So Tete Asɔre No Kyerɛkyerɛe Sɛ Onyankopɔn Yɛ Baasakoro?
Ɔfã 3—So Gyidi Akyigyinafo no Kyerɛkyerɛɛ Baasakoro Ɔkyerɛkyerɛ No?
Wɔ November 1, 1991, ne February 1, 1992 de no mu no, Ɔwɛn-Aban no kyerɛe sɛ Yesu ne n’asuafo no ankyerɛkyerɛ Baasakoro ɔkyerɛkyerɛ no, na Asɔre Agyanom a wɔtraa ase wɔ afeha a edi kan no awiei ne nea ɛto so abien Y.B. no mfiase mu no nso anyɛ saa. So asɔre mpanyimfo kyerɛkyerɛe akyiri yi wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien no mu anaa?
EFI bɛyɛ Yɛn Bere Yi mu afeha a ɛto so abien no mfinimfini mu kosi n’awiei no, asɔre mpanyimfo a nnɛ wɔfrɛ wɔn Gyidi Akyigyinafo bae. Wɔkyerɛw nhoma ahorow de kasa maa Kristosom a na wonim no de tiaa nyansapɛ bɔne a abu so wɔ Romafo wiase a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no mu no. Wɔn nhoma ahorow no bae wɔ bere a Asɔre Agyanom no wiee wɔn nkyerɛwee no ne ɛno akyi mu.
Gyidi Akyigyinafo a wɔkyerɛw wɔn nhoma ahorow no wɔ Hela kasa mu no bi ne Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, ne Clement a ofi Alexandria no. Tertullian yɛ Gyidi Okyigyinafo a ɔkyerɛw ne nhoma wɔ Latin kasa mu. So wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ nnɛyi Kristoman Baasakoro no—nnipa baasa a wɔn nyinaa yɛ atipɛnfo (Agya, Ɔba, ne Honhom Kronkron) wɔ Onyamesu bi mu, a wɔn mu biara yɛ nokware Nyankopɔn, nanso ɛnyɛ Nyankopɔn baasa na wɔwɔ hɔ na mmom Onyankopɔn biako?
“Ɔba no Hyɛ Obi Ase”
Ɔbenfo H. B. Boer, ka nea Gyidi Akyigyinafo nkyerɛkyerɛ no kyerɛ ho asɛm wɔ ne nhoma A Short History of the Early Church, no mu sɛ:
“Justin [Martyr] kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ ansa na Onyankopɔn rebɔ wiase no, na ɔno nkutoo na ɔwɔ hɔ na Ɔba biara nni hɔ. . . . Bere a Onyankopɔn pɛe sɛ ɔbɔ wiase no, . . ɔwoo ɔsoroni foforo bi na wabɔ wiase no ama no. Wɔfrɛɛ ɔsoroni yi sɛ . . . Ɔba efisɛ wɔwoo no; wɔfrɛɛ no Logos efisɛ woyii no fii Onyankopɔn Ntease anaa Adwene mu. . . .
“Enti Justin ne Gyidi Akyigyinafo afoforo no kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ Ɔba no yɛ abɔde. Ɔyɛ abɔde a ɔkorɔn, abɔde a ɔwɔ tumi a obetumi de abɔ wiase no, nanso, ɔyɛ abɔde ara. Wɔ nyamekyerɛ mu no, wɔfrɛ Ɔba no ne Agya no ntam abusuabɔ yi sɛ subordinationism (hyɛ a ɔhyɛ obi ase). Ɔba no hyɛ Agya no ase, kyerɛ sɛ, Agya no nni hɔ a ɔno na ɔwɔ hɔ, ɔde ne ho to no so, na Agya no na ɔde no baa nkwa mu. Na Gyidi Akyigyinafo no yɛ wɔn a wogye di sɛ Ɔba no hyɛ obi ase.” 1
Wɔ nhoma The Formation of Christian Dogma mu no, Ɔbenfo Martin Werner ka Ɔba no ne Onyankopɔn ntam abusuabɔ ho ntease a na wɔwɔ wɔ tete no ho asɛm sɛ: “Wɔtee saa abusuabɔ no ase pefee sɛ ɛkyerɛ ‘sɛ obi hyɛ obi ase’, kyerɛ sɛ, sɛnea Kristo hyɛ Onyankopɔn ase. Apam Foforo no mu baabiara a wɔka Agya Nyankopɔn ne Yesu ntam abusuabɔ ho asɛm no, . . wɔte ase na wɔda no adi pefee sɛ ɔhyɛ Agya no ase. Na sɛnea Nsɛmpa abiɛsa a edi kan no kyerɛwtohɔ kyerɛ no, Apam Foforo no muni a ɔkyerɛe sɛ Ɔhyɛ obi ase sen biara ne Yesu ankasa . . . Saa mfitiase gyinabea pintinn a ɛda adi pefee yi yɛ nea wotumi kuraa mu bere tenten. ‘Nyamekyerɛfo akɛse a wɔtraa ase ansa na wɔrefrɛ Nicaea bagua no nyinaa kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ Logos no hyɛ Onyankopɔn ase.’”2
R. P. C. Hanson gye eyi tom bere a ɔka wɔ nhoma The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God no mu sɛ:
“Apuei Fam anaa Atɔe Fam Asɔre no mu nyamekyerɛfo a wɔtraa ase ansa na Arius Akyinnyegye no refi ase [wɔ afeha a ɛto so anan no mu] no mu biara nni hɔ a ommu Ɔba no sɛ ɔhyɛ Agya no ase wɔ ɔkwan bi so.”3
Ɔbenfo Alvan Lamson de adanse a ɛfa asɔre mpanyimfo a wɔtraa ase ansa na wɔrefrɛ Nicaea bagua (325 Y.B.) no nkyerɛkyerɛ ho yi ka ho wɔ nhoma The Church of the First Three Centuries mu sɛ:
“Sɛnea Ɔba no ba fam no yɛ nea Agyanom a wɔtraa ase ansa na wɔrefrɛ Nicaea bagua no mu dodow no ara, sɛ ɛnyɛ wɔn nyinaa mpo a, gye tom . . . Sɛnea wobuu Ɔba no sɛ ɛsono ɔno na ɛsono Agya no da adi pefee wɔ gye a wogye toom sɛ ɔba fam no mu. . . Wobuu no sɛ ɛsono no wɔ Agya no ho na ɔhyɛ n’ase.” 4
Saara na Robert M. Grant ka nea edi hɔ yi fa Gyidi Akyigyinafo no ho wɔ nhoma Gods and the One God mu sɛ:
“Sɛnea wɔaka Kristo ho nsɛm wɔ gyidi akyigyina nhoma ahorow mu kyerɛ sɛ ɔhyɛ obi ase, sɛnea ɛwɔ Apam Foforo no mu ara pɛ. Ɔba no hyɛ Agya, a ɔne Apam Dedaw no mu Nyankopɔn biako no, ase bere nyinaa. . . . Enti, nea yehu wɔ tete nhoma ahorow yi mu no nyɛ Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ . . . Ansa na wɔrefrɛ Nicaea bagua no, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ obiara gye tom sɛ Kristofo nyamekyerɛ kyerɛ sɛ Ɔba no hyɛ Agya no ase.” 5
Kristoman Baasakoro no kyerɛkyerɛ sɛ Ɔba no ne Onyankopɔn yɛ pɛ wɔ te a wɔte ase daa, tumi, dibea, ne nyansa mu. Nanso Gyidi Akyigyinafo no kae sɛ Ɔba no ne Agya no nyɛ pɛ. Wobuu Ɔba no sɛ ɔhyɛ obi ase. Ɛnyɛ ɛno ne Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no.
Ɛda Afeha a Edi Kan Nkyerɛkyerɛ Adi
Gyidi Akyigyinafo no ne tete Asɔre Agyanom afoforo kyerɛkyerɛɛ nneɛma pii a afeha a edi kan Kristofo kyerɛkyerɛe wɔ Agya no ne Ɔba no ntam abusuabɔ ho no kɔɔ akyiri. Hyɛ sɛnea wɔaka eyi ho asɛm wɔ nhoma The Formation of Christian Dogma mu no nsow:
“Wɔ Tete Kristofo no mmere so no, na Baasakoro ho asɛnnennen anaa akyinnyegye a ɛte sɛ nea akyiri yi ɛde ntawntawdi a emu yɛ den baa Asɔre no mu no biara nni hɔ. Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ nea enti a na eyi te saa ne sɛ, wɔ Tete Kristosom fam no, na Kristo yɛ . . . abɔfo wiase a ɛwɔ sorosoro no muni bi a Onyankopɔn bɔɔ no na ɔpaw no maa adwuma a ɛne sɛ, wɔ mmere no awiei mu no, ɔde . . . Onyankopɔn Ahenni no bɛba.”6
Bio nso, ɛdefa tete Asɔre Agyanom no nkyerɛkyerɛ ho no, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia no gye tom sɛ:
“Wɔ Asɔre no tete nsusuwii mu no, sɛ wɔka Agya Nyankopɔn ho asɛm a, na wɔtaa bu No, nea edi kan no, sɛ ateasefo nyinaa farebae na ɛnyɛ Yesu Kristo Agya. Enti, sɛnea ɛte no, Agya Nyankopɔn yɛ Onyankopɔn a ɔkyɛn so. Ɔno na wotumi ka ne ho nsɛm te sɛ, nea onni mfiase, onwu da, ɔnsakra, wontumi nkyerɛkyerɛ ne yɛbea mu, aniwa ntumi nhu no, na wɔammɔ no. Ɔno na wafi ade a enni hɔ mu ayɛ ade nyinaa, a nea wɔde bɔɔ ade nso ka ho. . . .
“Ebia ɛbɛyɛ sɛ nea eyi rekyerɛ ne sɛ Agya no nkutoo na ɔyɛ Onyankopɔn ma ɛfata na Ɔba no ne Honhom no yɛ anyame a wɔba wɔ n’akyi ara kwa. Ɛte sɛ nea nsɛm a wɔkaa no tete no pii foa eyi nsɛmmoa.”7
Ɛwom sɛ encyclopedia yi kɔ so kasa tia nokwasɛm ahorow yi na ɛka sɛ wogyee Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no toom wɔ saa tete mmere no mu de, nanso nokwasɛm ahorow no bɔ saa a ɛka no abira. Susuw Katolek nyamekyerɛfo a wagye din yiye John Henry Cardinal Newman nsɛm yi ho:
“Momma yennye ntom sɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa yɛn Awurade ho no nyinaa yɛ nea Tete Asɔre no gyee ne nyinaa toom pɛpɛɛpɛ . . . Nanso ɛnte saa wɔ Katolekfo nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛfa Baasakoro no ho koraa. Minhu ɔkwan a wobetumi afa so akyerɛ sɛ tete [asɔre mpanyimfo] no nyinaa adwene hyiae wɔ ho . . .
“Saa tete mmere no mu Gyidikasɛm ahorow no nka . . . [Baasakoro] no ho asɛm biara koraa. Nokwarem no, wɔka Baasa bi ho asɛm; nanso ɛnka da na ɛnyɛ nea wobetumi ahu afi mu da sɛ ahintasɛm bi wɔ ɔkyerɛkyerɛ no mu, sɛ Baasa no yɛ Biako, sɛ Wɔyɛ atipɛnfo, wɔn nyinaa te hɔ daa, wɔammɔ wɔn mu biara, wɔn nyinaa wɔ ade nyinaa so tumi, wɔrentumi nhu sɛnea wɔn nyinaa te.”8
Nea Justin Martyr Kyerɛkyerɛe
Gyidi Akyigyinafo a wodii kan bae no mu biako ne Justin Martyr a ɔtraa ase fi bɛyɛ 110 kosi 165 Y.B. mu no. Ne nkyerɛwee a ɛda so ara wɔ hɔ no mu biara nka nnipa baasa a wɔyɛ atipɛnfo wɔ Onyankopɔn biako mu ho asɛm biara.
Sɛ nhwɛso no, Katolekfo Jerusalem Bible no ka Yesu a ɔtraa ase ansa na ɔrebɛyɛ ɔdesani no ho asɛm wɔ Mmebusɛm 8:22-30 sɛ: “Yahwe bɔɔ me bere a n’atirimpɔw daa adi nea edi kan, ansa na ɔreyɛ ne nnwuma mu nea akyɛ sen biara. . . . Wɔwoo me no na ebun nni hɔ . . . Wɔwoo me ansa na nkoko reba . . . Na mewɔ ne [Onyankopɔn] nkyɛn, odwumfo a ne ho akokwaw.” Justin reka nkyekyem yi ho asɛm no, ɔkae wɔ ne nhoma Dialogue With Trypho mu sɛ:
“Kyerɛwsɛm no aka sɛ Agya no woo Ɔba yi ansa na ɔrebɔ ade nyinaa; ne sɛ obiara begye atom sɛ ɛsono nea wɔwo no no na ɛsono ɔwofo no koraa dodow mu.”9
Esiane sɛ Ɔba no fi Onyankopɔn mu nti, Justin de asɛmfua “Onyankopɔn” di dwuma ma Ɔba no. Ɔka wɔ ne nhoma First Apology no mu sɛ: “Amansan no Agya wɔ Ɔba bi; na esiane sɛ ɔne Onyankopɔn Asɛm a odii kan woo no nti, ɔno nso yɛ Onyankopɔn.”10 Bible no nso de abodin “Onyankopɔn” frɛ Ɔba no. Wɔ Yesaia 9:6 no, wɔfrɛ no “Onyankopɔn Tumfoɔ.” Nanso wɔfrɛ abɔfo, nnipa, atoro anyame, ne Satan nso “anyame” wɔ Bible no mu. (Abɔfo: Dwom 8:5; fa toto Hebrifo 2:6, 7 ho. Nnipa: Dwom 82:6. Atoro anyame: Exodus 12:12; 1 Korintofo 8:5. Satan: 2 Korintofo 4:4.) Wɔ Hebrifo Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu no, nea asɛmfua a wɔde di dwuma ma “Onyankopɔn,” a ɛne ʼEl, no kyerɛ ara ne “Otumfoɔ” anaa “Ɔhoɔdenfo.” Nea ɛte sɛ ɛno wɔ Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu ne the·osʹ.
Bio nso, Hebri asɛm a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ Yesaia 9:6 no de nsonsonoe pɔtee bi to Ɔba no ne Onyankopɔn ntam. Wɔfrɛ Ɔba no wɔ hɔ sɛ “Onyankopɔn Tumfoɔ”, ʼEl Gib·bohrʹ, ɛnyɛ “Ade nyinaa so Tumfoɔ Nyankopɔn.” Wɔbɔ saa abodin no wɔ Hebri kasa mu sɛ ʼEl Shad·daiʹ na ɛfa Yehowa Nyankopɔn nkutoo ho.
Nanso, hyɛ no nsow sɛ bere a Justin frɛ Ɔba no sɛ “Onyankopɔn” no, ɔnka da sɛ Ɔba no yɛ nnipa baasa a wɔyɛ atipɛnfo mu biako, a wɔn mu biara yɛ Nyankopɔn nanso baasa no nyinaa bom yɛ Onyankopɔn biako pɛ. Mmom no, ɔka wɔ ne nhoma Dialogue With Trypho no mu sɛ:
“Onyankopɔn ne Awurade foforo bi [Yesu ansa na ɔrebɛyɛ ɔdesani] . . . wɔ bɔ a ɔhyɛ nneɛma nyinaa Bɔfo [Ade nyinaa so Tumfoɔ Nyankopɔn] no ase; nea wɔfrɛ no [Ɔba no] nso sɛ Ɔbɔfo, efisɛ Ɔno [Ɔba no] na ɔde biribiara a Nea Ɔyɛɛ ade nyinaa—a Onyankopɔn foforo biara nkorɔn nsen no—no pɛ sɛ nnipa te nyinaa ho amanneɛbɔ ma wɔn. . . .
“Ɛsono [Ɔba no] koraa wɔ Nea ɔyɛɛ ade nyinaa no ho,—mekyerɛ sɛ, ɔyɛ soronko wɔ dodow mu, ɛnyɛ [soronko] wɔ nea ɔpɛ mu.”11
Asɛm bi a ɛyɛ anigye pue wɔ Justin nhoma First Apology, ti 6 no mu, faako a ɔkasa tia abosonsom sobo a ɛne sɛ Kristofo nnye nni sɛ Onyankopɔn wɔ hɔ no. Ɔkyerɛw sɛ: “Yɛsom No [Onyankopɔn], ne Ɔba no (a ofi Ne nkyɛn bae na ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ yɛn nneɛma yi, ne abɔfo pa afoforo mpempem pii a wodi n’akyi na wɔte sɛ Ɔno no), ne Honhom a ɛhyɛ nkɔm no nyinaa, na yɛkamfo wɔn.”12
Saa asɛm yi asekyerɛfo bi a wɔfrɛ no Bernhard Lohse, ka sɛ: “Te sɛ nea abɔfo din a Justin bɔe wɔ din a ɔbobɔe no mu sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn a Kristofo de nidi ma wɔn na wɔsom wɔn no nkutoo nnɔɔso no, ɔntwentwɛn ne nan ase sɛ ɔbɛbɔ abɔfo din ansa na wabɔ Honhom Kronkron no din.”13—Hwɛ An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine nso mu.14
Enti, ɛwom sɛ ɛte sɛ nea Justin Martyr awae afi Bible nkyerɛkyerɛ kronn a ɛfa nnipa ko a ɛsɛ sɛ Kristofo som wɔn ho no de, nanso ɛda di pefee sɛ wɔammu ɔba no sɛ ɔne agya no yɛ pɛ, sɛnea wɔammu abɔfo no sɛ wɔne No yɛ pɛ no ara. Ɛdefa Justin ho no, yɛfa The Church of the First Three Centuries nhoma a Lamson kyerɛwee no mu nsɛm ka bio sɛ:
“Justin buu Ɔba no sɛ ɔyɛ soronko wɔ Onyankopɔn ho, na ɔba fam sen no: ɔyɛ soronko, ɛnyɛ wɔ nnɛyi ntease mu, sɛ ɔyɛ nnipa baasa mu biako, . . . na mmom ɔyɛ soronko wɔ ne yɛbea ne su mu; na ɔwɔ hɔ ankasa sɛ onipa pɔtee bi a ɛsono ɔno na ɛsono Onyankopɔn a ne nkyɛn na onyaa ne tumi ne abodin nyinaa fii no; ɔhyɛ n’ase, na ɔyɛ n’apɛde wɔ biribiara mu. Agya no korɔn sen obiara; Ɔba no hyɛ n’ase: Agya no ne tumi farebae; Ɔba no nsa ka tumi no: Agya no na ɔhyɛ; na Ɔba no, sɛ ne somfo anaa adwinnade no, di ho dwuma. Wɔyɛ baanu, nanso wɔn adwene hyia, anaasɛ wɔyɛ biako, wɔ apɛde mu; Agya no apɛde na Ɔba no pɛ bere nyinaa.”15
Bio nso, Justin nka wɔ baabiara sɛ honhom kronkron no yɛ onipa a ɔne Agya no ne Ɔba no yɛ pɛ. Enti wɔrentumi nka no nokwarem sɛ Justin kyerɛkyerɛɛ nnɛyi Kristoman Baasakoro no ɔkwan biara so.
Nea Clement Kyerɛkyerɛe
Clement a ofi Alexandria (bɛyɛ 150 kosi 215 Y.B.) nso frɛ Ɔba no sɛ “Onyankopɔn.” Ɔfrɛ no mpo sɛ “Ɔbɔadeɛ,” abodin a wɔmfa mfrɛɛ Yesu da wɔ Bible no mu. So na ɔkyerɛ sɛ Ɔba no ne ade nyinaa so tumfoɔ Ɔbɔadeɛ no yɛ pɛ wɔ akwan horow nyinaa so? Dabi. Ɛda adi sɛ na Clement reka asɛm a ɛwɔ Yohane 1:3, a ɛka Ɔba no ho asɛm sɛ: “Ɛnam no so na wɔyɛɛ ade nyinaa” no ho asɛm.16 Onyankopɔn de Ɔba no dii dwuma sɛ adwumayɛmafo wɔ N’adebɔ nnwuma no mu.—Kolosefo 1:15-17.
Clement frɛ Onyankopɔn Pumpuni no sɛ “yɛn Awurade Yesu Nyankopɔn ne Agya”17 na ose “Awurade no yɛ Ɔbɔadeɛ no Ba.”18 Ɔka nso sɛ: “Ade nyinaa Nyankopɔn no yɛ Ɔbɔadeɛ pa, biako a ɔteɛ, na Ɔba no [wɔ] Agya no mu.”19 Enti ɔkyerɛwee sɛ Ɔba no wɔ Nyankopɔn bi a ɔkorɔn sen no.
Clement ka Onyankopɔn ho asɛm sɛ “nea odi kan a ɔno nkutoo ma daa nkwa, a Ɔba no a ne nsa ka fii Ne [Onyankopɔn] nkyɛn no de ma yɛn no.”20 Ɛda adi pefee sɛ daa nkwa Mafo a odi kan no korɔn sen nea, sɛnea yɛbɛka no no, ogye de ma afoforo no. Enti, Clement ka sɛ Onyankopɔn “ne nea odi kan, na ɔkorɔn sen obiara.”21 Bio nso, ɔka sɛ Ɔba no “bɛn Nea ɔno nkutoo ne Ade nyinaa so Tumfoɔ no sen obiara” ne sɛ Ɔba no “de nneɛma nyinaa ho ahyɛde ma na ɛne Agya no apɛde ahyia.”22 Clement kyerɛ sɛnea Ade nyinaa so Tumfoɔ Nyankopɔn korɔn sen Ɔba no mpɛn pii.
Ɛdefa Clement a ofi Alexandria ho no, yɛkenkan wɔ The Church of the First Three Centuries no mu sɛ:
“Yebetumi afa Clement nsɛm a ɔkyerɛwee no pii a waka sɛnea Ɔba no ba fam no ho asɛm wom pefee no de aka asɛm. . . .
“Ɛyɛ yɛn nwonwa sɛ obi tumi de adwempa kenkan nsɛm a Clement kyerɛwee no, na onya adwene pɛnkoro mpo sɛ obuu Ɔba no sɛ ɔne Agya no yɛ pɛ wɔ dodow mu—wɔyɛ biako. Sɛnea ɔde ne ho to Agya no so na ɔba fam sen no, sɛnea yehu no no, yɛ nea wonim wɔ baabiara. Na Clement gye di sɛ ɛsono Onyankopɔn na ɛsono Ɔba no wɔ dodow mu; sɛ yɛbɛka no ɔkwan foforo so a, wɔyɛ nnipa baanu,—obiako korɔn, na ɔfoforo no hyɛ n’ase.”23
Wobetumi aka bio nso sɛ: Sɛ ɛte sɛ nea ɛtɔ mmere bi a Clement tra nea Bible no ka wɔ Yesu ho no mpo a, ɔnka nnipa atipɛnfo baasa a wɔyɛ Onyankopɔn biako wɔ Baasakoro bi mu ho asɛm wɔ baabiara. Na Gyidi Akyigyinafo te sɛ Tatian, Theophilus, ne Athenagoras, a wɔtraa ase wɔ Justin ne Clement mmere so ntam hɔ no kura adwenhorow a ɛte saara. Lamson se na “wɔnyɛ Baasakorofo a woye sen Justin ankasa; kyerɛ sɛ, na wonnye nnipa Baasa a wɔbom, yɛ atipɛnfo biara nni, na mmom wɔkyerɛɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛ bi a ɛne saa gyidi yi nhyia koraa.”24
Tertullian Nyamekyerɛ
Tertullian (bɛyɛ 160 kosi 230 Y.B.) ne nea odii kan de Latin asɛmfua trinitas dii dwuma. Sɛnea Henry Chadwick kae no, Tertullian kae sɛ Onyankopɔn yɛ ‘nnipa baasa a wɔbom yɛ onipa biako.’25 Nanso eyi nkyerɛ sɛ na nea ɛwɔ n’adwenem ne nnipa baasa a wɔyɛ atipɛnfo na wɔn nyinaa te ase daa. Nanso, akyiri yi akyerɛwfo a na wɔrebɔ mmɔden de Baasakoro no asi hɔ no kyerɛkyerɛɛ ne nsusuwii no mu kɔɔ akyiri. Tertullian adwene a na ɔwɔ wɔ Agya, Ɔba, ne honhom kronkron ho no yɛ soronko koraa wɔ Kristoman Baasakoro no ho, efisɛ na ogye di sɛ ɔba no hyɛ obi ase. Obuu Ɔba no sɛ ɔhyɛ Agya no ase. Ɔkyerɛw wɔ nhoma Against Hermogenes mu sɛ:
“Ɛnsɛ sɛ yesusuw sɛ Onyankopɔn akyi no, onipa foforo bi wɔ hɔ a wɔanwo no na wɔammɔ no. . . . Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na atumi ayɛ yiye sɛ Agya no akyi no, biribi bɛyɛ nea akyɛ, na ne saa nti, nokwarem no, anim yɛ nyam sen Onyankopɔn Ba no, Asɛm a ɔno nkutoo na wodii kan woo no no? . . . Onii [Onyankopɔn] a onhia Ɔyɛfo ansa na watumi aba nkwa mu no, bɛyɛ nea ɔkorɔn wɔ dibea mu sen onii [Ɔba no] a obi na ɔde no baa nkwa mu no.”26
Bio nso, wɔ nhoma Against Praxeas mu no, ɔkyerɛ sɛ Ɔba no yɛ soronko na ɔhyɛ Ade nyinaa so Tumfoɔ Nyankopɔn ase bere a ɔka sɛ:
“Agya no ne onipa mũ no nyinaa, nanso woyii Ɔba no fii ade mũ no mu na ɔyɛ ne fã bi, sɛnea Ɔno ankasa gye tom sɛ: ‘M’Agya yɛ kɛse sen me’ no. . . . Enti ɛsono Agya no na ɛsono Ɔba no, na ɔyɛ kɛse sen Ɔba no, sɛnea Ɔwofo no yɛ onipa biako, na Nea wɔwo no no yɛ onipa foforo no; Ɔsomafo no nso yɛ onipa biako, na Nea wɔsoma no no nso yɛ onipa foforo; na bio nso, Nea ɔbɔ ade no yɛ onipa biako, na Nea wɔnam ne so bɔ ade no nso yɛ onipa foforo.” 27
Tertullian ka bio wɔ Against Hermogenes nhoma no mu sɛ bere bi no na Ɔba no nni nkwa mu sɛ onipa, na ɔde kyerɛ sɛ ommu Ɔba no sɛ obi a watra hɔ daa sɛnea Onyankopɔn atra hɔ daa no.28 Ɔsɔfo Panyin Newman kae sɛ: “Ɛdefa yɛn Awurade no tra a watra ase daa ho no, ɛsɛ sɛ wobu Tertullian sɛ obi a onnye ɛho nkyerɛkyerɛ a aba fi tete no ntom.” 29 Lamson ka Tertullian ho asɛm sɛ:
“Saa ntease, anaa Logos, sɛnea na Helafo no frɛ no yi, yɛ nea sɛnea na Tertullian gye di no, wɔsakraa no akyiri yi yɛɛ no Asɛm, anaa Ɔba no, kyerɛ sɛ, onipa ankasa, a na watra ase bere nyinaa sɛ Agya no su bi ara kwa no. Nanso, Tertullian maa no dibea bi a ɛhyɛ Agya no ase . . .
“Sɛ wogyina Baasakoro no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a pii gye tom nnɛyi so bu Tertullian atɛn a, mmɔden a wɔbɛbɔ na wɔammu no fɔ [sɛ ɔyɛ otuatewfo] no bɛyɛ ɔkwa. Ɔrentumi nnyina atemmu no ano bere tiaa bi mpo.”30
Baasakoro Biara Nnim
Sɛ wokenkan Gyidi Akyigyinafo no nsɛm nyinaa a, wubehu sɛ ɛwom sɛ wɔwae fii nea Bible no kyerɛkyerɛ no ho wɔ nneɛma bi mu de, nanso wɔn mu biara ankyerɛkyerɛ sɛ Agya no, Ɔba no, ne honhom kronkron no yɛ biako wɔ te a wɔte hɔ daa, tumi, dibea, ne nyansa mu.
Eyi yɛ nokware wɔ akyerɛwfo afoforo a wɔtraa ase wɔ mfeha a ɛto so abien ne abiɛsa no mu nso ho, te sɛ Irenaeus, Hippolytus, Origen, Cyprian, ne Novatian. Ɛwom sɛ wɔn mu binom kyerɛe sɛ Agya no ne Ɔba no yɛ pɛ wɔ nneɛma bi mu de, nanso wɔ nneɛma afoforo mu no, wobuu Ɔba no sɛ ɔhyɛ Agya Nyankopɔn ase. Na wɔn mu biara ansusuw ho mpo sɛ honhom kronkron no ne Agya ne Ɔba no yɛ pɛ. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Origen (bɛyɛ 185 kosi 254 Y.B.) ka sɛ Onyankopɔn Ba no ne “abɔde nyinaa Abakan” ne sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no “nim No sɛ ɔne adebɔ nnwuma no mu nea wakyɛ sen biara.”31
Tete asɔre mpanyimfo yi nkyerɛwee no mu biara a wɔde adwempa bɛkenkan no bɛma ada adi sɛ na Kristoman Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no nni hɔ wɔ wɔn bere so. Sɛnea nhoma The Church of the First Three Centuries ka no:
“Nnɛyi Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ a pii gye tom no . . . nni akyigyina biara wɔ Justin nkyerɛwee ahorow mu: na wobetumi aka eyi wɔ asɔre Agyanom a wɔtraa ase ansa na wɔrefrɛ Nicaea bagua no nyinaa ho; kyerɛ sɛ, Kristofo akyerɛwfo a wɔtraa ase wɔ Yesu awo akyi mfeha abiɛsa a edi kan no mu no. Ɛyɛ ampa sɛ wɔka Agya, Ɔba, ne nkɔmhyɛ anaa Honhom kronkron bi ho asɛm de, nanso wɔnka sɛ wɔyɛ atipɛnfo, wɔnka sɛ wɔyɛ biako wɔ dodow mu, wɔnka sɛ wɔyɛ Baasa a wɔbom yɛ Biako, wɔ ntease a Baasakorofo gye tom mprempren no biara mu. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira koraa mmom ne asɛm no. Na sɛnea Agyanom yi kyerɛkyerɛ Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no mu no yɛ soronko koraa wɔ sɛnea ɔkyerɛkyerɛ no te nnɛyi no ho. Yɛka eyi sɛ nokwasɛm a wobetumi de ho adanse ama te sɛ nokwasɛm foforo biara wɔ nnipa nsusuwii horow ho abakɔsɛm no mu.” 32
Nokwarem no, ansa na Tertullian reka Baasakoro ho asɛm no, na ɛnyɛ ade a wɔka ho asɛm. Na nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ Tertullian Baasakoro ‘a ennye nkyerɛkyerɛ a aba fi tete no ntom’ no ne nea wogye di nnɛ no mu. Ɛnde, ɛyɛɛ dɛn na sɛnea wɔte Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no ase nnɛ no bae? So ɛbae wɔ Nicaea Bagua a wɔfrɛɛ no wɔ 325 Y.B. mu no ase? Yɛbɛhwehwɛ nsemmisa yi mu wɔ nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi Ɔfã 4 no mu wɔ Ɔwɛn-Aban bi a ɛbɛba akyiri yi mu.
Nhwehwɛmu nhoma ahorow:
1. A Short History of the Early Church, a Harry R. Boer yɛe, 1916, kratafa 110.
2. The Formation of Christian Dogma, a Martin Werner yɛe, 1957, kratafa 125.
3. The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God, a R. P. C. Hanson yɛe, 1988, kratafa 64.
4. The Church of the First Three Centuries, a Alvan Lamson yɛe, 1869, nkratafa 70-1.
5. Gods and the One God, a Robert M. Grant yɛe, 1986, nkratafa 109, 156, 160.
6. The Formation of Christian Dogma, nkratafa 122, 125.
7. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1982, Po 2, kratafa 513.
8. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, a John Henry Cardinal Newman yɛe, Sixth Edition, 1989, nkratafa 14-18.
9. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, a Alexander Roberts ne James Donaldson yɛ ne samufo, American Reprint of the Edinburgh Edition, 1885, Po I, kratafa 264.
10. Ibid., kratafa 184.
11. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Po 1, kratafa 223.
12. Ibid, kratafa 164.
13. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, a Bernhard Lohse yeɛ, F. Ernest Stoeffler kyerɛɛ ase fii German kasa mu, 1963, second paperback printing, 1980, kratafa 43.
14. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, kratafa 20.
15. The Church of the First Three Centuries, nkratafa 73-4, 76.
16. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Po II. kratafa 234.
17. Ibid., kratafa 227.
18. Ibid., kratafa 228.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., kratafa 593.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., kratafa 524.
23. The Church of the First Three Centuries, nkatafa 124-5.
24. Ibid., kratafa 95.
25. The Early Church, a Henry Chadwick yɛe, 1980 de a wotintimii, kratafa 89.
26. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Po III. kratafa 487.
27. Ibid., nkratafa 603-4.
28. Ibid., kratafa 478.
29. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, nkratafa 19, 20.
30. The Church of the First Three Centuries, nkratafa 108-9.
31. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Po IV, kratafa 560.
32. The Church of the First Three Centuries, nkratafa 75-6.
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Clement
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Tertullian
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