vy’ukuntu ibintu vyoba vyiza gusumba. Kugira ngo abaharanira amahinduka bamenyeshe ibibaraje ishinga, barakwiragiza inzandiko mu banyagihugu, bakagira imyiyerekano mu mabarabara, bakimenyekanisha biciye mu nzego menyeshamakuru. Ku wuharanira amahinduka, kurabwa irarirari n’abanyagihugu biri mu bintu bibi kuruta ibindi vyose.
Abaharanira amahinduka babayeho
Muri kahise hamye hakunda kubaho amahinduka. Bibiliya itubwira yuko mu myaka nka 2.000 iheze, hari umuntu yafashe ijambo ku mugaragaro akeza Feliki icegera c’umwami yatwara intara y’Abaroma y’i Yudaya, mu kuvuga ati: “[“Amahinduka ariko aragirwa muri”, NW] ubu bgoko kubg’imigabo yawe” (Ivyakozwe 24:2). Imyaka nka 500 imbere y’uko Feliki abaho, umushingamategeko w’Umugiriki yitwa Solon yarasavye ko haba amahinduka kugira ngo abakene bisununure. Inkoranyabumenyi imwe (The Encyclopædia Britannica) isigura yuko Solon “yakuyeho akabi kabishe k’ubukene” muri Atenayi ya kera.
Muri kahise k’idini hamye hariho abaharanira amahinduka. Nk’akarorero, Martin Luther yaragerageje guhindura ibintu muri Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma, kandi utwigoro twiwe twarafashije mu gucira inzira abaporotisanti.
Aho amahinduka ashika
Abaharanira amahinduka boshobora kandi kugerageza guhindura ibintu bisanzwe vyo mu buzima. Hari abaharanira amahinduka baremesha uburyo bwo kubaho butandukanye n’ubwahahora. Ivyo ni ko vyagenze mu gihe ca vya vyiyumviro bataziriye ngo Lebensreform (amahinduka yerekeye uburyo bwo kubaho) vyashikirijwe mu Budagi mu ntango z’ikinjana ca 20. Kubera ko ubuzima bw’abantu bwarushiriza kwibanda ku mahinguriro, abantu bari basigaye bakora ibintu buheze umwuga kandi umwe wese yari satuntutwanje. Abaharanira amahinduka baremesha ivyo gusubira ku buzima bwibanda ku bidukikije. Baremesha amagara meza, gukurikirana ivyo kwidagadurira hanze y’i muhira, ubuvuzi bukoresha imiti y’ikirundi be n’ukudafungura inyama n’ifi.
Abandi baharanira amahinduka barashira ku kabarore akarenganyo bagaca bahata intwaro guhindura ivyo bintu. Guhera mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1970, imigwi ishigikira yivuye inyuma ivyo gukingira ibidukikije yariyamirije ikoreshwa nabi ry’ibidukikije be n’ihonywa ryavyo. Imwimwe muri iyo migwi yahavuye icika amashirahamwe mpuzamakungu. Abo bantu ntibagarukira gusa ku kugira imyiyerekano no kwiyamiriza ivyonona ibidukikije. Baranatanga inama z’ukuntu iyo ngorane yotorerwa umuti. Mu vyo baranguye, harimwo ugufasha mu vyo gushinga amategeko mu bijanye no gusesa mu mabahari imyanda irimwo ubumara no guhiga ibimizi.
Mu myaka ya 1960, Inama igira kabiri y’i Vatikano yaratanguje amahinduka muri Ekeleziya Gatolika ya Roma. Mu myaka ya 1990 na ho nyene, hari bamwebamwe mu bayobokamana bo muri Ekeleziya Gatolika baharaniye amahinduka. Nk’akarorero, batanze iciyumviro c’uko hoba ihinduka ku bijanye na ca kibazo c’uko abihebera Imana batubaka izabo. Abaharanira amahinduka bo mw’idini ry’abangilikani barasavye bashimitse ko ibintu bihinduka, abakenyezi bakemererwa kuba abasaseredoti.
Si bose bayerekwa
Amahinduka amwamwe yarashitse ku vyiza bihambaye. Nk’akarorero, Bibiliya irimwo uturorero tw’indongozi z’igihugu be n’utw’abandi bantu baremesheje amahinduka ngirakamaro. Utwigoro nk’utwo twatumye ivy’impwemu bigarukirwa, ikibano kiranagurwa vyongeye haraba ukwemerwa n’Imana (2 Abami 22:3-20; 2 Ngoma 33:14-17; Nehemiya ikigabane ca 8 n’ica 9). Muri iyi misi iheze, ukurushiriza gushimika ku vyerekeye ukwishira n’ukwizana, uburenganzira bw’abanyagihugu be n’agateka ka zina muntu kwarashitse ku bitari bike mu bijanye no gukingira be no kuburanira abantu b’inkehwa bacinyizwa be n’abantu batotezwa.
Ariko rero, amahinduka ntashobora gushimisha abantu bose. Uti kubera iki? Kimwe coco, igihe amahinduka agizwe, kenshi akwega n’ibindi bitari vyitezwe. Uwitwa John W. Gardner yahora mu bajejwe intwaro mu kinjana ca 20, yavuze ati: “Kimwe mu bintu vyabaye gitwengeje ni uko abaharanira amahinduka kenshi batabona neza ingaruka z’amahinduka baharanira”. Rimbura uturorero tumwetumwe.
Guhera mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1980, mw’Ishirahamwe ry’Abanyaburaya haratangujwe amahinduka mu vy’uburimyi yari afise intumbero yo kureka ibibanza vyahora birimwa bigahinduka ibisure. Politike nshasha mu vy’uburimyi yatumye bareka kurima isi ndimwa ingana n’amahegitari 300.000 mu Budagi no mu Butaliyano, ihinduka ibisure. Naho ivyo babikoze bafise intumbero nziza, hariho ingaruka mbi batari babonye. Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ibidukikije (PNUE) ryavuze riti: “Naho mu ntango iyo migambi yo kuzigama uburere yakiranywe igishika ikabonwa ko ari akaryo ko gutuma ubwo burere burushiriza kuba ngirakimazi mu bijanye n’ibidukikije, irashobora kugira ingaruka mbi, igatuma abantu baheba uburyo kama bwo kurima no kworora, bagatangura gukoresha uburyo butabereye bwo kubungabunga amashamba canke kuyatera”.
Ku biraba utwigoro two gufasha abakene, Ikigega mpuzamakungu cagenewe iterambere ry’uburimyi (FIDA) cavuze giti: “Utwigoro twose tugirwa ku neza y’abakene biciye ku mahinduka agirwa n’amashirahamwe, duhura n’ingorane zikomeye. Amashirahamwe akenshi arashingwa kandi agakora ku bw’inyungu z’abantu bakomakomeye. . . . Abavugwa ko ari abantu bakomakomeye bakunda gushinga amashirahamwe ku bw’inyungu zabo bwite”.
Akandi karorero ni iciyumviro c’uko abagore bongana n’abagabo. Ico ciyumviro catumye ubuzima bw’abagore bo mu bihugu vya Buraya buhinduka, bararonka uburenganzira bwo gutora, bararushiriza kwiga za kaminuza no kuronka ubuzi bukomakomeye. Mugabo, n’abashigikiye agateka k’abakenyezi bariyemerera yuko iciyumviro c’uko abagore bongana n’abagabo catoreye umuti ingorane zimwezimwe, muri ico gihe nyene gituma izindi zunyuka. Umwanditsi umwe yitwa Susan Van Scoyoc yabajije ati: “Mu kwitega ko abakenyezi bangana n’abagabo ku kazi yamara ntihagire ikintu gihinduka mu buzima bwabo bwa misi yose, twoba vy’ukuri twarabateje imbere canke twabasutse mu muriro udahera?”.
Amahinduka ata co amaze
Abaharanira amahinduka bamwebamwe bagirijwe ko bahinduye ibintu kugira gusa bapfe kugira ico bahinduye. Mu kudondora ico yise amahinduka ata co amaze, uwitwa Frederick Hess yagize ubushakashatsi ku mahinduka yo mu vy’amashure, yavuze ati: “Ingorane zituma utwigoro two kugira amahinduka akomakomeye tugira ingaruka zibabaje, ziva ku kuntu ayo mahinduka ubwayo agirwa. Aho gutorera umuti ingorane, utwo twigoro twakweze ibintu bisamaza vyatumye amaherezo [ingorane twari tugenewe gutorera umuti] zunyuka bwunyuke”. Abandanya ati: “Kubera ko intwaro iyo ari yo yose irondera kugira ivyo ihinduye, uko imyaka nk’ingahe ihera, ni ko ibintu vyama bica bisubira kuba bishasha”.
Amahinduka urashobora gusanga kandi asigaye akoreshwa mu guharanira ico atari yaragenewe, rimwe na rimwe ugasanga ari kibi. Vya vyiyumviro bishigikira amahinduka y’uburyo bwo kubaho (Lebensreform) mu Budagi, vyarafashije gutsimbataza ubushakashatsi bw’ukuntu hoboneka ubwoko bw’abantu bumeze neza kuruta, mu gutoranya abavyeyi bazovyarana abana bakomeye gusumba. Ariko rero, intagondwa zarakoresheje nabi ubwo bumenyi kugira zishigikire Abanazi mu rugamba barimwo rwo gutsimbataza ivyiyumviro vyabo vyo kurondera ko habaho ubwoko bw’abantu busumba ubundi bwose.
Mbere n’abaharanira amahinduka babigiranye umwete rimwe na rimwe baravunwa umutima n’ico avamwo. Umunyamabanga mukuru w’Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU Kofi Annan yidoze avuga ati: “Nibaza ko ikintu kibabaje kurusha ibindi ari uko twese tuba tuzi ikitagenda neza be n’icokorwa, mugabo akenshi ntidushobore kugira ico dukoze. Rimwe na rimwe, ibiro vy’umunyamabanga mukuru birashingwa ibanga ryo kugira ico bikoze kuri ico kintu, mugabo ntibihabwe uburyo bukenewe kugira iyo ngingo ishirwe mu ngiro. Rimwe na rimwe, iyo hariko haraba ibintu vy’agahomerabunwa maze tukaba dushaka gukangura isi, nta n’umwe agomba kugira ico akoze kubera ibintu bibi vyabaye muri kahise”.
Abaharanira amahinduka ntibokwitega gukundwa cane kubera ko mu gukwegera ivyiyumviro ku migambi bafise, batuma abandi batamererwa neza mu buzima bwabo. Ikinyamakuru Die Zeit carasubiyemwo ivyo umwigisha umwe wa kahise ko mu gihe ca none yitwa Jürgen Reulecke, akaba ari n’umuhinga mu vyerekeye abaharanira amahinduka, mu kuvuga giti: “Uwuharanira amahinduka yamye nantaryo ari ihwa mu mubiri”. Vyongeye, naho abaharanira amahinduka benshi birinda kurenga amategeko no gukoresha ubukazi, bamwebamwe muri bo bararambirwa igihe ibintu vyikwega. Igihe ibintu vyifashe gutyo, umuhari uharanira amahinduka urashobora kugira abanywanyi barenga amategeko.
Amahinduka agera kure yagizwe muri iyi myaka ya vuba, yoba yaratumye abantu muri rusangi bashira akanyota mu buzima gusumba uko vyahora? Bisa n’uko atari ukwo biri. Nk’akarorero, amatohoza yo kubaza abantu iryo bagona yabereye mu Budagi yerekana yuko haheze nk’imyaka 35 ata karusho abantu babona mu vyo gushira akanyota mu buzima bwabo. Tuvuge iki ku vyerekeye idini? Amahinduka yo mu vy’idini, yoba yaratumye ayo madini agira abanywanyi benshi? Abasenga muri ayo madini boba barushiriza gushimishwa na yo? Nta na gato. Kanatsinda, uko bukeye uko bwije ni ko abantu bo mu bihugu vya Buraya bareka kwitwararika ivy’Imana, kandi ni ko bareka gukwegerwa n’idini.
Yezu yoba yari umuntu aharanira amahinduka?
Hari bamwe bashobora kuvuga ko Yezu yari umuntu aharanira amahinduka. Ivyo vyoba ari vyo? Ico kibazo kirahambaye ku muntu wese yipfuza kuba umusavyi nyakuri w’Imana, kubera ko ivyo bisaba kuba umuyoboke wa Kirisitu agera ikirenge mu ciwe.—1 Petero 2:21.
Nta nkeka ko Yezu yari afise ubushobozi bwo gutuma haba amahinduka. Kubera yari umuntu atagira agasembwa, yari ashoboye kuba imboneza agatuma haba amahinduka ntasubirwamwo akongera agatanguza ibintu bishasha. Yamara, Kirisitu ntiyatanguje isekeza ryo gukura kw’isi abajejwe intwaro barya ibiturire be n’abadandaza b’ingunge. Ntiyayoboye ivyo kwiyamiriza akarenganyo mu kwiha amabarabara, naho ubwiwe yahowe ubusa akarenganywa bimwe bibi. Rimwe na rimwe, Yezu ntiyagira “ah’arambika umusaya”. Naho ari ukwo, ntiyatanguje umuhari uharanira kumenyesha ivyo abatagira aho bakika umusaya bakeneye. Igihe bamwebamwe baserura ko barajwe ishinga n’ibijanye n’amahera, yasiguye ati: “Aboro muramana imisi yose”. Yezu yagumye ata ho ahengamiye mu ndyane zo muri ino si.—Matayo 8:20; 20:28; 26:11; Luka 12:13, 14; Yohana 6:14, 15; 18:36.
Ego ni ko, ingorane z’ubukene, ibiturire n’akarenganyo ntivyabura gukora ku mutima Kirisitu. Kanatsinda, Bibiliya yerekana yuko yababazwa cane n’ukuntu abantu bari bateye ikigongwe (Mariko 1:40, 41; 6:33, 34; 8:1, 2; Luka 7:13). Ariko ico yatanze wari umuti ntangere w’iyo ngorane. Ico Kirisitu yari afise mu muzirikanyi, ntiryari ihinduka ritoyi ahubwo ryari ihinduka rikomeye ryerekeye ukuntu ivy’abantu bitunganijwe. Iryo hinduka rizoshirwa mu ngiro n’Ubwami bwo mw’ijuru bwashinzwe n’Umuremyi w’abantu, Yehova Imana, Yezu Kirisitu akaba ari we Mwami abutegeka. Ivyo biraza kwihwezwa mu kiganiro gikurikira.
[Uruzitiro ku rup. 28]
“Narahatswe gutakaza ubuzima ndiko nkingira ibidukikije”
Uwitwa Hans yamaze imyaka 48 ari umukozi wo mu bwato bugira ingendo mu biyaga, 35 muri yo ayimara ari umukapitene w’ubwato. Ari mu kuva muri ako kazi, yarabaye umukapitene w’ubwato bukoreshwa n’ishirahamwe rikingira ibidukikije. Asigura ati:
Namye nantaryo nibaza yuko abantu bakwiye gusonera ibidukikije bakongera bakavyubahiriza. Igihe rero naronka akaryo ko kuba kapitene w’ubwato butwara umugwi ujejwe gukingira ibidukikije, sinahigimanze. Akazi twakora kari ako gushira ku kabarore ibibangamira ibidukikije. Tugitangura gutunganya ivyo kugira isekeza mu kiyaga, twarasaba abamenyeshamakuru kubigiramwo uruhara kugira ngo n’abanyagihugu babimenye. Twaragiye mu kiyaga kugira ngo tubuze abagisesamwo imyanda irimwo ubumara. Mu rindi sekeza twaragerageje kubuza abaroba ibikoko vyo mu mazi vyitwa phoques be n’ivyana vyavyo.
“Ico nticari igikorwa c’umuntu atinya. Narahatswe gutakaza ubuzima ndiko nkingira ibidukikije. Igihe kimwe turiko turiyamiriza iyononwa ry’ibidukikije, nariboheye ku nǎnga y’ubwato nkoresheje amapingu, impera n’imperuka nsanga bantanye n’iyo nǎnga ibwina mu kiyaga. Ikindi gihe, nari muri bene ka kato k’imoteri kanyaruka, kariko kagendera iruhande y’ubwato bunini. Hari umuntu yakororeye icuma kiremereye muri ako kato, bituma kubama. Narakomeretse cane”.
Hans yahavuye atahura ko naho intumbero z’iryo shirahamwe zari nziza, yariko ashira ubuzima bwiwe mu kaga kandi ata n’ikintu kinini kandi kiramba vyafasha mu gukingira ibidukikije (Umusiguzi 1:9). Amaze igihe gito avuye muri uwo mugwi uharanira ugukingira ibidukikije, yariganye Bibiliya n’Ivyabona vya Yehova hanyuma arabatizwa acika Icabona. Muri iki gihe ni umusuku w’igihe cose. Avuga ati: “Bibiliya yaramfashije gutahura yuko icizigiro rudende cumvikana mu bijanye no kwitwararika ibidukikije ari Ubwami bw’Imana butwarwa na Mesiya”.
[Uruzitiro ku rup. 29]
Yararwanye aharanira amahinduka
Sara (si ryo zina ryiwe) yavukiye muri Aziya hagati y’imyaka ya 1960. Yari umuyabaga igihe intwaro yahinduka mu gihugu ciwe hakaza ubutegetsi bushasha, ubwasezeraniye abanyagihugu guhindura ibintu mu vya politike no mu vy’imibano. Mu ntango, abanyagihugu bo muri ico gihugu baranezerejwe n’iryo hinduka. Ariko haheze umwaka umwe, iyo ntwaro nshasha yaciye itangura guhama abayirwanya nk’uko nyene iyahahora yabigira. Abantu benshi baracitse inkokora, Sara na we aca aja mu muhari urwanya iyo ntwaro nshasha. Asigura ati:
“Umuhari wacu utavuga rumwe na Leta waragira amanama, kandi twaraja mu mabarabara kugira ngo tuyiyamirize. Igihe abasoda bamfata, nariko ngendagenda mu mabarabara y’umurwa mukuru manikanga ibicapo nongera nkwiragiza inzandiko mu bantu. Bahavuye bandekura. Abandi bo muri uwo mugwi wacu ntivyabagendeye neza. Babiri mu bagenzi banje b’abakobwa barafashwe hanyuma baricwa. Ubuzima bwanje bwari mu kaga, ari na co gituma dawe yampimirije guhunga ico gihugu”.
Sara amaze gushika i Buraya, yarize Bibiliya hanyuma arabatizwa aba Icabona ca Yehova. Muri iki gihe ni umusuku w’igihe cose. Sara asubije amaso inyuma, avuga ati:
“Ico nipfuza, bwari ubutungane be n’ugutorera umuti ingorane zo mu kibano cacu. Narabonye ko intwaro nshasha yashinzwe mu gihugu cacu yatanguye ifise imigambi nk’iyo nyene, mugabo irahinduka iba mbi ku buryo itakaza intumbero yayo hanyuma itangura gucura abantu bufuni na buhoro. Naratahuye kandi ko wa mugwi narimwo urwanya Leta utatoreye umuti ingorane zo mu gihugu cacu (Zaburi 146:3, 4). Ubu ndatahura yuko Ubwami bw’Imana butwarwa na Mesiya ari wo muti w’ingorane abantu bafise”.
[Picture credit line on page 25]
Hejuru amaja iburyo: Ifoto ya U.S. Information Agency
[Iciyumviro ku rup. 26]
“Kimwe mu bintu vyabaye gitwengeje ni uko abaharanira amahinduka kenshi batabona neza ingaruka z’amahinduka baharanira”.
—John W. Gardner
[Ifoto ku rup. 26, 27]
“Nibaza ko ikintu kibabaje kurusha ibindi ari uko twese tuba tuzi ikitagenda neza be n’icokorwa, mugabo akenshi ntidushobore kugira ico dukoze”.
—Kofi Annan, Umunyamabanga mukuru w’Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU
[Credit line]
Kofi Annan: Ifoto ya UN/DPI yafashwe na Evan Schneider (Ruhuh.97); ifoto y’inyuma: WHO/OXFAM
[Ifoto ku rup. 27]
Ca gihome c’i Berlin casenyuwe mu 1989
[Ifoto ku rup. 28]
Amahinduka yo mu vy’idini aheruka kugirwa, yoba yaratumye ayo madini agira abanywanyi benshi?