Talmud ntshinyi?

“Kakuyi mpata Talmud ng’umue wa ku mikanda ya pa buayi ya bikondo bionso.”​—The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia.

“[Talmud] mbumue bua ku malu manene a meji menza kudi bukua-bantu, mukanda mushitakane, wa mushinga mukole, kauyi kumvua bipepele mu mushindu wa se: mmupeshe bena ngenyi milenga mudimu munkatshi mua bidimu bipite pa tshinunu ne tshitupa.”​—Jacob Neusner, mufundi ne mushikuluji muena Yuda.

“Talmud ntshipanda tshinene [tshia Buena-Yuda] tshidi tshiambule nzubu mujima wa mu nyuma ne wa mu lungenyi wa nsombelu wa bena Yuda.”​—Adin Steinsaltz, mushikuluji wa Talmud ne rabbi.

MU MUSHINDU ukena kuela mpata, Talmud uvua muikale ne buenzeji bukole kudi bena Yuda mu siekele mivule. Kadi, bishilangane ne mêyi a disamuna matela kuulu eku, Talmud mmupetula ne mubikila ne: “mbuu wa mîdima ne bitotshi.” Mbamuambe patoke bu tshintu tshibi tshia patupu tshia Diabolo. Ku dîyi-dituma dia pape, bavua batobolola malu avuamu misangu ne misangu, bamunyenga, ne mene bamuosha mu mishiki mu miaba ya patoke mu Mputu.

Bushuwa mmukanda kayi eu udi mujule dikokangana dikole nunku? Ntshinyi tshidi tshivuija Talmud mukanda wa pa buawu munkatshi mua mikanda ya bena Yuda? Bavua bamufunde bua tshinyi? Mmunyi mudiwu mufike ku dipeta buenzeji bua mushindu’eu pa Buena-Yuda? Udi ne diumvuija bua bantu badi kabayi bena Yuda anyi?

Mu bidimu 150 biakalonda kabutu ka ntempelo mu Yeruzaleme mu 70 B.B., bena mu bilongelu bibandile bia bena meji ba-rabbi mu Izalele mujima bakakeba ne mitalu yonso nshindamenu mupiamupia bua kutungunuja bilele bia bena Yuda. Bakakonkonona ne pashishe kukolesha bilele kabukabu bia mikenji yabu ya mukana. Mu ditumika ne tshishimikidi etshi, bakatekela Buena-Yuda mikalu ne malu-malomba bipiabipia, bafila buludiki bua nsombelu wa bunsantu wa buatshiabuatshia kabayi ne ntempelo. Ndongoluelu eu mupiamupia wa mu nyuma uvua muleja mu bitupa binene mu Mishnah, mubumbakaja kudi Judah ha-Nasi ku ntuadijilu kua siekele muisatu B.B.a

Mishnah uvua mudikadile, kayi ukeba didibingisha ne mêyi a mu Bible. Mushindu wende wa dikonkonona malu ne nansha mfundilu wende wa tshiena-Ebelu bivua bia pa buabi, bishilangane ne mifundu ya mu Bible. Mapangadika a ba-rabbi matela mu Mishnah avua ne buenzeji pa nsombelu wa bena Yuda wa ku dituku dionso ne miaba yonso. Bushuwa, Jacob Neusner udi umvuija ne: “Mishnah wakafila mêyi ne mikandu bia Izalele. . . . Uvua ulomba ditaba ne dikala ne nsombelu mumvuangane ne mikandu yende.”

Kadi bidi munyi biebeja bamue bantu bua kumanya bikala bukokeshi bua bena meji batela mu Mishnah bufuanangane bushuwa ne Mifundu misokolola? Ba-rabbi bavua ne bua kuleja ne: malongesha a ba-Tannaïm (balongeshi ba mikenji ya mukana) adi mu Mishnah avua umvuangana bimpe menemene ne Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Biakalomba mumvuija a pa mutu. Bakumvua ne: bivua bikengela kumvuija ne kubingisha Mishnah ne kujadika ne: wakafumina ku Mikenji mipesha Mozese ku Sinayi. Ba-rabbi bakadiumvua benzeja bua kujadika ne: mikenji ya mukana ne mifunda idi ne diumvuija ne tshipatshila bia muomumue. Nanku pamutu pa kuikala dîyi dia ndekelu pa Buena-Yuda, Mishnah wakalua tshishimikidi tshipiatshipia tshia mayuki ne dikonkonona dia malu a Nzambi.

Badi benza Talmud

Ba-rabbi bakangata mudimu eu mupiamupia bavua bamanyike bu ba-Amoraïm​—“batokeshi,” anyi “bumvuiji” ba Mishnah. Tshilongelu tshionso tshivua tshieyemene rabbi kampanda muende lumu. Bashikuluji ne balongi bakese bavua benza mayuki tshidimu tshijima. Kadi bisangilu bia mushinga bivua bienzeka misangu ibidi ku tshidimu, mu ngondo wa Adar ne wa Elul, pavua mudimu wa budimi ukepela ne bantu nkama anyi mene binunu bivule babuelamu.

Adin Steinsaltz udi umvuija ne: “Muludiki wa tshilongelu uvua ulombola, musombe pa nkuasa anyi pa biata bia pa buabi. Mu milongo ya kumpala mitangilangane nende bavua basombamu kudi bashikuluji banene, pamue ne banyanende anyi balongi ba pa buabu, ne bashikuluji bakuabu bavua panyima pabu bonso. . . . Bulongame bua disomba buvua bushindamene pa dilondangana dia mianzu diumvuija mu mushindu mujalame [bilondeshile mushinga wabu].” Bavua bambulula tshitupa kampanda tshia Mishnah. Bavua mua kufuanyikija pashishe tshitupa etshi ne malu avua umvuangana natshi anyi avua masakidila masangisha kudi ba-Tannaïm kadi kaayi mu Mishnah. Dikonkonona divua dituadija. Bavua bela nkonko, ne bavua bakonkonona ngenyi ivua ibengangana bua kupeta diumvuangana dia munda pankatshi pa malongesha. Bavua bakeba mêyi majadiki a mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu bua kubingisha malongesha a ba-rabbi.

Nansha muvuawu malongolola ne ntema yonso, mayuki aa avua a dikokangana, imue misangu a diyoyo. Muena meji kampanda mutela mu Talmud wakakula bua “kapia [kavua] katudika” mukana mua ba-rabbi munkatshi mua dielangana mpata. (Hullin 137b, Talmud wa Babilone) Steinsaltz udi wamba muvua malu au apita: “Muludiki wa tshilongelu, anyi muena meji uvua wenza muyuki, uvua mua kufila diende diumvuija dia mianda. Misangu mivule bashikuluji bavua bateleja bavua bamupupula nkonko mishindamene pa mikanda mikuabu, mmuenenu ya bafidi bakuabu ba mumvuija, anyi pa nkomenu yabu nkayabu ya meji. Imue misangu dikonkonona divua dîpi menemene ne dimanyikila pa diandamuna ditoke ne dia nkomenu difila bua lukonko kampanda. Mu minga nsombelu bakuabu bashikuluji bavua bafila mandamuna makuabu ne dikonkonona dikole divua dilonda.” Bateleji bonso bavua ne dianyisha dia kuakula. Malu avuabu batokesha mu bisangilu ebi bavua baatuma mu bilongelu bikuabu bua bashikuluji bakuabu baakonkonone tshiakabidi.

Kadi, bisangilu ebi kabivua anu dikonkonona patupu dia babingishi ba mikenji divua kadiyi ndekelu. Malu manyisha kudi mikenji adi atangila mikandu ne mêyi bia nsombelu wa bena Yuda mu malu a ntendelelu badi baabikila ne: Halakah. Muaku eu udi ufuma ku muji wa tshiena-Ebelu “kuya” ne udi uleja ‘nsombelu udi muntu ne bua kulonda.’ Malu makuabu onso​—miyuki idi itangila ba-rabbi ne bantu ba mu Bible, tusumuinu tua meji, ngenyi ya ditabuja ne nkindi—​badi babibikila ne: Haggadah, ufuma ku muji wa tshiena-Ebelu “kulonda bualu.” Mu mayuki a ba-rabbi bavua basambakaja Halakah ne Haggadah.

Mu mukanda wende kampanda (The World of the Talmud), Morris Adler udi umvuija ne: “Mulongeshi wa meji uvua mua kuimanyika dielangana mpata dile ne dikole dianyisha kudi mikenji pa kushintulula tshiena-bualu kuangata tshidi tshipepele ne tshidi tshitamba kukankamija. . . . Nenku tudi tumona mianu ne miyuki ya kale, malu a sianse ne bilele pamue ne bibidilu bia mu tshikondo atshi, dikonkonona dia Bible ne malu a nsombelu wa bantu, muyuki muashila pa Mifundu bibuejakaja ne malu a teoloji bilue tshidi mua kumueneka kudi eu udi kayi muibidile ne ngenzelu ya bilongelu ebi bu disambakaja dikena dipetangana dia malu kaayi malongolola.” Bua bashikuluji bonso bavua mu bilongelu, dishintulula dionso dia biena-bualu dia nunku divua ne tshipatshila kampanda ne divua disuikila ku bualu buvuabu bakonkonona. Halakah ne Haggadah bivua bu mabue a luibaku a ndongoluelu mupiamupia uvuabu benza mu bilongelu bia ba-rabbi.

Dienza dia Talmud ibidi

Ndekelu wa bionso, nsangilu munene wa ba-rabbi wakumbuka mu Palestine mutangile ku Tibéria. Bilongelu bikuabu bia mushinga bivua mu Sepphoris, Césarée ne Lydda. Kadi dinyanguka dia nsombelu wa malu a lupetu, ditenkakana misangu yonso dia malu a tshididi, ne pashishe dibambidikangana ne dikengeshangana bia kudi Buena-nkristo butontolodi biakafikisha ku tshimuangi tshinene batangile ku nsangilu mukuabu munene wa bena Yuda ku Est​—ku Babilone.

Munkatshi mua siekele mivule, balongi bavua bumbuka ku Babilone batangile ku Palestine bua kulonga ku bulombodi bua ba-rabbi banene mu bilongelu. Umue wa ku balongi aba uvua Abba ben Ibo, mubikila kabidi ne: Abba Arika​—Abba mulemule—​kadi kumanyikaye kunyima bu Rab patupu. Wakalukila ku Babilone bu mu 219 B.B. panyima pa mumane kulonga ku bulombodi bua Judah ha-Nasi, ne biakafila dishintuluka dinene bua mushinga wa mu nyuma wa tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda mu Babilone. Rab wakajadika tshilongelu mu Sura, mu tshitupa tshivua ne bena Yuda bavule kadi bashikuluji bakese. Lumu luende luakakoka balongi ba pa tshibidilu 1 200 mu tshilongelu tshiende, ne bantu bakuabu binunu bivule bavua babuelamu mu ngondo wa bena Yuda wa Adar ne wa Elul. Samuel, muntu muende lumu wa mu tshikondo tshia Rab, wakajadika tshilongelu mu tshimenga tshia Nehardea. Bakajadika bilongelu bikuabu bia mushinga mu tshimenga tshia Pumbeditha ne tshia Mehoza.

Mpindieu kabivua bikengela kuya ku Palestine, bualu muntu uvua mua kulonga ku bulombodi bua bashikuluji banene mu Babilone. Dienza dia Mishnah bu mifundu mitapuluke diakalongolola njila bua budikadidi bua tshishiki bua bilongelu bia mu Babilone. Nansha muvua mishindu ne ngenzelu mishilangane ya dilonga mivulangane musangu au mu Palestine ne mu Babilone, diyukilangana ne dishintakajangana dia balongeshi misangu yonso biakakuba buobumue bua bilongelu abi.

Pabuipi ne ku ndekelu kua siekele muinayi ne ku ntuadijilu kua siekele muitanu B.B., nsombelu wakalua mukole nangananga bua bena Yuda bavua mu Palestine. Makandika mavule ne dikengeshibua mu bukokeshi buvua buenda bujuka bua Bukua-buena-nkristo butontolodi biakafikisha ku mukumu wa ndekelu wa dishipa Sanhedrin ne muanzu wa Nasi (nkambua) bu mu 425 B.B. Nenku ba-Amoraïm bena Palestine bakatuadija kukolesha ne kubumbakaja malu manene a mu dikonkonona dia bilongelu mu mukanda umue mumvuangane bua kujadika dikubibua dia malu aa. Mukanda eu, mubumbakaja mu lubilu mu tshitupa tshia ndekelu tshia siekele muinayi B.B., wakalua kumanyika bu Talmud wa Palestine.b

Pavua eku bilongelu bia mu Palestine bitangile ku difua, ba-Amoraïm bena Babilone bavua benda baya kumpala. Abaye ne Raba bakalabaja mushindu wa dikonkonona pa kuuvuija bu dikonkonona kadiyi kujikija bipepele ne dia budimu diakalua pashishe tshitembelu tshia dikonkonona dia Talmud. Pashishe, Ashi, muludiki wa tshilongelu mu Sura (371-427 B.B.), wakatuadija kubumbakaja ne kufunda malu manene a mu dikonkonona edi. Bilondeshile Steinsaltz, wakenza nanku “ne buôwa bua se: bu muvua malu makodiakane, kuvua njiwu ya kupua muoyo mishiki ya malu mamba mukana kakese ku kakese mu kupita kua bidimu.”

Bivua bikole bua muntu umue anyi mene tshipungu tshimue kulongololatshi mushiki eu munene wa malu. Tshikondo tshia ba-Amoraïm tshiakajika mu Babilone mu siekele muitanu B.B., kadi mudimu wa difunda dia ndekelu dia Talmud wa Babilone bakautungunuja too ne mu siekele muisambombo B.B. kudi kasumbu kampanda kabikila ne: ba-Saboraïm, muaku wa tshiena-Araméen udi umvuija ne: “bumvuiji,” anyi “bena mmuenenu.” Bafundi ba ndekelu aba bakakaja pamue binunu bia midimu ivua milengame ne dikonkonona dia ba-rabbi dia munkatshi mua siekele mivule, pa kupesha Talmud wa Babilone mfundilu ne mushindu bivua bimusunguluja ne mifundu yonso ya kumpala ya bena Yuda.

Ntshinyi tshiakenza Talmud?

Ba-rabbi ba Talmud bakalongolola bua kujadika ne: Mishnah uvua mufume ku muaba wa muomumue ne Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu. Kadi mbua tshinyi? Jacob Neusner udi umvuija ne: “Tshilumbu tshimanyisha tshivua tshia muaba uvua Mishnah mua kuimanyina. Kadi musa wa bualu udi umueneka wa bukokeshi bua muena meji nkayende.” Bua kukolesha bukokeshi ebu, mulongo wonso wa Mishnah, imue misangu muaku wonso, bavua baukonkonona, baulonga, baumvuija ne bawakaja mu mushindu kampanda musunguluke. Neusner udi wamba ne: mu mushindu’eu ba-rabbi “bakashintulula disangu dia Mishnah, bamumbusha mu dimue disangu bamutangija mu dikuabu.” Nansha muvuabu bamuenze bu mukanda mujima, musangu au Mishnah uvua muikale mulonga tshiakabidi. Munkatshi mua mudimu eu, bakamuenzulula ne bakamulengeja tshiakabidi.

Mukanda eu mupiamupia​—Talmud—​wakambuluisha bua tshipatshila tshia ba-rabbi. Bakela mikandu ya mushindu wa kuenza dikonkonona, ne nenku biakalongesha bantu bua kuela meji bu ba-rabbi. Ba-rabbi bavua bela meji ne: mushindu wabu wa dilonga ne dikonkonona malu uvua uleja lungenyi lua Nzambi. Dilonga nkayadi dia Talmud diakalua tshipatshila, mushindu wa ntendelelu​—ditumika ne tshieledi tshia lungenyi didibu bela meji ne: ndidikija Nzambi. Bua bipungu bivua bilua, Talmud nkayende uvua ne bua kuikala mukonkonona ne ngenzelu umue-umue eu. Ntshipeta kayi tshiakamueneka? Cecil Roth, mushikuluji wa malu a kale, udi ufunda ne: “Talmud . . . wakapesha [bena Yuda] buenzeji busunguluji buakabatapulula ne bakuabu, pamue ne bukole buabu bua dikema bua kukandamena dishintuluka ne kukuatakana bu tshisamba. Dimukonkonona diakasakisha meji abu, ne diakabapesha . . . lungenyi lutue. . . . Talmud wakapesha muena Yuda mukengesha wa mu Moyen Âge muaba mukuabu uvuaye mua kunyemena . . . Wakamupesha buloba bua ku tshilelelu, muvuaye mua kupengamena pavua buloba buende yeye bujimina.”

Mu dilongesha bakuabu ngelelu wa meji wa ba-rabbi, Talmud uvua muikale bushuwa ne bukole. Kadi lukonko bua buonso​—bena Yuda pamue ne badi kabayi bena Yuda​—ludi se: Talmud udi uleja bulelela lungenyi lua Nzambi anyi?​—1 Kolinto 2:11-16.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 31]

Talmud ibidi​—Mmunyi mudiyi ifuanangana?

Muaku wa tshiena-Ebelu “Talmud” udi umvuija “dilonga” anyi “diyila.” Ba-Amoraïm ba mu Palestine ne ba mu Babilone bavua balongolole bua kulonga, anyi kukonkonona Mishnah. Talmud yonso ibidi (wa Palestine ne wa Babilone) idi yenza bualu ebu, kadi mmunyi mudiye ishilangana? Jacob Neusner udi ufunda ne: “Talmud wa kumpala udi ukonkonona bijadiki, muibidi udi ukebulula malu majadika bu a nshindamenu; wa kumpala udi ushala anu munda mua mikalu ya tshipatshila tshiende, muibidi udi uyisambuka bikole.”

Mumvuija makolesha ne muondoke mapesha Talmud wa Babilone akamuvuija ki ng’anu mutambe kutangalaka, kadi kabidi mupite kuondoka ne wa busunguluji buvule mu mushindu wende wa ngenyi ne dikonkonona dia malu. Padibu batela muaku “Talmud,” batu pa tshibidilu bakula bua Talmud wa Babilone. Eu ke Talmud udibu batambe kulonga ne kumvuija munkatshi mua siekele mivule. Bilondeshile mmuenenu wa Neusner, Talmud wa Palestine “mmukanda wa dimanya,” ne Talmud wa Babilone “mmukanda wa bena meji matue.”