Lotu Kristen Bilong Pastaim i Bin Lainim Ol Man Long God Triwan o Nogat?
Namba 3 Hap—Ol Man i Helpim Bilip Kristen i Bin Lainim Ol Man Long God Triwan o Nogat?
Wastaua bilong Novemba 1, 1991 na Februeri 1, 1992 i kamapim klia olsem Jisas na ol disaipel na ol tisa Kristen bilong bipo i no bin lainim ol man long God Triwan. Tasol olsem wanem long ol bikman bilong lotu long yia 160 samting? Ol i bin lainim ol man long dispela tok o nogat?
KLOSTU long yia 150 (C.E.) na i go inap yia 200 samting i gat sampela bikman bilong lotu ol i bin raitim ol tok bilong helpim bilip Kristen olsem ol i save long en, na ol dispela tok i bilong sakim ol tingting i birua long bilip Kristen na planti lain bilong Rom i holim long dispela taim. Ol i kirap mekim dispela wok long taim ol tisa Kristen i laik pinis long raitim ol tok bilong ol, na bihain long dispela taim.
Sampela i bin raitim ol tok long tok Grik, olsem Jastin Matir, na Tatian, na Atenagoras, na Tiofilus, na Klemen bilong Aleksandria; na Tetulian i bin raitim long tok Rom. Ol misin long nau i bilip long God Triwan ol i tok, i gat 3-pela man (em Papa na Pikinini na Holi Spirit) na ol i wanpela God tasol—olgeta wan wan i God tru, tasol i no gat 3-pela God, i gat wanpela God tasol. Em bilip bilong ol misin long nau. Tasol ol bikman bilong lotu long bipo i bin lainim ol man long dispela God Triwan o olsem wanem?
“Pikinini i Stap Nambatu”
Wanpela man i raitim buk (Dr. H. R. Boer, buk A Short History of the Early Church) na em i stori long ol bikpela tok ol dispela bikman bilong lotu i bin lainim ol man long en na em i tok:
“Jastin [Matir] i bin lainim ol man olsem taim God i no wokim yet graun Em wanpela tasol i stap na i no gat Pikinini. . . . Taim God i laik wokim graun, . . . em i kamapim wanpela god bilong mekim dispela wok bilong em. [Baibel] i kolim dispela god olsem . . . Pikinini bilong God, long wanem, God i bin kamapim em . . .
“Jastin na ol narapela man i bin raitim ol tok bilong helpim bilip Kristen ol i bin lainim ol man olsem Pikinini em i samting God i bin wokim. Em i stap antap tru na em i gat bikpela strong inap long em i wokim graun, tasol em i samting God i bin wokim. Ol tisa bilong lotu, taim ol i stori long Pikinini i stap olsem wanem long Papa ol i tok, Pikinini i stap nambatu. Pikinini i stap nambatu long Papa, long wanem, Papa i bin givim laip long em na em i mas wetim Papa i helpim em long olgeta samting. Ol man i bin raitim ol tok bilong helpim bilip Kristen ol i bilip olsem Pikinini i stap nambatu.”1
Wanpela man i raitim buk (Dr. Martin Werner, buk The Formation of Christian Dogma) na em i stori long tingting bilong pastaim long Pikinini i stap olsem wanem long God, na em i tok:
“Olgeta i bilip olsem Pikinini i stap nambatu, olsem Krais i stap nambatu long God. Taim Nupela Testamen i stori long Jisas i stap olsem wanem long God Papa, long olgeta taim Nupela Testamen i tok, . . . em i stap nambatu. Na long Nupela Testamen, long Gutnius em Matyu na Mak na Luk i raitim, Jisas yet em i namba wan man bilong tokaut olsem Pikinini i nambatu long God. . . . Dispela tingting bilong pastaim i strong na i stap ples klia na i stap longtaim. ‘Ol tisa bilong lotu i stap paslain long bikpela bung bilong ol bisop long Naisia, olgeta i tokaut olsem Tok em i nambatu long God.’ ”2
Wanpela man i wanbel long dispela tok (em R. P. C. Hanson, buk The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God) na em i raitim tok olsem:
“Long yia 325 samting ol man i kirap long tok pait long tingting bilong Arius [em i tok Krais i no God], tasol paslain long dispela, olgeta tisa bilong lotu long Sios bilong Is na bilong Wes ol i gat sampela tingting olsem Pikinini i nambatu long Papa.”3
Narapela man tu (em Dr. Alvan Lamson) i kamapim wankain tok long tingting bilong ol bikman bilong lotu paslain long bikpela bung long Naisia (325 C.E.). Em i raitim buk (The Church of the First Three Centuries) na em i tok:
“Planti tisa Kristen paslain long bung bilong Naisia, o ating olgeta, ol i bilip olsem Pikinini i stap nambatu. . . . Yumi ken save ol i ting Pikinini i narapela na Papa i narapela, long wanem, ol i tokaut klia olsem Pikinini i aninit long Papa. . . . Ol i tingim em i narapela man na em i nambatu tasol.”4
Na Robert M. Grant i raitim buk (Gods and the One God) i stori long ol dispela man i bin raitim ol tok bilong helpim bilip Kristen, na em i tok:
“Ol tok bilong ol long Krais i wankain olsem bilong Nupela Testamen—ol i tok Krais i nambatu tasol. Oltaim Pikinini i stap nambatu long Papa, em dispela wanpela God bilong Olpela Testamen. . . . Ol dispela man bilong raitim tok long bipo ol i no lainim ol man long God Triwan. . . . Paslain long Naisia, klostu olgeta tisa Kristen i lainim ol man olsem Krais i stap nambatu.”5
Ol misin i lainim ol man long God Triwan ol i tok Pikinini i bin stap oltaim wankain olsem Papa na em i bikpela olsem Papa long strong na biknem na save bilong em. Tasol ol dispela man i bin raitim ol tok bilong helpim bilip Kristen i tok, Pikinini i no bikpela olsem Papa. Ol i tok, Pikinini i nambatu. Dispela i no tok bilong God Triwan.
Ol i Bihainim Bilip Bilong Ol Kristen Bilong Pastaim
Planti man bilong helpim bilip Kristen na planti tisa Kristen bilong bipo i bihainim bilip bilong ol Kristen bilong pastaim long Pikinini i stap olsem wanem long Papa. Buk bilong Werner (The Formation of Christian Dogma) i stori olsem:
“Long taim bilong ol Kristen Bilong Pastaim, i no gat liklik kros o tok pait samting long God em i God Triwan o nogat, olsem i bin kamap bikpela tru insait long Misin long bihain. Yumi ken save, as bilong dispela i olsem: Lotu Kristen Bilong Pastaim i ting, Krais em i . . . wanpela ensel bilong heven, na God i bin wokim em na makim em bilong kamapim long las de . . . Kingdom bilong God.”6
Na wanpela bikpela buk (The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) i stori moa long ol tok ol tisa Kristen bilong pastaim i bin lainim ol man long en, na buk i tokaut olsem:
“Tingting bilong Misin long pastaim i olsem: Taim ol i toktok long God Papa, namba wan tingting bilong ol i no olsem em i Papa bilong Jisas Krais. Nogat. Ol i tingim em i As bilong olgeta samting. Olsem na em i God i winim olgeta narapela. . . . Em i no bin kamap nupela long wanpela taim; em i stap oltaim na i no inap i dai; em i no save senis; em i bikpela tumas long yumi stori long em; yumi no inap lukim em; no gat wanpela man i bin wokim em. Em yet i bin wokim olgeta samting. . . .
“I olsem ol i ting Papa tasol em i God tru, na Pikinini wantaim Spirit i nambatu tasol. Na planti tok bilong pastaim i olsem i helpim dispela tingting.”7
Tru, sampela tok moa bilong dispela bikpela buk i daunim ol dispela tok i tru na buk i tok, long dispela taim bipo ol i bin bilip long God Triwan, tasol ol samting tru i bin kamap i makim klia olsem dispela tok bilong buk i no stret. Tingim tok bilong Kadinal Niuman, em wanpela tisa Katolik i gat nem, em i tok:
“Yumi ken tok, Misin Bilong Pastaim i bin bilip long olgeta tok long Bikpela bilong yumi . . . Tasol ol i no bin bilip long dispela tok Katolik olsem God em i God Triwan. Mi no lukim sampela tok i makim olsem planti bikman bilong misin long pastaim i bilipim dispela tok . . .
“Ol tok bilong kamapim bilip long dispela taim bipo i no toktok liklik . . . long God Triwan. Ol i stori long Tripela; tasol i no gat tok hait long dispela—ol i no tok olsem Tripela i Wanpela, na Tripela i bikpela wantaim na i bin i stap oltaim, na i no gat man i bin wokim ol, na Tripela wantaim i gat olgeta strong, na yumi no inap save long ol. I no gat liklik tok olsem. Nogat tru.”8
Tok Bilong Jastin Matir
Wanpela man bilong helpim bilip Kristen i stap pastaim tru, em Jastin Matir (yia 110 i go inap 165 C.E.). I gat sampela rait bilong em i stap, tasol ol dispela rait i no stori liklik long God Triwan, olsem i gat tripela man i bikpela wantaim na ol i wanpela God tasol. Nogat tru.
Olsem: Long wanpela Baibel Katolik (Jerusalem Bible), Sindaun 8:22-30 i stori long Jisas taim em i no kamap man yet long graun na i tok: “Yawe i bin wokim mi long taim em i wok long kamapim klia laik bilong em long pastaim, em i wokim mi pastaim. . . . Solwara i no kamap yet na mi kamap . . . Long taim mi kamap, [God] i no bin wokim yet ol liklik maunten . . . Mi stap wantaim [God] olsem saveman i bosim wok.” Jastin i stori long tok bilong ol dispela ves (long buk Dialogue With Trypho) na Jastin i tok:
“Em, Baibel i kamapim klia olsem, Papa i bin wokim Pikinini paslain long olgeta narapela samting; na yumi olgeta i save, samting man i wokim i stap narapela long man i bin wokim—tupela i no wanpela tasol.”9
God i bin kamapim Pikinini, olsem na Jastin i bin kolim dispela tok “God” long Pikinini. Long namba wan rait bilong em bilong helpim bilip Kristen (First Apology), Jastin i tok: “Papa bilong heven na graun em i gat wanpela Pikinini; em dispela wanpela Pikinini em God yet i bin kamapim na em i Tok bilong God, na em i God.”10 Baibel tu i kolim dispela bikpela nem “God” long Pikinini bilong God. Long Aisaia 9:6, Baibel i tok, em i “God i gat bikpela strong.” Tasol Baibel i kolim ol narapela tu olsem “god,” olsem ol ensel, na ol man, na ol god giaman, na Satan. (Ol ensel: Buk Song 8:5 long sampela Baibel; skelim wantaim Hibru 2:6, 7. Ol man: Buk Song 82:6. Ol god giaman: Kisim Bek 12:12; 1 Korin 8:5. Satan: 2 Korin 4:4.) Long hap bilong Baibel ol i raitim pastaim long tok Hibru (Olpela Testamen), insait bilong dispela tok “God” (tok Hibru, ʼEl) i olsem “Strongpela Man” o “Man i gat bikpela strong.” Na long Nupela Testamen, insait bilong tok Grik yumi tanim olsem “God” (the·osʹ) i wankain tasol.
Tok Hibru ol i tanim olsem “God” long Aisaia 9:6, dispela tok i makim klia tru olsem Pikinini i narapela na God i narapela. Long wanem, Aisaia i kolim Pikinini olsem “God i gat bikpela strong” (ʼEl Gib·bohrʹ); i no tok Pikinini em i “God I Gat Olgeta Strong.” Baibel i save kolim God Jehova wanpela tasol olsem “God I Gat Olgeta Strong” (tok Hibru, ʼEl Shad·daiʹ).
Tru, Jastin i kolim Pikinini olsem “God,” tasol i no gat wanpela taim em i tok, Pikinini em i wanpela bilong tripela man i bikpela wantaim, em tripela wantaim i God na i wanpela God tasol. Nogat tru. Long wanpela rait (Dialogue With Trypho) Jastin i tok:
“I gat . . . narapela God na Bikpela [em Jisas taim em i no kamap man yet] na em i aninit long Man bilong wokim olgeta samting [God I Gat Olgeta Strong]; na ol i kolim Em [Pikinini] olsem wanpela Ensel, long wanem, Em [Pikinini] i save tokim ol man long olgeta samting God i laik tokim ol long en, em Man bilong wokim olgeta samting na em God i antap tru, winim olgeta narapela. . . .
“[Pikinini] i narapela long dispela Man i bin wokim olgeta samting—mi laik tok, tupela i no wanpela—mi no laik tok, laik bilong Pikinini i narapela.”11
Long sapta 6 bilong namba wan rait bilong Jastin bilong helpim bilip Kristen (First Apology) em i bekim tok long ol haiden i sutim tok long ol Kristen na i tok, ol Kristen i no save bilip long God. Jastin i tok:
“Mipela i save lotu na givim biknem long Em [God], na long Pikinini (em i bin kam long God na lainim yumi long ol dispela samting), na long ol planti planti narapela gutpela ensel i bihainim God na God i bin wokim ol i kain olsem Em, na long Spirit tu.”12
Wanpela man bilong tanim dispela tok (em Bernhard Lohse), em i tok: “Jastin i tok ol Kristen i save givim biknem long God na Pikinini na ol i lotuim tupela, na em i skruim i go moa na tok, ol i save mekim olsem long ol ensel tu, tasol em i kolim ol ensel pastaim na Holi Spirit bihain.”13—Lukim tu buk An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine.14
Olsem na tru, i olsem Jastin Matir i bin lusim tok i tru bilong Baibel long ol Kristen i mas lotu long husat, tasol em i no ting Pikinini i bikpela olsem Papa, olsem em i no ting ol ensel i bikpela olsem Papa. Mipela laik kamapim sampela tok moa bilong buk bilong Lamson (Church of the First Three Centuries) i stori long Jastin olsem:
“Jastin i tingim Pikinini i narapela long God, na i stap aninit long God. Em i no ting Jisas em i wanpela bilong ol tripela man, . . . em i stap narapela long God, em God i as bilong olgeta strong na biknem em i kisim; em i stap aninit long God na bihainim laik bilong God long olgeta samting. Papa i nambawan; Pikinini i nambatu: Papa em i as bilong strong; Pikinini i kisim strong long Papa: Papa i kamapim ol samting; Pikinini em i wokman o rot bilong em bilong kamapim. Ol i no wanpela; ol i tupela, tasol tupela i wanpela long laik bilong ol, olsem tupela i stap wanbel; oltaim Pikinini i save daun long laik bilong Papa.”15
Na tu, i no gat wanpela taim Jastin i tok spirit holi i wanpela man i bikpela wantaim Papa na Pikinini. Nogat. Olsem na yumi no ken tok, Jastin i bin lainim ol man long God Triwan, olsem ol misin i bilip long en long nau.
Tok Bilong Klemen
Klemen bilong Aleksandria (yia 150 inap 215 samting C.E.) em tu i kolim dispela tok “God” long Pikinini. Na em i kolim Pikinini olsem “Man bilong wokim ol samting,” tasol i no gat wanpela taim Baibel i kolim dispela tok long Jisas. Olsem wanem? Klemen i laik tok, Pikinini i bikpela olsem God long olgeta samting, em God i gat olgeta strong na em i Man bilong wokim olgeta samting? Nogat. Klemen i tingim tok bilong Jon 1:3 i tok long Pikinini olsem: “Olgeta samting i kamap, em [Pikinini] yet i mekim kamap.”16 God i bin givim wok long Pikinini olsem man bilong mekim kamap ol samting God i laik kamapim.—Kolosi 1:15-17.
Klemen i kolim Nambawan Bikpela God olsem “God na Papa bilong Bikpela bilong yumi, Jisas,”17 na em i tok, “Bikpela em i Pikinini bilong Man i bin wokim olgeta samting.”18 Na Klemen i tok: “God bilong olgeta, em wanpela tasol i gutpela na stretpela Man bilong wokim olgeta samting, na Pikinini [i stap] long Papa.”19 Olsem na Klemen i tok, Pikinini i gat God bilong em i stap antap long em.
Klemen i stori olsem God em i “namba wan man bilong givim laip oltaim, na em wanpela tasol inap givim, na Pikinini i bin kisim long Em [God] na em i givim long yumi.”20 Yumi save, Man bilong givim laip oltaim long pastaim, dispela Man i winim man i kisim laip oltaim long em na givim long ol narapela. Olsem na Klemen i tok, God em i “namba wan, na antap tru, winim olgeta narapela.”21 Na em i tok, Pikinini “i stap klostu long dispela Man em wanpela tasol i Man I Gat Olgeta Strong,” na em i tok, Pikinini i save “mekim olgeta samting stret long laik bilong Papa.”22 Planti taim Klemen i kamapim klia olsem God I Gat Olgeta Strong em i antap na i winim Pikinini.
Wanpela buk (The Church of the First Three Centuries) i stori long Klemen bilong Aleksandria na i tok:
“Yumi inap kolim planti tok bilong Klemen, em Klemen i tok klia olsem Pikinini i aninit long Papa na i stap nambatu tasol. . . .
“Sapos wanpela man i kaunim na tingim ol tok Klemen i bin raitim na em i kirap kisim tingting olsem Klemen i ting Pikinini na Papa i wanpela tasol, bai mipela i kirap nogut tru. Pikinini i stap aninit long Papa na em wantaim Papa i no wanpela, . . . na long olgeta hap ol man i save, Klemen i bilip olsem God i narapela na Pikinini i narapela—ol i tupela man—wanpela i antap na narapela i aninit long em.”23
Na mipela laik tok gen olsem: Maski i olsem sampela taim Klemen i kalapim tok i tru bilong Baibel long Jisas, i no gat wanpela taim long ol rait bilong em, em i tok long God Triwan, olsem tripela man i bikpela wantaim na ol i wanpela God tasol. Nogat. Na ol narapela man i bin helpim bilip Kristen, em ol i stap namel long taim bilong Jastin na taim bilong Klemen, olsem Tatian na Tiofilus na Atenagoras, ol tu i no lainim ol man long God Triwan. Lamson i tok, ‘ol i no bilip long God Triwan olsem Jastin yet i no bilip long en; ol i no bilip olsem God em i tripela na tripela i bikpela wantaim; nogat; ol i lainim ol man long tok i narapela kain olgeta long dispela bilip.’24
Bilip Bilong Tetulian
Tetulian (yia 160 inap 230 samting C.E.) em i namba wan man bilong kolim tok Rom trinitas. Wanpela man (Henry Chadwick) i tok, Tetulian i bin kamapim tingting olsem ‘i gat tripela man i stap na ol i wanpela God.’25 Tasol i no olsem em i ting i gat tripela man i stap bikpela wantaim na tripela wantaim i bin stap oltaim. Nogat. Tasol sampela man i raitim ol tok bihain long taim bilong em na ol i laik kisim dispela bilip bilong God Triwan, ol i bin skruim sampela tingting long tingting bilong Tetulian.
Tingting bilong Tetulian long Papa na Pikinini na spirit holi i narapela kain tru long tingting bilong ol misin long nau long God Triwan. Tetulian i tingim Pikinini i stap nambatu long Papa. Long wanpela rait bilong em (Against Hermogenes) em i raitim tok olsem:
“God wanpela tasol i no gat man bilong kamapim em o wokim em; yumi no ken ting i gat narapela i olsem God long dispela samting. Nogat. . . . Olsem na yu ting i gat wanpela i bin i stap longtaim moa na i gat bikpela nem moa, winim Pikinini bilong God, em Tok, em namba wan samting God i bin kamapim na em wanpela tasol God yet i bin kamapim? Nogat. Papa wanpela tasol i winim em. . . . [God] i no gat Man bilong givim laip long em, em i gat bikpela namba moa, winim bilong [Pikinini] em [Pikinini] i gat Man bilong wokim em na givim laip long em.”26
Long narapela rait (Against Praxeas), Tetulian i kamapim klia olsem Pikinini i narapela long God I Gat Olgeta Strong, na em i nambatu long Em. Tetulian i tok:
“[Pikinini] yet i tok: ‘Papa i stap namba wan tru na i winim mi.’ . . . Olsem na Papa i narapela long Pikinini. Papa i bikpela na i winim Pikinini, long wanem, Man i kamapim wanpela man em i narapela long dispela man em i kamapim, na Man i salim wanpela man em i narapela long dispela man em i salim, na tu, man i wokim ol samting em i narapela long man i stap rot bilong em long wokim ol dispela samting.”27
Na (long rait Against Hermogenes) Tetulian i tok moa olsem, i gat wanpela taim em Pikinini i no bin i stap, olsem na yumi save, Tetulian i no ting Pikinini i bin i stap oltaim wankain olsem God.28 Kadinal Niuman i tok: “Yumi mas ting olsem Tetulian i gat ol narapela kain bilip long Bikpela i bin i stap oltaim oltaim long bipo.”29 Lamson i stori long Tetulian na em i tok:
“Tetulian i bilip olsem Tok o Pikinini em i bin i stap oltaim oltaim long bipo olsem samting bilong Papa, na bihain em i kamap man tru. Tasol Tetulian i ting Pikinini i stap nambatu . . .
“Sapos kot i skelim Tetulian long em i sakim bilip bilong misin o nogat, na kot i tingim bilip bilong ol man long God Triwan long nau, bai Tetulian i lus long kot. Bilip bilong em i no wankain olsem bilong ol.”30
No Gat God Triwan
Sapos yu kaunim olgeta tok ol dispela man i bin raitim bilong helpim bilip Kristen, bai yu kisim save olsem: Tru, ol i bin lusim tok bilong Baibel liklik, tasol i no gat wanpela i bin lainim ol man long God Triwan, olsem Papa na Pikinini na spirit holi wantaim i bin i stap oltaim na tripela i bikpela wantaim long strong na namba na save bilong ol. Nogat tru.
Na i wankain long ol narapela man i bin raitim ol buk long yia 150 i go inap yia 250 samting, olsem Airenias, Hipolitas, Origen, Siprian, Novesen. Tru sampela i bin tok, Pikinini i bikpela olsem Papa long sampela samting, tasol ol i kamapim klia olsem ol i tingim Pikinini i nambatu long God Papa long ol narapela samting. Na i no gat wanpela i bin tok spirit holi i bikpela olsem Papa na Pikinini. Olsem: Origen (yia 185 inap yia 254 samting C.E.) i tok, Pikinini bilong God em i “Namba Wan long olgeta samting God i bin wokim.” Na Origen i tok, Baibel i “kamapim klia olsem God i bin wokim Em paslain tru long olgeta narapela samting.”31
Sapos yumi skelim gut rait bilong ol dispela bikman bilong lotu long bipo yumi ken save, long taim bilong ol i no gat dispela bilip bilong ol misin long God Triwan. Nogat tru. I olsem wanpela buk (The Church of the First Three Centuries) i tok:
“Bilip bilong planti man long nau long God Triwan . . . i no bin kamap long ol rait bilong Jastin: na ol narapela bikman bilong lotu paslain long bung bilong Naisia, ol tu i no kamapim sampela tok long en; em wankain long olgeta Kristen i bin raitim buk insait long tri handet yia bihain long taim mama i karim Krais. Tru, ol i save toktok long Papa, na Pikinini, na Spirit holi i autim tok profet, tasol ol i no tok olsem tripela i bikpela wantaim, na tripela i wanpela tasol, olsem Triwan, olsem ol man i bilip long God Triwan long nau. Nogat tru. Bilip bilong ol man long nau long God Triwan i narapela kain tru long tingting bilong ol dispela bikman bilong lotu long bipo. Ol man i ken skelim dispela tok bilong mipela, tasol bai ol i save, mipela i kamapim stret tingting bilong ol dispela man bilong bipo.”32
Tru tumas, paslain long taim bilong Tetulian i no gat liklik toktok long God Triwan. Na tingting bilong Tetulian long God Triwan i narapela kain tru long bilip bilong ol man long nau. Orait, dispela bilip bilong God Triwan long nau em i bin kamap olsem wanem? Em i bin kamap long Bung bilong Naisia long yia 325 C.E. o olsem wanem? Long wanpela Wastaua bihain, Namba 4 Hap bilong dispela stori bai bekim ol dispela askim.
Ol Buk Ol i Bin Kisim Ol Tok Long En:
1. A Short History of the Early Church, by Harry R. Boer, 1976, page 110.
2. The Formation of Christian Dogma, by Martin Werner, 1957, page 125.
3. The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, by R. P. C. Hanson, 1988, page 64.
4. The Church of the First Three Centuries, by Alvan Lamson, 1869, pages 70-1.
5. Gods and the One God, by Robert M. Grant, 1986, pages 109, 156, 160.
6. The Formation of Christian Dogma, pages 122, 125.
7. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1982, Volume 2, page 513.
8. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, by John Henry Cardinal Newman, Sixth Edition, 1989, pages 14-18.
9. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, American Reprint of the Edinburgh Edition, 1885, Volume I, page 264.
10. Ibid., page 184.
11. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume 1, page 223.
12. Ibid., page 164.
13. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, by Bernhard Lohse, translated from the German by F. Ernest Stoeffler, 1963, second paperback printing, 1980, page 43.
14. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, page 20.
15. The Church of the First Three Centuries, pages 73-4, 76.
16. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume II, page 234.
17. Ibid., page 227.
18. Ibid., page 228.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., page 593.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., page 524.
23. The Church of the First Three Centuries, pages 124-5.
24. Ibid., page 95.
25. The Early Church, by Henry Chadwick, 1980 printing, page 89.
26. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume III, page 487.
27. Ibid., pages 603-4.
28. Ibid., page 478.
29. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, pages 19, 20.
30. The Church of the First Three Centuries, pages 108-9.
31. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume IV, page 560.
32. The Church of the First Three Centuries, pages 75-6.
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