Mafunso Ochokera kwa Oŵerenga
Kodi Baibulo limavomereza kukhalako kwa akavalo anyanga imodzi (“unicorns”), otchulidwa m’matembenuzidwe ena?
Matembenuzidwe a King James, Douay, ndi ena, amatchula akavalo anyanga imodzi. Koma matembenuzidwe amakono omwe amamasulira Chihebri molondola samatero.—Salmo 22:21; 29:6; 92:10 (21:22; 28:6; 91:11, Douay).
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri pakhala nthanthi zambiri zonena za nyama yokhala ndi thupi ndi mutu za kavalo koma miyendo ya nswala ndi mchira wa mkango. Mwina mbali yapadera kwambiri ya cholengedwa cha nthanthi chimenechi ndiyo nyanga yake yopotoloka pamphumi pake.a
“Anthu kale ankakhulupirira kuti nyanga ya kavaloyo inali ndi mankhwala opha ululu, ndipo m’Nyengo Zapakati, ufa wolingaliridwa kukhala wotengedwa ku nyanga zotero unkagulitsidwa pamtengo wodula kwambiri. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chithunzithunzi cha kavalo wanyanga imodzi chinatengedwa ku zolembedwa zanthanthi za ku Yuropu zonena za chipembere.” (The World Book Encyclopedia) Zifaniziro zina za ku Asuriya ndi Babulo zinasonyeza nyama yanyanga imodzi. Zimenezo tsopano zimadziŵika kukhala nswala, zinkhoma, ng’ombe zazikazi, ndi zazimuna zosonyezedwa kumbali kwake, kawonekedwe kamene sikanasonyeze nyanga zonse ziŵiri.
Zimenezi nzofunika kwa ophunzira Baibulo chifukwa chakuti kwa nthaŵi zisanu ndi zinayi Malemba amatchula nyama ina ndi liwu Lachihebri la reʼemʹ. (Numeri 23:22; 24:8; Deuteronomo 33:17; Yobu 39:9, 10; Salmo 22:21; 29:6; 92:10; Yesaya 34:7) Kwa nthaŵi yaitali otembenuza anali osatsimikiza za mtundu wa nyama imene inatanthauzidwa. Septuagint Yachigiriki inamasulira reʼemʹ ndi lingaliro la ‘nyanga imodzi,’ kapena kavalo wanyanga imodzi. Vulgate Yachilatini kaŵirikaŵiri imalitembenuza monga “chipembere.” Matembenuzidwe ena amagwiritsira ntchito ‘ng’ombe yakutchire,’ ‘zilombo,’ kapena ‘njati.’ Robert Young anangogwiritsira ntchito liwu Lachihebri m’Chingelezi kuti “Reem,” ndi kusiya woŵerenga m’malere.
Ngakhale nditero, akatswiri amakono athetsa chisokonezo chonse cha liwu la reʼemʹ. Wolemba dikishonale Ludwig Koehler ndi Walter Baumgartner amasonyeza kuti limatanthauza “ng’ombe yakutchire,” imene asayansi amaitcha Bos primigenius. Imeneyi iri “m’kagulu ka banja lalikulu la nyama zanyanga zokhala ndi ziboda.” The New Encyclopædia Britannica imati:
“Ndime zina zandakatulo za m’Chipangano Chakale zimatchula nyama yamphamvu yanyanga zazikulu yotchedwa reʼemʹ. Liwu limeneli limatembenuzidwa kukhala ‘kavalo wanyanga imodzi’ kapena ‘chipembere’ m’matembenuzidwe ambiri, koma otembenuza ambiri amakono amati ‘ng’ombe yakutchire’ (mtundu wa ng’ombe zakutchire zanyanga zazitali), limene liri tanthauzo lolondola la reʼemʹ Wachihebri.
Popeza kuti m’Chingelezi chamakono liwu lakuti “ox” (ng’ombe yamphongo) limatanthauza ng’ombe yamfule, New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures mosasintha ndi molondola imamasulira reʼemʹ monga “wild bull” (ng’ombe yamphongo yakutchire). Zikuwonekera kuti ng’ombe yakutchire imeneyo inasoloka pofika m’zaka za zana la 17, koma asayansi anena kuti inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi kavalo wanyanga imodzi wotchulidwa m’nthanthi. Ng’ombe yakutchire inali ndi msinkhu wamamita 1.8, ndi utali wapafupifupi mamita 3. Zikuwoneka kuti inkalemera makilogramu 900, ndikuti nyanga zake zonse ziŵiri zinali zautali wamasentimita 75 imodzi.
Izitu zimagwirizana ndi zimene Baibulo limatchula ponena za reʼemʹ, kapena ng’ombe yamphongo yakutchire. Inali yotchuka chifukwa cha nyonga yake ndi kukhala kwake yosaŵeteka (Yobu 39:10, 11) limodzi ndi kupepuka thupi kwake. (Numeri 23:22; 24:8) Mwachiwonekere inali ndi nyanga ziŵiri, osati imodzi monga kavalo wanyanga imodzi wonenedwa m’nthanthi. Mose anatchula nyanga zake pofotokoza mwafanizo mafuko aŵiri amphamvu omwe akabadwa mwa ana aamuna aŵiri a Yosefe.—Deuteronomo 33:17.
Chotero Baibulo silimavomereza lingaliro la akavalo anyanga imodzi otchulidwa m’nthanthi. Limapereka chithunzithunzi cholondola, ngakhale kuti nchosakwanira, cha ng’ombe yakutchire yaikulu ndi yowopsa yomwe inakhalako m’nthaŵi za Baibulo kudzafika m’nyengo zapita osati kale kwambiri.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Profesa Paul Haupt anafotokoza kuti: ‘M’nthanthi za m’zaka za mazana apakati nyanga za chipembere kapena minyanga ya narwhal (yotchedwanso nsomba yanyanga imodzi kapena namgumi wanyanga imodzi) zinkalingaliridwa kukhala nyanga za kavalo wanyanga imodzi.’
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 31]
Treasury of Fantastic and Mythological Creatures: 1,087 Renderings from Historic Sources, losindikizidwa ndi Richard Huber/ Dover Publications, Inc.