Kufufuza Nyama—Dalitso kapena Temberero?

NGATI ndinu mmodzi wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene anabadwa kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lino, mungadziŵe bwino lomwe kuti moyo wanu ngwautali zedi kuposa zimene makolo anu ndi dokotala kapena namwino amene anathandizira kubadwa kwanu anayembekezera. Ngati munabadwira mu United States, Canada, kapena ku Ulaya, utali wa moyo wanu m’chaka cha 1900 unali pafupifupi zaka 47. M’maiko ena chiyembekezo cha moyo chinali chochepera kwenikweni. Lerolino, m’maiko ambiri utali wa moyo ngoposa pa zaka 70.

Mosasamala kanthu kuti muli ndi zaka zingati, inu mukukhala m’nthaŵi yodabwitsa. Agogo anu kapena makolo a agogo anu anachitira umboni ziyambukiro zosalamulirika za zovuta zambiri zimene zinapululutsa mbadwo wawo. Mwachitsanzo, nthomba inapha miyoyo ya zikwi zosaŵerengeka chaka ndi chaka ndikupundula mamiliyoni ena kwa moyo wonse. Zimfine zinaphanso ambiri—mliri umodzi wokha unapha anthu mamiliyoni 20 m’chaka chimodzi (1918-19). Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko ya I, mliri wa typhus unapha anthu mamiliyoni atatu mu Russia. Miliri ya typhus inachitika m’maiko ena ambiri mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko ya II. Kwayerekezedwa kuti anthu 25 mwa 100 alionse oyambukiridwa m’nthaŵi ya miliri ya typhus anamwalira.

Nthenda yowopsya yopundula yotchedwa infantile paralysis, pambuyo pake yodziŵika monga poliyo (poliomyelitis), inachepetsa chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko ndi anthu 30,000 pachaka ndipo inapundula zikwi zina zambiri, makamaka ana. Panali awo achichepere amene sanapulumuke kukanthidwa kwawo koyamba ndi malungo a typhoid kapena diphtheria, scarlet kapena chikuku, chifuwa chokoka mtima kapena chibayo. Ndandandayo ikuwoneka kukhala yopanda malire. Pa ana 100,000 alionse amene anabadwa mu 1915, pafupifupi 10,000 anamwalira lisanafike tsiku lawo loyamba lakubadwa. Zotupa za ubongo zinali zosakhoza kuchitidwa opareshoni. Luso la kutsegula mitsempha yotsekeka linali losadziŵika. Adokotala anali opanda mphamvu kupulumutsa minkhole yokanthidwa ndi nthenda ya mtima, ndipo kansa inalidi inapangitsa imfa.

Mosasamala kanthu za miliri yakupha imene yasakaza dziko chiyambire kuyambika kwa zaka za zana lino ndi kuchiyambi kwake, utali wa moyo wa munthu lerolino wawonjezeka ndi zaka 25. Motero, m’mbali zambiri zadziko, mwana wobadwa lero ali ndi utali wa moyo wa zaka pafupifupi 70.

Mtengo Wolipiridwa Kupulumutsa Moyo

Mwamwaŵi, achichepere ambiri amene akukhala ndi moyo lerolino apulumuka matenda ambiri akupha omwe anachititsa makolo awo ambiri kuzimiririka mofulumira. Koma iwo sangakondwere kudziŵa kuti mabwenzi aubweya ambiri a munthu—agalu, amphaka, akalulu, anyani, ndi zina—zinaperekedwa nsembe m’sayansi yamankhwala ‘kotero kuti anthu lerolino angakhale ndi moyo wautaliko ndi waumoyo,’ monga mmene asayansi amalongosolera.

Kwenikweni matenda onse amene athetsedwa kapena kulamuliridwa m’zaka za zana lino—poliyo, diphtheria, matsagwidi, chikulu, rubella, nthomba, ndi ena—agonjetsedwa kudzera m’kufufuza nyama. Mankhwala oletsa kumva ululu ndi mankhwala oletsa kupweteka, kudyetsa ndi kupereka mankhwala kodzera m’mitsempha, kuchiritsa kansa ndi cheza cha kuwala ndi kwamankhwala, zonsezi zinayeseredwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa pa zinyama choyamba. Ndipo zimenezi nzoŵerengeka zokha.

“Palibiretu kuchiritsa kapena njira zochitira opareshoni zirizonse m’mankhwala amakono zimene zikanapangidwa popanda kufufuza nyama,” anatero katswiri wotchuka wa matenda a mitsempha, Dr. Robert J. White. “Ntchito yochitidwa pa agalu ndi zinyama zina inatsogolera ku kupezedwa kwa insulin ndi kuchepetsa nthenda ya suga, opareshoni yotsegula mtima, chiwiya chowongolera liŵiro la kugunda kwa mtima ndi kusamutsa ziŵalo konse. Poliyo . . . yakhala pafupifupi kuthetsedweretu mu United States chifukwa cha akatemera ochinjiriza oyesedwa pa anyani. Mwakugwira ntchito ndi zinyama, ofufuza akweza mlingo wochiritsa ana okanthidwa ndi acute lymphocytic leukemia kuchoka pa maperesenti anayi mu 1965 kufika ku maperesenti 70 lerolino,” anatero dokotala mmodzimodziyo.

Mbali ya kufufuza nyama yatsimikiziridwa ndi yemwe kale anali wothandiza m’chipinda choyesera zinthu Harold Pierson, yemwe adagwira ntchito pansi pa chitsogozo cha Dr. F.C. Robbins pa Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Iye anauza Galamukani! kuti programu yawo yofunafuna katemera wakumwa wa poliyo inaloŵetsamo kugwiritsira ntchito imso za nyani. M’nyewa wochokera ku imso imodzi ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m’zoyesa zikwi zambiri. Iye analongosola kuti: “Anyaniwo anasungidwa m’mikhalidwe yaumunthu ndipo nthaŵi zonse pamene anachitidwa opareshoni anapatsidwa mankhwala oletsa kumva ululu. Ndithudi padalibe nkhanza yadala. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchita kwawo opareshoniko, iwo anali minkhole yosafuna ya nkhanza yasayansi.”

Opareshoni ya Mtima ndi Matenda a Alzheimer

Monga chotulukapo chachindunji cha kufufuza nyama, maluso atsopano a opareshoni apangidwa kutsegula mitsempha yotsekeka ndi kuunjikika kwa mafuta, mwakutero kuchepetsa kukanthidwa ndi nthenda ya mtima kochuluka—chochititsa chachikulu cha imfa m’maiko a Kumadzulo. Mwakuyesa pa zinyama choyamba, adokotala amaphunzira mmene angachotsere mwachipambano zotupa zazikulu mu ubongo wa anthu ndikubwezeretsanso ziŵalo zoduka—mikono, miyendo, manja, ndi zala. Dr. Michael DeBakey, amene anapanga opareshoni yoyamba yachipambano yotchedwa coronary artery bypass (dongosolo lopatutsa mwazi), anati: “M’mbali ya kufufuza zamankhwala kwadekha, pafupifupi chochitika chirichonse choyambirira m’kuchita opareshoni ya mtima ndi mitsempha chinazikidwa pa kuchiyesera pa nyama.”

Ponena za matenda a Alzheimer, Dr. Zaven Khachaturian wa ku U.S. National Institute of Aging anati: “Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, tinalibe maziko alionse. Pakhala kupita patsogolo kodabwitsa m’kufufuza matenda a Alzheimer chifukwa cha kufufuza kwathu kwenikweni kozikidwa pa kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo kumbuyoko m’ma 1930.” Mbali yaikulu ya ntchitoyo inaloŵetsamo zinyama, ndipo dokotalayo anadziŵitsa kuti izo ziri ndi mfungulo ku chipambano chowonjezereka.

AIDS ndi Matenda a Parkinson

Kufufuza kovuta koposa tsopano, kumene kukupangitsa asayansi ndi akatswiri a katemera kugwira ntchito maola owonjezereka, kuli kwa katemera wothetsa matenda owopsya a AIDS, amene akatswiri ena akuyerekeza kuti pofika 1991 adzapha anthu pafupifupi 200,000 mu United States mokha. Mu 1985 asayansi pa New England Regional Primate Center anapambana m’kupatula kachirombo ka STLV-3 (SAIDS, mtundu wa AIDS ya anyani) mwa anyani otchedwa macaque ndi kukaika m’thupi mwa ena. Dr. Norman Letvin, katswiri wa katemera pa New England Regional Primate Center anati: “Popeza tsono kachiromboko kapatulidwa, tiri ndi chitsanzo cha nyama chimene tingapange nacho akatemera a anyani ndi anthu. Nkotheka kuphunzira zambiri kuchokera ku zinyama zoŵerengeka m’phunziro lokhala ndi choyerekezera kuposa zimene mungaphunzire mwakuyang’anitsitsa anthu odwala AIDS mazana ambiri.”

Adokotala a pa Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center ya pa Emory University ku Atlanta anali oyamba kusonyeza, kupyolera m’kuphunzira kwawo anyani otchedwa rhesus, kuthekera kwa kudzala minyewa yotulutsa dopamine mu ubongo monga chochiritsira matenda a Parkinson. Chiyambire 1985 akatswiri ochita opareshoni ya mitsempha akhala akuchita opareshoniyo kwa anthu pa Emory University Hospital. Adokotala akuganiza kuti ichi chingatsogoze ku kupeza mankhwala a matendawo.

Munthu watembenukira kwa zinyama m’kufunafuna kwake mayankho ku mafunso ovutitsa maganizo onena za mmene angawongolere ndi kuchilikiza, ngakhale kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, moyo wake wopanda ungwiro. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama m’kufufuza kwamankhwala kumadzutsa nkhani zotchuka za makhalidwe ndi mwambo zimene siziri zokhweka kuzithetsa.

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Kufufuza Nyama Kachitidwe Kakalekale

KUGWIRITSIRA ntchito kofala kwa zinyama kochitidwa ndi adokotala ndi asayansi kuti amvetsetse kapangidwe ka thupi la anthu sikwapadera m’zaka za zana la 20 lino. Zinyama zakhala zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’kufufuza mankhwala kwa pafupifupi zaka 2,000. M’zaka za zana lachitatu B.C.E., mu Alesandriya, Igupto, zolembera zimasonyeza kuti wanthanthi ndiponso wasayansi Erasistratus anagwiritsira ntchito zinyama kuphunzira kugwira ntchito kwa thupi ndipo anapeza kuti zinagwira ntchito kwa anthu. M’zaka za zana lachinayi, Aristotle, wasayansi wotchuka Wachigiriki anasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chofunika chonena za kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa thupi la munthu kupyolera m’maphunziro ake a zinyama. Zaka mazana asanu pambuyo pake Galen, sing’anga Wachigiriki anagwiritsira ntchito anyani ndi nkhumba kutsimikizira nthanthi yake yakuti mitsempha ndiyo imanyamula mwazi osati mpweya.