Kodi Dziko Lathu Nlotani Lerolino?

KODI inu amene muli achikulire kwakuti mukhoza kukumbukira 1945 mwaona kusintha kulikonse m’miyezo ndi makhalidwe? Anthu ambiri alandira “makhalidwe atsopano,” amene akunenedwa kuti amapereka ufulu wokulirapo. Komano mtengo wake ndi wotani?

Mwamuna wina wazaka 70 amene anagwira ntchito mu United States Navy m’nkhondo yadziko yachiŵiri anati: “M’ma 1940, anthu anali kudalirana kwambiri, ndipo anansi anali kuthandizana. Ku California kumene tinali kukhala, sitinali kukhoma nkomwe zitseko zathu. Kunalibe upandu wa m’misewu, ndipo kunalibe chiwawa cha mfuti kusukulu. Kuyambira nthaŵiyo kudalirana kwazimiririka kotheratu.” Kodi mkhalidwewo ngwotani lero kwanuko? Kwasimbidwa kuti mu New York City, theka la achichepere oposa zaka 14 amayenda ndi zida. Ziŵiya zodziŵira zitsulo zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’masukulu ena poyesayesa kuletsera mipeni, zodulira mabokosi, ndi mfuti. Chaka chilichonse achichepere pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ku Unted States amakhala ndi mimba, ndipo mmodzi mwa atatu a ameneŵa amataya mimba. Achichepere ayamba kale kukhala anakubala—ana okhala ndi makanda.

Kusonkhezera umathanyula kwamphamvu kwachirikiza mkhalidwewo kwambiri kwakuti anthu owonjezereka aulekerera ndi kuuvomereza. Koma, pamodzi ndi ena, iwo atuta matenda ndi imfa chifukwa cha nthenda zopatsirana mwa kugonana monga ngati AIDS. Mliri wa AIDS wafalikira kwa anthu ogonana mwachibadwa ndi kwa anthu a anamgoneka. Wapha anthu monga zenga la imfa mu Afirika monse, North America ndi Ulaya. Ndipo palibe chizindikiro chakuti udzatha.

Buku lakuti A History of Private Life likunena kuti: “Chiwawa, uchidakwa, anamgoneka: imeneyi ndiyo mitundu yaikulu yochititsa khalidwe lopatuka pakati pa anthu a ku Sweden.” Mawu amenewo ndi oona ponenanso za maiko ochuluka a Kumadzulo. Pokhala makhalidwe a chipembedzo atagwa, kuipa kwa makhalidwe kwachuluka ngakhale pakati pa atsogoleri ambiri achipembedzo.

Anamgoneka—Panthaŵiyo ndi Patsopano Lino

Kalelo m’ma 1940, anamgoneka anali osadziŵika kwambiri pakati pa anthu onse a maiko a Kumadzulo. Inde, anthu anali kumva za morphine, opium, ndi cocaine, koma ndi anthu oŵerengeka okha amene ankagwritsira ntchito anamgoneka ameneŵa. Kunalibe atsogoleri a anamgoneka kapena amalonda ake monga timawadziŵira lerolino. Kunalibe ogulitsa anamgoneka m’makwalala. Koma kodi tsopano mkhalidwewo ngwotani mu 1995? Oŵerenga athu ambiri akudziŵa yankho lake ndi zimene aona kumene amakhala. Mbanda zochitika chifukwa cha anamgoneka zikukhala zatsiku ndi tsiku m’mizinda yaikulu yambiri ya dziko. Andale ndi oweruza amagwidwa chikole ndi atsogoleri a anamgoneka amphamvu amene amalamulira ndi kupha munthu aliyense wodziŵika wosagwirizana nawo. Mbiri yaposachedwa ya Colombia ndi anthu ake a anamgoneka ndiyo umboni wa zimenezi.

Mliri wa anamgoneka umapha anthu 40,000 chaka chilichonse ku United States kokha. Mu 1945 vuto limenelo kunalibedi. Mposadabwitsa kuti pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuyesayesa kwa maboma kuthetsa anamgoneka, Patrick Murphy, yemwe kale anali komishona wa polisi wa New York City, analemba nkhani mu Washington Post ya mutu wakuti “Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Anamgoneka Yatha—Anamgoneka Apambana”! Iye akuti “malonda a anamgoneka . . . tsopano ali pakati pa malonda opambana koposa mu [United States], okhala ndi phindu limene lidzafika pa $150 000,000,000 chaka chino.” Vutolo nlalikulu kwambiri ndipo likuonekera kukhala losatheka kuthetsedwa. Anamgoneka ali ndi misika yake yomakula ndipo monga mmene zilili ndi makhalidwe ena oipa, anthu ake ndi omwerekera. Ndiyo indasitale imene imachirikiza chuma cha maiko angapo.

John K. Galbraith, profesa wazachuma, analemba m’buku lake lakuti The Culture of Contentment kuti: “Malonda a anamgoneka, kuombera kosasankha, upandu wina ndi kusokonezeka ndi kusweka kwa mabanja tsopano kuli mbali za moyo wamasiku onse.” Iye akufotokoza kuti malo ena a magulu aang’ono a anthu m’mizinda yaikulu ya ku America “tsopano ali malo ochititsa mantha ndi othetsa nzeru.” Iye akulemba kuti “tiyenera kuyembekezera mkwiyo wokulirapo ndi kuchita chiwawa kwa anthu.” Kodi nchifukwa ninji zimenezo zili choncho? Chifukwa chakuti, iye akutero, olemera akulemererabe ndipo osauka, “oponderezedwa,” amene chiŵerengero chawo chikuwonjezereka, akusaukirasaukirabe.

Mphamvu ya Upandu wa Padziko Lonse

Tsopano umboni wakuti magulu a upandu akuwanditsa chisonkhezero chawo padziko lonse ukuwonjezereka. Kwa zaka zambiri magulu aupandu, limodzi ndi “nthambi zake,” akhala ndi njira zokambitsirana pakati pa Italy ndi United States. Koma tsopano Mlembi Wamkulu wa United Nation Boutros Boutros-Ghali wachenjeza kuti “magulu aupandu a m’maiko ena . . . amaderera ziletso ndipo ali ndi mphamvu padziko lonse.” Iye anati: “Ku Ulaya, ku Asia, ku Afirika ndi ku America, magulu oipa akugwira ntchito ndipo palibe dziko limene silikukhudzidwa.” Ananenanso kuti “upandu wofalikira m’maiko ena . . . umafoola maziko enieniwo a dongosolo la padziko lonse la demokrase. [U]maipitsa mkhalidwe wa malonda, umaipitsa atsogoleri a ndale ndi kufoola zoyenera za munthu.”

Mapu Asintha

Vaclav Havel, pulezidenti wa Lipabuliki la Czech, m’nkhani yake yonenedwa ku Philadelphia, U.S.A., anati zochitika ziŵiri zandale zofunika koposa m’theka lachiŵiri la zaka za zana la 20 zinali kutha kwa utsamunda ndi kutha kwa Chikomyunizimu ku Eastern Europe. Kuyerekezera mapu a 1945 ndi a 1995 kumasonyeza mwamsanga kusintha kwa zinthu kumene kwachitika padziko, makamaka mu Afirika, Asia, ndi Ulaya.

Yerekezerani mkhalidwe wa ndale wa zaka ziŵirizo. Chikomyunizimu chinafika pachimake m’zaka 50 za mphamvu yake ya kulamulira, ndiyeno pambuyo pake chinachotsedwa m’maiko ambiri amene kale anali a Chikomyunizimu. M’maiko amenewo ulamuliro wankhanza waloŵedwa m’malo ndi mtundu wina wa “demokrase.” Komabe, anthu ambiri akuvutika ndi zotulukapo za kusintha kwa maiko awo kukhala a makampani a chuma osayendetsedwa ndi boma. Ulova ngwochuluka, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ndalama nzopanda mphamvu. Mu 1989 ruble Yachirasha inali yofanana ndi $1.61 (ya United States). Panthaŵi ya kulembedwa kwa nkhani ino, mufunikira ma ruble 4,300 kuti mukhale ndi dola imodzi!

Magazini a Modern Maturity anasimba kuti lerolino Arasha 40 miliyoni ali mu umphaŵi wadzaoneni. Mrasha wina anati: “Sitingathe kulipirira mtengo wa imfa. Sitingathe kulipirira maliro.” Ngakhale maliro otsika mtengo amafuna ma ruble 400,000. Mitembo yosaikidwa ili kuunjikizana kunyumba zachisoni. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, tiyenera kudziŵa kuti Aamereka oposa 36 miliyoni ali mu umphaŵi wadzaoneni ku United States!

Mtolankhani wa zachuma wa Guardian Weekly, Will Hutton, analemba za mavuto a Eastern Europe. Pamutu wakuti “Loŵani m’Nyengo ya Nkhaŵa,” anati: “Kutha kwa chikomyunizimu ndi kuchepa kwa Russia kukhala wamng’ono kwambiri monga momwe analili m’zaka za zana la 18 ndizo zochitika zimene zolinga zake zikali zosazindikiridwa bwino.” Pafupifupi maiko atsopano 25 aloŵa m’malo a womwe kale unali ulamuliro wa Soviet. Iye akuti “chisangalalo chimene chinalipo pamene chikomyunizimu chinatha tsopano chaloŵedwa m’malo ndi nkhaŵa yonena za mtsogolo. . . . Kutitimira mu mkhalidwe wa kusalamulirika kwa chuma ndi ndale kudzakula—ndipo Ulaya wakumadzulo adzayambukiridwa.”

Polingalira za mkhalidwe wopanda chiyembekezo umenewo, mposadabwitsa kuti Hutton akumaliza nkhani yake mwa kunena kuti: “Dziko lifunikira chitsogozo chabwinopo kuposa kupempha anthu kulandira demokrase ndi kugulitsana malonda mwaufulu—komano palibe chilichonse.” Chotero kodi maiko angayang’ane kuti kaamba ka mankhwala ake? Nkhani yotsatira idzapereka yankho.

[Bokosi patsamba 10]

UN Chiyambire 1945

Kodi nchifukwa ninji UN, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1945, yalephera kuletsa nkhondo zambiri? Mlembi Wamkulu Boutros Boutros-Ghali m’nkhani yake yakuti “Mfundo za Mtendere” anati: “United Nations inalandidwa mphamvu za kuthetsa mavuto chifukwa cha mavoti a kukana—okwanira 279—ochitidwa mu Security Council, kumene kunali chisonyezero champhamvu cha magaŵano a m’nyengo imeneyo [ya Nkhondo ya Mawu pakati pa mitundu ya chuma ndi maboma a Chikomyunizimu].”

Kodi nchifukwa chakuti UN sinayese kusungitsa mtendere pakati pa maiko? Yayesa kutero, komano movuta kwambiri. “Magulu ankhondo khumi ndi atatu a antchito osungitsa mtendere apangidwa pakati pa zaka za 1945 ndi 1987; ndipo kuyambira pamenepo papangidwanso ena 13. Asilikali, apolisi ndi antchito wamba oyerekezeredwa kukhala 528,000 agwira ntchito mu United Nations kufikira January 1992. Oposa 800 a iwo ochokera kumaiko 43 afera mu ntchito ya United Nations imeneyo. Mitengo ya ntchito za maguluwo yafika pafupifupi $8,300,000,000 kufikira 1992.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kasinja ndi misaelo: Chithunzi cha U.S. Army

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Wailesi ya Kanema

Kodi Ili Yophunzitsa Kapena Yoipitsa Makhalidwe?

Nyumba zoŵerengeka chabe nzimene zinali ndi wailesi yakanema mu 1945. Inali ikali paukhanda wake weniweni wa zithunzithunzi zakuda ndi zoyera. Lerolino, TV ndiyo mbala yolekereredwa ndi woloŵerera pafupifupi m’nyumba iliyonse ya dziko lotukuka ndi m’mudzi uliwonse wa dziko losatukuka. Ngakhale kuti pali maprogramu ochepa amene ali ophunzitsa ndi omangirira, ambiri a iwo ngoipitsa makhalidwe ndipo ali oluluza kwambiri miyezo ya anthu. Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa mafilimu a pavidiyo, kusonyezedwa kwa zithunzithunzi zaumaliseche zosonyezedwa kwa akulu okha ndiko kuponderezedwa kwina kwa makhalidwe abwino.

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Nkhondo monga ya ku Vietnam zapha anthu oposa 20 miliyoni chiyambire 1945

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Patrick Frilet/Sipa Press

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Luc Delahaye/ Sipa Press