Injili ni izo kwizigirwa mu buryo ki?

“Muri iki gihe Injili zikwiye kubonwa nk’inkuru z’ibitito abakirisu bo mu ntango biremaremeye.”​—Vyavuzwe na Burton L. Mack yahoze ari umwigisha w’ivyigwa vy’Isezerano Rishasha.

UWO mwigisha duhejeje gusubiramwo ivyo yavuze, si we wenyene afise iciyumviro nk’ico. Incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya zitari nke zaribajije niba Injili ya Matayo, ya Mariko, ya Luka be n’iya Yohani ari izo kwizigirwa, izo na zo zikaba zigana ivyerekeye ubuzima bwa Yezu be n’ubusuku yaranguye. Ni kubera iki none hari ababona ko Injili zimeze nk’inkuru z’ibitito? Mbega ivyiyumviro vyabo vyoba bikwiye gutuma ukekeranya ku vy’uko izo Njili ari iz’ukuri? Nimuze twihweze ibintu bimwebimwe bivyemeza.

Havyuka ibibazo ku bijanye n’ukuba Injili ari izo kwizigirwa

Mu binjana 17 vya mbere vyo muri iki gihe cacu, ukuba Injili ari izo kwizigirwa ntivyari bwigere bikekeranywa bimwe bikomeye. Ariko rero, kuva canecane mu kinjana ca 19 ni ho incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya zitari nke zatangura kubona ko Injili zitahumetswe n’Imana, ariko ko ari inkuru abantu biremaremeye. Vyongeye, baranse kwemera ko abanditsi b’izo Njili bari bafise amakuru yerekeye Yezu ajanye n’ivyo bari bariboneye, bongera bararahira bararengwa bavuga ko abo bantu batari bashoboye kwandika inkuru yo kwizigirwa yigana ivyabaye. N’ikindi kandi, barashitse no ku ciyumviro c’uko ngo amasano ari hagati y’ukuntu Injili zitatu za mbere zitunganijwe be n’ivyo zivuga, zino zikaba rimwe na rimwe zitwa imvugarimwe, canke ‘izibona ibintu mu buryo bumwe,’ yerekana ko umwe wese muri abo banditsi b’Injili ahanini yimuye ivyo uwundi yaba yanditse. Izo ncabwenge zariyamirije kandi ibitangaro Yezu yakoze be n’izuka ryiwe bivugwa muri izo Njili. Hari n’abavuze mbere ko Yezu atari umuntu yabayeho koko!

Abo bantu nyene bahavuye bashika ku ciyumviro c’uko ngo Mariko ategerezwa kuba ari we yanditse Injili ya mbere, kubera yuko bisa n’aho ata bintu bihambaye yongera ku bivugwa mu Njili ya Matayo n’iya Luka. Izo ncabwenge zarongeye kandi ziravuga yuko ngo Matayo na Luka bisunze igitabu ca Mariko kugira bandike Injili zabo be n’uko ngo bisunze isôko ry’inyongera, ni ukuvuga ca candikano incabwenge zise Q ([soma ki] rikaba ari izina rivuye mw’ijambo ry’ikidagi Quelle risobanura ngo “isôko”). Nk’uko incabwenge imwe mu vya Bibiliya yitwa A.F.J. Klijn ibivuga, ico ciyumviro gishimwa na benshi “carateje urubwa abanditsi b’Injili mu kuvuga ko ari abantu bakorakoranya inkuru zatoratowe hirya no hino.” Iciyumviro nk’ico mu vy’ukuri gituma abanditsi b’Injili babonwa ko ari abantu bimura ivyo abandi banditse bagaca bavyiyitirira, bakaba n’abaremarema inkuru z’ibitito. Iyo nyigisho yatumye abantu bizigira buhoro amajambo yahumetswe n’Imana yo muri Bibiliya.​—2 Timoteyo 3:16.

Abanditsi b’Injili boba bimuye ivyo abandi banditse bagaca bavyiyitirira?

Amasano ari hagati ya za Njili zivuga rumwe yoba mu vy’ukuri yerekana ko umwe wese mu bazanditse yapfuye kuza arimura ivyo uwundi yaba yanditse? Habe namba! Uti kubera iki? Kimwe coco ni uko Yezu yari yarasezeraniye abigishwa biwe ko impwemu nyeranda ‘yobibukije ibintu vyose yari yarababwiye.’ (Yohani 14:26) Ntibitangaje rero kubona mu vyabaye, hariho ibintu bimwebimwe bisa abo banditsi b’izo Njili bibutse bongera barandika. Ego ni ko bamwe mu banditsi ba Bibiliya bashobora kuba barasomye bongera barisunga ivyo abandi banditsi ba Bibiliya bari baranditse, ariko ukwo kwari ukugira ubushakashatsi bwitondewe, ntikwari ugupfa kwimura ivyo abandi banditse hanyuma ngo bavyiyitirire. (2 Petero 3:15) Vyongeye, inyizamvugo imwe (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) ivuga iti: “Kuba abantu bari bamenyereye ko inkuru zihererekanwa ku munwa, bishobora kuba ari vyo bisigura neza igituma ibintu vy’intibagirwa Yezu yavuze vyaranditswe nk’uko nyene yabivuze.”

Luka yavuze ko yavuganye n’abantu benshi bavyiboneye kandi ko “[ya]kurikiranye neza ibintu vyose kuva mu ntango.” (Luka 1:1-4) None ivyo vyoba bitanga iciyumviro c’uko yoba yimuye ivyo abandi banditse maze akavyiyitirira, canke ko ivyo yanditse ari inkuru z’ibitito yiremaremeye? Uwokubesha! Inyuma y’aho umucukuzi umwe w’ivya kera yitwa William Ramsay asuzumiye yitonze ivyo Luka yanditse, yashitse kuri iki ciyumviro: “Luka ni umutohozakahise wo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Ivyo avuga si ivyo kwizigirwa gusa, ariko kandi ni umuntu azi ingene ivyabaye muri kahise bikwiye kwandikwa . . . Uwo mwanditsi arakwiye gushirwa mu rutonde rw’abatohozakahise bahambaye cane.”

Ivyo abanditsi bakomeye ba Ekeleziya bo mu ntango bashingiye intahe, dushizemwo n’ivy’umunyatewolojiya umwe wo mu kinjana ca gatatu yitwa Orijeni yanditse, na vyo nyene biravuga yuko intumwa Matayo ari we yatanguye kwandika Injili. Orijeni yanditse ati: “Iya mbere yanditswe na Matayo, wa wundi nyene yigeze kuba umutozakori, ariko mu nyuma akaba intumwa ya Yezu Kristu, uno akaba yayandikiye abahoze mw’idini ry’Abayuda bacitse abizera, maze ayandika mu giheburayo.” Biragaragara ko Matayo, uwari intumwa akaba n’uwanditse ivyo yiboneye, atari akeneye kwimura no kwiyitirira ivyo Mariko yanditse, uno akaba atari ari ho yari ari igihe vyaba. Tuvuge igiki none ku bijanye n’ivyo vyiyumviro vy’uko ngo Matayo na Luka bimuye ivyo Mariko yanditse be n’uko ngo bisunze igifatwa ko ari icandikano c’isôko ciswe Q?

Injili ya Mariko yoba ari yo yatanguye kwandikwa?

Ya nyizamvugo (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) ivuga ko iciyumviro c’uko ngo Injili ya Mariko ari yo yatanguye kwandikwa be n’uko ngo ari yo Matayo na Luka bisunze kidashingiye ku “mvo n’imwe yumvikana kandi y’ukuri.” Yamara, incabwenge nyinshi zibona ko Mariko yanditse Injili yiwe imbere y’uko Matayo na Luka bandika izabo, kubera zivuga yuko ngo Mariko ata bintu bihambaye yongera kuri izo zindi Njili. Nk’akarorero, incabwenge imwe mu vya Bibiliya yo mu kinjana ca 19 yitwa Johannes Kuhn yarashimitse ku vy’uko Injili ya Mariko itegerezwa kuba ari yo yatanguye kwandikwa. Ariko, Kuhn yavuze kandi ati: “Umuntu yoshobora kwiyumvira ko Mariko yafashe imizingo ya Matayo be n’iya Luka ayicagaguramwo uduhimba dutoduto, atuvangavangira mu nkono, maze urwo ruvange aca arukuramwo Injili yiwe.”

Kubera ko Injili ya Mariko ari yo ntoyi kuruta izindi, ntibitangaje rero kubona irimwo amakuru make cane tudasanga mu zindi njili. Ariko rero, ivyo ntivyerekana ko itegerezwa kuba ari yo yatanguye kwandikwa. N’ikindi kandi, ivy’uko ngo Mariko ata bintu bihambaye yongeye ku vyo Matayo na Luka banditse, si vyo na gato. Inkuru ya Mariko yigana mu buryo bukomeye kandi bwihuta cane ubusuku Yezu yaranguye, mu vy’ukuri irimwo ahantu harenga 180 dushizemwo n’amakuru y’ido n’ido ashimishije tudasanga mu Njili ya Matayo no mu ya Luka, ivyo bikaba bituma iyo njili yigana ubuzima bwa Yezu iba koko inkuru idasa n’izo zindi.​—Raba uruzitiro ruri ku rupapuro rwa 13.

Bite ho ku bijanye na ca candikano c’isôko ciswe Q?

Tuvuge iki none ku bijanye na ca candikano c’isôko ciswe Q, ico bamwebamwe bavuga yuko ari co Matayo na Luka bisunze? Umwigisha w’ivy’Imana umwe yitwa James M. Robinson avuga ati: “[Icandikano] Q ni co gisomwa ca gikirisu mu vy’ukuri gihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose dufise.” Ayo majambo aratangaje kubera yuko ico candikano muri iki gihe ata kiriho, kandi mu vy’ukuri nta n’umwe ashobora kwemeza ko cigeze kubaho! Ico candikano birumvikana rwose ko cagiye amazimayongo kubera ko incabwenge zivuga yuko ngo hari amakopi yaco atari make ategerezwa kuba yarigeze gukwiragizwa. Vyongeye, abanditsi ba Ekeleziya bo mu ntango ntibigeze basubiramwo amajambo yo muri ico candikano.

Zirikana kuri iki kintu. Hari abibaza ko ico candikano coba carabayeho kandi ko coba carashigikiye iciyumviro c’uko ngo Injili ya Mariko ari yo yatanguye kwandikwa. None ico si ikintu kimwe abantu biyumviriye gishingiye ku kindi kintu biyumviriye nyene? Ku bijanye n’ivyiyumviro mwene ivyo, vyoba biranga ubukerebutsi tugumije ku muzirikanyi uwu mugani ugira uti: “Imburabwenge yemera ijambo ryose, arik’umunyamakenga agenda agavye.”​—Imigani 14:15.

Injili ni iz’ukuri kandi ni izo kwizigirwa

Twisunze ivyo izo ncabwenge zivuga be n’ivyo ziyumvira bitagira ishingiro, dusanga zarasamaje abantu benshi ntibaba bagisuzuma inkuru zo kwizigirwa zo mu Njili zigana ubuzima bwa Yezu be n’ubusuku yaranguye. Izo nkuru zirerekana neza ko abakirisu bo mu ntango batabona yuko ivyabaye bijanye n’ubuzima bwa Yezu, ubusuku yaranguye, urupfu rwiwe be n’izuka ryiwe ari inkuru z’ibitito. Abantu amajana n’amajana bavyiboneye baremeje ko ivyo bintu vyabaye koko. Abo bakirisu bo mu ntango, bano bakaba bari biteguriye n’umutima ukunze guhamwa mbere no kwicwa bakicwa bahowe kuba bakurikira Yezu, baratahura neza yuko kuba umukirisu ata co vyobaye bisobanura niba inkuru zigana ubusuku Yezu yaranguye be n’izuka ryiwe ari ivyiyumviro vy’uruhendo.​—1 Abakorinto 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Timoteyo 2:2.

Umwigisha umwe w’ivya tewolojiya yitwa George W. Buchanan, yisunze ukutavuga rumwe kuri muri ivyo vyiyumviro bivuga yuko ngo Injili ya Mariko ari yo yatanguye kwandikwa be n’uko ngo hariho icandikano c’isôko c’akayoberabahinga ciswe Q cagiye amazimayongo, avuga ati: “Kwitunira ku vyiyumviro bivuga inkomoko y’ibintu, birasamaza umutohoji wa Bibiliya ntabe aciga igisomwa cayo ubwaco.” Ico ciyumviro kirahuza n’impanuro intumwa Paulo yahaye Timoteyo yamusaba “kutumviriza inkuru z’ikinyoma be n’ivy’amamuko, ata co bivamwo, mugabo bigatanga ibibazo vyo kugirira ubushakashatsi aho kuvamwo itangwa ry’ikintu cose kiva ku Mana mu bijanye n’ukwizera.”​—1 Timoteyo 1:4.

Injili ni izo kwizigirwa. Zirimwo inkuru z’ukuri ziganwa n’abavyiboneye. Ni inkuru zagiriwe ubushakashatsi bwitondewe. Ziratwiganira ibintu vyinshi bishimishije vyabaye vyerekeye ubuzima bwa Yezu Kristu. Ku bw’ivyo rero, nka kumwe kwa Timoteyo wo mu gihe ca kera, vyoba vyiza twumviye aya majambo ya Paulo agira ati: “Ushishikare mu vyo wize ukavyumvishwa ukavyemera.” Turi n’imvo zikomeye zo kwemera yuko “icanditswe cose cahumetswe n’Imana,” aho hakaba harimwo na za Njili zine.​—2 Timoteyo 3:14-17.

[Ifoto ku rup. 13]

Iyo Injili ya Mariko itaba yaranditswe, ntitwomenye ko . . .

Yezu yeraguje akaraba abantu ashavuye, atuntujwe cane n’ugukomantara kw’imitima yabo (Mariko 3:5)

Yohani na Yakobo bataziriwe ngo Bowanerige (Mariko 3:17)

wa mugore yava amaraso yari yarakoresheje utwiwe twose (Mariko 5:26)

Herodiya yamanira inzika Yohani Umubatizi kandi ko Herodi yatinya Yohani akongera akamukingira (Mariko 6:19, 20)

Yezu yabwiye abigishwa biwe ngo baze kuruhuka gatoya (Mariko 6:31)

Abafarizayo bakaraba iminwe kugeza mu nkokora (Mariko 7:2-4)

Yezu yafashe abana mu maboko yiwe (Mariko 10:16)

Yezu yumvise akunze wa mutegetsi yari akiri muto (Mariko 10:21)

Petero, Yakobo, Yohani na Andereya babajije Yezu mu mwiherero (Mariko 13:3)

umusore umwe yataye impuzu yiwe nziza (Mariko 14:51, 52)

N’ikindi kandi, kimwe mu bigereranyo Yezu yatanze be na bibiri mu bitangaro yakoze tubisanga gusa mu gitabu ca Mariko.​—Mariko 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.

Injili ya Mariko irimwo amakuru menshi y’ido n’ido yibonewe n’uwayanditse tudasanga mu zindi Njili. Tuzorushiriza vy’ukuri kwerekana ko dukenguruka ku bw’iyo Njili nitwafata umwanya tukaza turazirikana bimwe bishitse ku gaciro k’ayo makuru yose y’ido n’ido ari n’ico avuze.