Akapolo a Umphaŵi

M’CHAKA cha 33 C.E., Yesu Kristu anati kwa ophunzira ake: “Nthaŵi zonse muli nawo aumphaŵi pamodzi nanu.” (Mateyu 26:11) Kodi ankatanthauza chiyani? Kodi ankatanthauza kuti umphaŵi sudzatha?

James Speth, mkulu wa bungwe la United Nations Development Programme, anati: “Sitingati tidzakhala a [umphaŵi] nthaŵi zonse. Makono dziko lili ndi zambiri zoti nkutithandiza, maluso othandiza kuti umphaŵi ukhale mbiri yakale.” Koma kodi dziko lamakonoli nkuthetsa umphaŵi?

Mwachionekere United Nations General Assembly imayembekezera kuti zoyesayesa za anthu zikhoza kuthetsa umphaŵi, monga mmene inalengezera kuti kuyambira 1997 mpaka 2006 ndiye gawo loyamba la “Zaka Khumi za United Nations Zothetsa Umphaŵi.” United Nations inkafuna kumagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi maboma, anthu, ndi mabungwe ena kuti itukule zachuma, kuti ithandize anthu kumapeza zowayenera zothandiza pa kakhalidwe, kupititsa patsogolo moyo wa amayi ndi kuthandiza kuti anthu azipeza ndalama zokwana ndiponso kuti ntchito zisamasoŵe.

Zolinga zabwino kwambiri! Koma kodi anthu adzazitha zimenezo? Lingalirani za zimene zimalepheretsa kuti anthu athetse umphaŵi.

Njala Ndiponso Matenda a Njala

Ayembe, amene amakhala ku Zaire, ali ndi abale ake 15 amene amadalira thandizo lake. Nthaŵi zina banjalo limadya kamodzi patsiku—phala la ufa wa chimanga lomwe amathirako chigwada, mchere, ndi shuga. Nthaŵi zina amasoŵa chakudya kwa masiku aŵiri kapena atatu. “Kuti ndiphike ndimadikira kufikira ana ayambe kulira ndi njala,” anatero Ayembe.

Vuto lawoli si lachilendo. M’maiko otukuka kumene, munthu mmodzi mwa asanu amagona ndi njala tsiku lililonse. Padziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi anthu mamiliyoni 800—mamiliyoni 200 a iwo ana—alibe chakudya m’matupi mwawo. Ana ameneŵa sakula bwino; amadwaladwala. Kusukulu sachita bwino. Akakula amadzavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha zimenezi. Motero, kaŵirikaŵiri umphaŵi umapangitsa anthu kudwala matenda a njala amenenso amapangitsa kuti pakhale umphaŵi.

Umphaŵi, njala, ndi matenda a njala nzofala kwambiri mwakuti zoyesayesa za andale, azachuma, ndi oona za kakhalidwe ka anthu zakhala zikulephera kuzithetsa. Kunena zoona, vutolo silikubwerera m’mbuyo koma likunkabe patsogolo.

Thanzi Lovutikira

Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, umphaŵi ndiyo “nthenda yoopsa kwambiri padziko” ndi “chopangitsa imfa, matenda ndi kuvutika chachikulu kwambiri.”

Buku lotchedwa An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, 1996 linati pafupifupi anthu 600 miliyoni ku Latin America, Asia, ndi Afirika ankakhala m’nyumba zoipa—popanda madzi okwanira, zipangizo zothandizira pa ukhondo, ndi zotayira za m’zimbudzi—mwakuti miyoyo yawo inali pangozi. Padziko lonse, anthu oposa biliyoni imodzi alibe madzi abwino. Mazanamazana sangathe kupeza chakudya cha magulu atatu. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa anthu osauka kupewa matenda.

Kaŵirikaŵiri anthu osauka sathanso kuchiza matenda. Pamene anthu osauka adwala, sangathe kugula mankhwala oyenera kapena kulipira kuchipatala. Osauka amafa ali ana; omwe amakhala ndi moyo nthaŵi yaitaliko angathe kukhala odwaladwala.

Zahida, wogulitsa zinthu mumsika ku Maldives anati: “Umphaŵi umatanthauza kusakhala ndi thanzi labwino, zimene zimakulepheretsa kugwira ntchito bwino.” Zoonadi, kusoŵa ntchito kumakulitsa umphaŵi kwambiri. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipa kwambiri chifukwa umphaŵi umapitiriza kumakulitsa matenda ndi matenda kumakulitsa umphaŵi.

Kusoŵa Ntchito Ndiponso Malipiro Ochepa

Mfundo ina yokhudza umphaŵi ndi kusoŵa ntchito. Padziko lonse anthu 120 miliyoni amene akhoza kugwira ntchito saipeza. Padakali pano, anthu ena okwana 700 miliyoni kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito maola ambiri kuti alandire ndalama zochepa zosakwana kugulira zinthu zofunikira pamoyo wawo.

Rudeen amayendetsa takisi ku Cambodia. Iye anati: “Chifukwa cha umphaŵi ndimagwira ntchito maola oposa 18 patsiku, komabe ndimalandira ndalama zosakwana kuti ndidye ndi mkazi wanga ndi ana aŵiri.”

Kusakazika kwa Chilengedwe

Chinthu china chomwe chimachitikira pamodzi ndi umphaŵi ndicho kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Elsa, wazofufuzafufuza ku Guyana, South America anati: “Umphaŵi umapangitsa kusakazika kwa chilengedwe: nkhalango, nthaka, zinyama, mitsinje ndi nyanja.” Apa palinso vuto lomangochitika mosalekeza—umphaŵi umachititsa chilengedwe kuwonongeka ndipo kuwonongekako kumachititsa kuti umphaŵi usamathe.

Kulima munda kufikira utaguga kapena utagwiritsidwa ntchito zina nkwakalekale. Zilinso choncho ndi kudula mitengo—kudula nkhuni m’khalango kapena kuwotcha makala kuti abzalepo mbewu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko, vutolo lafika poipa kwambiri.

Malinga ndi bungwe la International Fund for Agricultural Development, mkati mwa zaka 30 zapita, pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya nthaka yoyenera kulimapo mbewu yapadziko lonse inawonongeka, makamaka chifukwa chosoŵa zonse ziŵiri ndalama ndi luso lothandiza kutetezera nthaka. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri anaguga chifukwa cha ziwiya zosakonzedwa bwino ndiponso zomwe samazikonza bwino zikawonongeka. Ndipo mahekitala mamiliyoni a nkhalango akudulidwa chaka ndi chaka kuti alimepo mbewu kapena pofuna mitengo yoti acheke matabwa kapena nkhuni.

Kuwononga kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi umphaŵi mwanjira ziŵiri. Choyamba, osauka amakakamizika kusakaza chilengedwe pofuna chakudya ndi nkhuni. Munthu anganene bwanji za kuchita chitukuko popanda kuwononga chilengedwe kapena kunena za ana a mtsogolo kwa anthu anjala ndi osauka amene amakakamizika kusakaza chilengedwe kuti akhale ndi moyo tsopano lino? Chachiŵiri, olemera amasakaza zinthu zachilengedwe za anthu osauka chabe kuti apeze phindu. Motero kusakaza chilengedwe kochitidwa ndi anthu olemera ndi osauka kumachulukitsa umphaŵi.

Maphunziro

Alicia, wogwira ntchito yothandiza anthu ku Philippines, anati: “Umphaŵi umachititsa mayi kutumiza ana ake kumakapemphapempha m’malo mowatumiza kusukulu chifukwa ngati satero asoŵa chakudya. Mayiyo amadziŵa kuti akupangitsa umphaŵi womwe unamvutitsa iye kumapitirirabe, koma palibe chilichonse chomwe angachite kuti authetse.”

Ana pafupifupi mamiliyoni 500 sapita kusukulu chifukwa sukuluzo palibe. Akuluakulu okwana biliyoni imodzi amadziŵa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba koma kosati nkupeza nako ntchito. Ngati sunaphunzire, nkovuta kwambiri kuti upeze ntchito. Motero umphaŵi umachititsa kuti pakhale umbuli, umene umawonjezera umphaŵi.

Nyumba

Pali kusoŵa kwa nyumba m’maiko osauka, ngakhale m’maiko olemera. Lipoti lina linati anthu pafupifupi 250,000 a ku New York City anayamba akhalapo m’zisakasa za anthu opanda nyumba pa nthaŵi ina mkati mwa zaka zisanu zapita. Ku Ulaya nakonso anthu osauka aliko. Ku London anthu pafupifupi 400,000 amadziŵika kuti alibe nyumba. Ku France anthu theka la miliyoni alibe nyumba.

M’maiko onse otukuka kumene, zinthu sizili bwino. Anthu amakhamukira m’matauni ndi m’mizinda, ali ncholinga chokapeza chakudya, ntchito, ndi moyo wabwino. M’mizinda ina, oposa 60 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu amakhala m’zisakasa, nyumba zoipa kapena kumene anthu amakhala mothinana. Motero umphaŵi wakumudzi umakulitsa umphaŵi wa m’matauni.

Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

Chikuwonjezera mavuto ameneŵa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Mkati mwa zaka 45 zapita chiŵerengero cha anthu chawonjezereka kuposa kuŵirikiza kaŵiri. United Nations imayerekezera kuti chiŵerengero chidzafika mabiliyoni 6.2 podzafika m’chaka cha 2000 ndi mabiliyoni 9.8 podzafika m’chaka cha 2050. M’madera osauka kwambiri ndimo mmene chiŵerengero chimakwera mwamsanga. Pa ana pafupifupi 90 miliyoni omwe anabadwa mu 1995, okwanira 85 miliyoni anabadwa m’maiko momwe sangathe kuwasunga.

Kodi mumakhulupirira kuti mwadzidzidzi anthu adzagwirizana kuti athetseretu umphaŵi kwamuyaya mwa kuthetsa njala, matenda, kusoŵa kwa ntchito, kusakazika kwa chilengedwe, kusaphunzira, kupanda nyumba zabwino, ndi nkhondo? Mwinamwake simukhulupirira.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti vutoli silidzatha? Ayi, chifukwa nthaŵi yoti mavutowa athe yayandikira ndipo ifika mosalephera. Koma siidzafika mwa zoyesayesa za anthu. Koma motani? Nanga bwanji za mawu a Yesu amene anati: “Nthaŵi zonse muli nawo aumphaŵi pamodzi nanu.”?

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Osaukitsitsa mwa Osauka

Mu 1971, bungwe la United Nations linapeka mawu akuti “maiko osatukuka” ponena za maiko “osaukitsitsa mwa maiko otukuka kumene.” Panthaŵiyo panali maiko otero 21. Koma tsopano alipo 48, ndipo 33 ali mu Afirika.

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Anthu mamiliyoni amagwira ntchito maola ambiri koma amalandira ndalama zochepa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Godo-Foto

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Chuma ndi umphaŵi zonse zikuchitikira pamodzi

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Mamiliyoni amakhala m’nyumba zosayenera