Uko Huldrych Zwingli yashakishije ukuri ko muri Bibiliya

Muri iki gihe abantu benshi b’imitima itaryarya bo mu madini atandukanye, bashobora kwigenzurira niba ibyo bizera bishingiye ku byo Bibiliya yigisha koko. Icyakora mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16 si uko byari bimeze. Byaterwaga ni iki? Byaterwaga n’uko abantu benshi batashoboraga kubona Bibiliya mu ndimi zabo kavukire. Ibyo byatumaga abantu bake cyane bo mu madini ari bo bashobora kugereranya inyigisho z’amadini yabo n’ukuri ko muri Bibiliya. Nanone urebye abayobozi b’amadini nta cyo babafashaga. Igitabo cyitwa History of the Christian Church cyaravuze kiti: “Kiliziya yo mu Busuwisi yari yarangiritse. Abayobozi bayo nta bumenyi bari bafite kuri Bibiliya, bizeraga ibintu bidafite aho bishingiye kandi bariyandarikaga.”

Muri icyo gihe ni bwo Huldrych Zwingli yatangiye gushakisha ukuri ko muri Bibiliya. Yageze kuki? Yagezaga ate ku bandi ibyo yabaga yabonye? Kandi se ibyamubayeho n’ibyo yizeraga bitwigisha iki?

Zwingli atangira ubushakashatsi bwe

Igihe Zwingli yari mu kigero cy’imyaka 20, yifuzaga kuzaba umupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika. Kimwe n’abandi bifuzaga kuba abapadiri muri icyo gihe, Zwingli yagombaga kwiga filozofiya, imigenzo ya Kiliziya, n’inyandiko zanditswe n’“Abakurambere ba Kiliziya” aho kwiga Bibiliya ubwayo.

Ni mu buhe buryo Zwingli yatangiye kwibonera ukuri ko muri Bibiliya? Igihe yigaga muri Kaminuza ya Basel, mu Busuwisi, yakurikiranye inyigisho za Thomas Wyttenbach, warwanyaga gahunda yashyizweho na Kiliziya yo guca umuntu amafaranga bitaga indulugensiya.a Dukurikije ibyo umwanditsi umwe yavuze, inyigisho za Wyttenbach zatumye Zwingli amenya ko Yesu, yapfuye rimwe gusa kugira ngo tubabarirwe ibyaha byacu” (1 Petero 3:18). Igihe yasobanukirwaga ko igitambo cya Yesu ari cyo cyonyine gituma tubabarirwa ibyaha, yamaganye inyigisho ya Kiliziya ivuga ko umuntu ashobora kubabarirwa ibyaha ari uko ahaye abayobozi ba Kiliziya amafaranga (Ibyakozwe 8:20). Nubwo byari bimeze bityo ariko, Zwingli yakomeje kwiga nyuma aza kuba n’umupadiri, afite imyaka 22.

Igihe Zwingli yari mu kigero cy’imyaka 20, yiyigishije ururimi rw’Ikigiriki agamije gusobanukirwa neza ururimi rw’umwimerere rwakoreshejwe mu kwandika igice cya Bibiliya cyiswe Isezerano Rishya. Nanone, yasuzumye inyandiko za Erasmus amenya ko Yesu ari we Muhuza wenyine w’Imana n’abantu nk’uko Bibiliya ibyigisha (1Timoteyo 2:5). Ibyo byatumye Zwingli atangira gushidikanya ku nyigisho ya Kiliziya Gatolika ivuga ko abatagatifu bagira uruhare mu gufasha abantu kwegerana n’Imana.

Igihe Zwingli yari mu kigero cy’imyaka 30, yarushijeho gushakisha ukuri. Icyakora hagati aho, yanabaye ushinzwe iyobokamana mu gisirikare (omoniye) mu ntambara nyinshi zaberaga mu Burayi zo kwigarurira u Butaliyani. Mu rugamba rwabereye i Marignano mu mwaka wa 1515, yiboneye ukuntu Abagatolika bishe abandi Bagatolika babarirwa mu bihumbi. Hashize imyaka mike, Zwingli yatangiye kwandukura n’intoki imirongo myinshi y’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki ndetse anayifata mu mutwe. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1519, yari atuye mu mujyi wa Zurich, wakorerwagamo ibikorwa bya politike mu Busuwisi. Aho ni ho yafashe umwanzuro w’uko Kiliziya ikwiriye kureka kwigisha inyigisho iyo ari yo yose idahuje na Bibiliya. Ariko se yari bukore iki kugira ngo afashe abandi na bo bafate mwanzuro nk’uwo?

“Izi nyigisho ni ubwa mbere tuzumvise”

Zwingli yizeraga ko abantu baramutse bamenye ukuri ko muri Bibiliya bareka ibinyoma by’abanyamadini. Ni yo mpamvu amaze kuba umupadiri muri Kiliziya izwi cyane y’i Grossmünster mu mujyi wa Zurich, yatangiye kubwiriza abantu akurikije gahunda yari yateguye. Yaretse kujya asoma amasomo ya misab yari mu Kilatini yari amaze ibinyejana byinshi akoreshwa. Ahubwo yigishaga abantu akoresheje amavanjiri yo muri Bibiliya, akabigisha ahereye ku gice ajya ku kindi, kugeza ayarangije. Aho gusobanura imirongo y’Ibyanditswe agendeye ku nyandiko zanditswe n’“Abakurambere ba Kiliziya,” yayisobanuraga akoresheje indi mirongo. Ibyo yabikoraga kugira ngo imirongo isa naho ikomeye ayisobanure akoresheje indi yumvikana neza.—2 Timoteyo 3:16.

Sergio Azenha/Alamy Stock Photo

Iyo Zwingli yabaga yigisha, yafashaga abantu kubona akamaro Bibiliya ibafitiye mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Yigishaga amahame mbwirizamuco yo muri Bibiliya, kandi yarwanyije inyigisho zo gusenga Mariya nyina wa Yesu, gusenga abatagatifu, kwishyura amafaranga kugira ngo ubabarirwe ibyaha, hamwe n’ibikorwa by’ubwiyandarike byakorwaga n’abayobozi b’idini. Abantu bakiriye bate inyigisho ze? Amaze kwigisha ku nshuro ya mbere, bamwe baravuze bati: “Izi nyigisho ni ubwa mbere tuzumvise.” Hari umuhanga mu mateka wanditse ku birebana n’Abagatolika bakurikiraga inyigisho za Zwingli agira ati: “Abantu bari bararetse kuza mu misa bitewe n’ibikorwa bibi kandi biteye isoni by’abapadiri, none ubu baragarutse.”

Mu mwaka wa 1522, abapadiri basabye abayobozi ba politike bo mu mujyi wa Zurich kugerageza kubuza abantu gukurikiza inyigisho zinyuranye n’imigenzo ya Kiliziya. Ibyo byatumye Zwingli ashinjwa ubuhakanyi. Kubera ko atashakaga kureka ibyo yari yaramenye yasezeye mu bapadiri.

Zwingli yakoze iki?

Nubwo Zwingli atari akiri umupadiri yakomeje kubwiriza no gufasha abantu kwemera ibyo yize muri Bibiliya. Inyigisho ze zatumye amenyekana cyane mu bantu yigishaga, kandi ibyo byatumye abanyapolitike bakomeye b’i Zurich bamwubaha kandi bakamutega amatwi. Bitewe n’uko abanyapolitike bamwubahaga, yagerageje gutuma habaho ivugurura mu birebana n’amadini mu mujyi wa Zurich. Urugero, mu mwaka wa 1523, yatumye abayobozi b’inkiko bo mu mujyi wa Zurich bahagarika inyigisho z’idini izo ari zo zose zidahuje n’Ibyanditswe. Mu mwaka wa 1524, Zwingli yabasabye ko hashyirwaho itegeko ribuzanya gusenga ibigirwamana. Abacamanza bafatanyije n’ababwirizabutumwa bo muri uwo mujyi hamwe n’abaturage, bashenye ibicaniro, ibigirwamana, ibishushanyo n’ibisigazwa by’abatagatifu. Igitabo kitwa Zwingli—God’s Armed Prophet cyaravuze kiti: “Uretse ibikorwa byo gusahura amazu y’amadini byakozwe mu majyaruguru y’u Burayi, mu madini yo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi ho nta kintu kigeze gisenywa.” Nanone guhera mu mwaka wa 1525, Zwingli yatumye insengero z’amadini, abategetsi bazihindura amavuriro kandi yemerera ababikira n’abapadiri gushaka. Ikindi kandi yatanze icyifuzo cy’uko Misa yasimburwa n’ikiganiro kigufi gishingiye kuri Bibiliya (1 Abakorinto 11:23-25). Abahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ko imihati Zwingli yakoresheje, yatumye abanyamadini b’i Zurich n’abanyapolitike bakorera hamwe kugira ngo hategurwe uko hakorwa amavugurura kandi hashingwe idini rishya ry’Abaporotesitanti.

Umurimo w’ingenzi cyane Zwingli yakoze ni uguhindura Bibiliya. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1520, yakoranye n’itsinda ry’abahanga bahindura Bibiliya bakoresheje inyandiko z’umwimerere z’Igiheburayo n’iz’Ikigiriki hamwe na Bibiliya ya Septante yari mu Kigiriki na Vulgate yari mu Kilatini. Bakoreshaga uburyo bworoshye. Basomaga buri murongo mu mwandiko wo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere no mu zindi Bibiliya zariho icyo gihe zizewe. Baganiraga ku cyo uwo murongo waba usobanura, hanyuma bakandika ibyo bemeranyije. Umurimo bakoze wo gusobanura no guhindura Ijambo ry’Imana, watumye haboneka umubumbe wa Bibiliya yiswe Zurich Bible yasohotse mu mwaka wa1531.

Zwingli yari umuntu uvugisha ukuri, ariko nanone yari umuntu utubaha imyizerere y’abandi kandi yakundaga kurakara cyane. Urugero, mu mwaka wa 1525, yagize uruhare mu rubanza rw’Abanabatisita, batemeranyaga na we ku birebana no kubatiza impinja. Igihe inkiko zakatiraga igihano cy’urupfu umuntu wese warwanyaga ko abana batagombaga kubatizwa, Zwingli ntiyigeze arwanya icyo gihano kiremereye. Nanone kandi, yasabye abayobozi mu bya politike gukoresha imbaraga za gisirikare mu rwego rwo gukwirakwiza inyigisho nshya. Icyakora, uturere twinshi twari twiganjemo Abagatolika mu Busuwisi, twarwanyije ayo mavugurura . Ibyo byatumye haduka intambara y’abenegihugu. Zwingli yajyanye ku rugamba n’abasirikare bavuye i Zurich kandi yaguye muri urwo rugamba, afite imyaka 47.

Ibintu byaranze Zwingli

Ni uby’ukuri ko Huldrych Zwingli afite uruhare rukomeye mu mateka, nubwo atazwi cyane nka Martin Luther na John Calvin bagize uruhare rukomeye mu ivugurura ry’Ubuporotesitanti. Zwingli yarwanyije cyane inyigisho za Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma kurusha Luther kandi ibyo yakoze byatumye kwemera ibitekerezo bya Calvin byorohera abantu. Ni yo mpamvu abantu bakunze kwita Zwingli, umugabo wa gatatu waharaniye ivugurura (Third Man of the Reformation).

Zwingli yaranzwe n’ibintu byiza n’ibibi. Kugira ngo akwirakwize inyigisho ze, yifatanyije mu bikorwa bya politike n’intambara. Kubera ibyo bikorwa yakoze, yananiwe gukurikiza urugero rwa Yesu Kristo, wirinze kwivanga muri politike kandi akigisha abigishwa be gukunda abanzi babo, aho kubica.—Matayo 5:43, 44; Yohana 6:14, 15.

Ariko nanone Zwingli yiyigishaga Bibiliya ashyizeho umwete kandi yari yariyemeje kugeza ku bandi ibyo yize. Yasobanukiwe inyigisho nyinshi z’ukuri ko muri Bibiliya kandi yafashije abandi gukora nk’ibyo yakoze.