Kufufuza Nyama—Zivomerezo Zachiwawa

NGATI chiŵerengero chenicheni cha zolengedwa zamiyendo inayi zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mafufuzidwe a m’chipida choyesera zinthu ndiponso monga zitsanzo za kufufuzira mankhwala chinalembedwa, chiwonkhetso cha chaka ndi chaka padziko lonse chikanakhala chachikulu kwabasi. Kwayerekezedwa kuti pafupifupi zinyama 17 miliyoni—agalu, amphaka, anyani, mbira, ndi akalulu—zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito chaka chirichonse mu United States mokha. Makoswe ndi mbewa zimapanga 85 peresenti ya chiŵerengerochi. Popeza kuti palibe ziŵerengero zolongosoka za kumene zinyamazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuti agwiritsira zingati, ziŵerengerozi zikulingaliridwa ndi akatswiri ena kukhala kuyerekeza kosalongosoka. Magwero ena amaika chiwonkhetso cha United States pafupi ndi miliyoni zana limodzi. Kodi ziŵerengerozi zikukuchititsani mantha?

Ngakhale kuti kuperekedwa nsembe kwa zolengedwa zaubweya zimenezi sikunakhale kopanda cholinga, kodi mukunyumwa ndi kulingalira zimenezo? Kodi mukulingalira kupha kumeneku kukhala kupanda makhalidwe abwino? Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amanyansidwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama m’kufufuza. Ena amatsutsa kuti kulakwira zinyama ndiko speciesism (kuda mtundu wina wa zolengedwa). Speciesist ndiye munthu amene “ali ndi maganizo opotozedwa kulinga ku zikondwerero za mtundu wake wa cholengedwa kuposa zikondwerero za mtundu wa zolengedwa zina.” (Point/Counterpoint Responses to Typical pro-Vivisection Arguments) Mogwirizana ndi omenyera ufulu wa nyama, aspeciesist “amakhulupirira kuti mapeto amalungamitsa chochitikacho, ndikuti choipa chiyenera kuchitidwa [kwa zinyama] kotero kuti afikiritse zabwino [kwa anthu].”

Kumbali ina, lingaliro lasayansi lingafupikitsidwe m’mafunso otsatirawa: Kodi mumakana dongosolo limene limachilikiza kupha zinyama kotero kuti adokotala aphunzire maluso atsopano opangira maopareshoni pa anthu kapena kuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda akupha? Kodi ndinu wokonzekera kukana mankhwala atsopano opulumutsa moyo chifukwa chakuti mukudziŵa kuti anayesedwa pa zinyama choyamba? Kodi mungakhale wofunitsitsa, inde kukonda, kuti khanda kapena kholo lanu lamoyo koma lakufa ubongo ligwiritsiridwe ntchito m’kuyesa kwaopareshoni m’malo mwa nyama? Ndipo pomalizira, pali ichi: Ngati kufufuza kochitidwa pa nyama kukanapulumutsa inu kapena wokondedwa wanu ku matenda opweteka kapena imfa, kodi mukanakukana ndi lingaliro lakuti kupereka nsembe nyama ndi cholinga chopulumutsa munthu kuli kupanda makhalidwe abwino? Ena anganene kuti vutolo siliri lokhweka kulithetsa.

Gulu Lomenyera Ufulu wa Nyama

Komabe, mkati mwa zaka khumi za m’ma 1980, padali kulingalira komakula kotsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama m’kufufuza. Lerolino lingaliro loterolo latembenuzidwa kukhala magulu ogwirizana adziko lonse amene akupitirizabe kukula m’mphamvu ndi ziŵerengero. Iwo ngoumirira kulamulira kuletsedwa kotheratu kwa kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama zonse m’kuyesera mankhwala kapena kwa m’chipinda chofufuzira zinthu.

Ochilikiza zoyenerera za nyama akumveketsa mawu awo mwazisonyezero m’ngodya za makwalala, zochita zosonkhezera andale zadziko, magazine ndi manyuzipepala, wailesi ndi wailesi yakanema, ndiponso, chodziŵika koposa, machenjera ankhondo ndi achiwawa. Wochilikiza wina wa ku Canada analongosola motere ponena za gulu lomenyera ufululo: “Likufalikira mofulumira mu Ulaya, Australia ndi New Zealand. Mabomawo akukhala ndi mphamvu. Pali kukula kodziŵika mu Canada. Pali gulu la ogwirizana lofalikira pa dziko lonse ndipo chikhotero padziko lonse chiri chakuchilikiza magulu ankhalwe kwambiri a zoyenera za nyama.”

Ena a magulu ‘ankhalwe ogwirizana’ ameneŵa ngofunitsitsa kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa m’kuchilikiza kachitidwe kawo. Mkati mwa zaka zoŵerengeka zapitazi, pafupifupi zipinda zoyesera 25 mu United States zinasakazidwa ndi magulu ochilikiza zoyenera za nyama. Zipinda zoyesera za pa yunivesite zaphulitsidwa ndi mabomba. Kufunkha kumeneku kwawonongetsa madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Zolembera zofunika limodzi ndi ziŵerengero zamtengo zawonongedwa. Zinyama zofufuzira zabedwa ndi kumasulidwa. M’kachitidwe kamodzi koteroko, kufufuza kofunika koposa kwa khungu la makanda kunawonongedwa. Ziwiya zodula zoŵerengeredwa pa madola zikwi mazana ambiri zinaphwanyidwa.

M’kalata yapoyera yolembedwera kwa akuluakulu a pa yunivesite ndi oulutsa nkhani, gulu limodzi linanyada kuti kuwononga chiwiya chokuzira zinthu (microscope) cha $10,000 m’timphindi pafupifupi 12 ndi chitsulo cha $5 kunali “phindu labwino ku ndalama zathu zowonongedwa.” M’malo ena ofufuzira, adokotala ndi asayansi anapeza mwazi utathiridwa pa mafaelo ndi pa zinthu zofufuzira ndi mawu ofala a omenyera ufuluwo atalembedwa ndi utoto pazipupa. Lipoti lina likusimba za “kuvutitsidwa, kuphatikizapo ziwopsyezo za imfa, kwa asayansi ndi mabanja awo.” Mu United States, omenyera ufulu wa nyama apereka ziwopsyezo zoposa khumi ndi ziŵiri za imfa kapena chiwawa kwa wasayansi mmodzi ndi mmodzi. M’kuulutsa kwina kwa BBC ya ku London kwa mu 1986, wochitira ndemanga wina anati: “Chimene chimagwirizanitsa ochilikiza chiri chikhutiro chakuti kachitidwe kachindunji—kusakaza katundu, ndipo ngakhale moyo—nkolungamitsidwa mwamakhalidwe m’nkhondo yowonjola zinyama.”

Mtsogoleri wina wa gulu lomenyera ufulu wa nyama anati: “Sipanakhale aliyense amene sanavulazidwe koma chimenecho nchiwopsyezo chowopsya . . . Posachedwapa kapena mochedwerako winawake adzalipsyira ndipo pangakhale zivulazo kwa anthu.” Mu 1986, m’kufunsa kumodzimodziko, mtsogoleri wa gulu lomenyera ufulu analosera chiwawa mu Briteni ndi West Germany. Zochitika zonga kuphulitsa mabomba amoto ndi chiwawa zatsimikizira kulosera kwake. Mu United States, zoyesayesa zapangidwa kale pa moyo wa munthu wina amene kampani yake imafufuza ndi zinyama. Kachitidwe kachangu ka apolisi kanampulumutsa ku kuphulitsidwira bomba. Komabe, siomenyera ufulu wa zinyama onse amene amagwirizana ndi machenjera achiwawa ameneŵa, opanda lamulo.

Kodi Amatsutsiranji?

Mogwirizana ndi The Journal of the American Medical Association, “anthu ambiri odera nkhaŵa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama m’kufufuza kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala angagaŵidwe m’magulu aŵiri achisawawa: (1) awo odera nkhaŵa ndi umoyo wa zinyama amene samatsutsa kufufuza kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala koma amafuna chitsimikizo chakuti zinyamazo zisamaliridwe monga anthu monga mmene kungathekere, kuti chiŵerengero cha zinyama zogwiritsiridwa ntchito nchaching’ono kwambiri chofunikira, ndipo kuti zinyama zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha pamene kulidi kofunika kutero.” Mogwirizana ndi kufufuza kwaposachedwapa, gulu limeneli limapanga ochepera omwe samatsutsa moumirira.

Gulu lachiŵiri, mogwirizana ndi magwero amodzimodziwo, ali “awo amene amadera nkhaŵa ndi zoyenera za zinyama amene amatenga kaimidwe kolimba ndipo amatsutsiratu kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama m’kufufuza kwa sayansi ya zamankhwala.” “Zinyama ziri ndi kuyenera kumene sikungasamutsidwe,” anatero wotsogolera wina wa gulu loterolo. “Ngati nyama iri yokhoza kumva kupweteka kapena kuchita mantha, pamenepo iri ndi kuyenera kwakuti zinthu zimenezo zisachitidwe pa iyo.” “Palibe maziko olungamitsa akuti munthu ali ndi zoyenera zapadera,” anatero munthu wolankhulira wina. “Khoswe ndi nkhumba ndi galu ndipo ndi mnyamata. Izo zonse ziri zinyama zoyamwitsa.”

Omenyera ufulu wa zinyama okhutiritsidwa maganizo kwambiri amatsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito zinyama kaamba ka chakudya, zovala, maseŵera, ndipo ngakhale monga zoŵeta. Asodzi a nsomba akankhidwira m’madzi ndi awo amene amatsutsa kugwira nsomba ndi kuzidya. Anthu ovala makhothi aubweya ndi zovala zachikopa chanyama anachitiridwa chipongwe m’makwalala. Masitolo anaswedwa ndipo makhothi aubweya amtengo wapatali anawonongedwa ndi awo okhala ndi kawonedwe kotsutsa ka kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kuipsya nyama. “Sindingadye mazira pa kufisula kapena kuvala zinthu zachikopa,” anatero wina. “Kumbuyo kwa nthuli ya nyama yankhumba iriyonse ndi dzira lirilonse lowoneka lopanda chivulazo,” inachenjeza motero kalata ya nyuzi ya Humane Society ya ku United States, “kumakhala mbiri yaitali, yobisika ya kuvutika kosapiririka.” Yokhala ndi zithunzi za nkhumba zazikazi ndi nkhuku zitatsekeredwa m’makola aang’ono ndi m’zikwere, kalata ya nyuziyo inachenjeza kuti mikhalidwe imeneyi, yofala m’maindasitale a nyama yankhumba ndi yankhuku, amapanga “mbale ya nyama yankhumba ndi mazira kusakhala china choposa ‘kufisula kwankhalwe.’” Kunena zowona, pali malingaliro amphamvu ndipo owona mtima oloŵetsedwa m’kuchinjiriza zoyenera za nyama.

Nkhani Zowopsya

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kutsutsa kufufuza nyama n’kolungamitsidwa kotheratu. Imodzi ya nkhani zoipa zambiri inakhudza Head Injury Laboratory ya yunivesite yotchuka ya ku Amereka. Matepi a video amene anabedwa m’kufunkha kwa kumenyera ufulu wa nyama anavumbula “anyani akutswanyidwa mitu m’makina ophwanya zinthu, ndi ofufuza akuseka mkhalidwe wozunguzika wa zolengedwa zowonongeka ubongozo,” anasimba motero maganize a Kiwanis a mu September 1988. Ichi chinatsogolera ku kuleka kupereka ndalama kwa boma ku chipinda chofufuziracho.

Palinso kuyesa kwa mbiri yoipa kwa Draize, kodziŵika kwambiri ku maindasitale opanga zodzoladzola, sopo wosambira tsitsi, sopo wosambira, ndi sopo wochapira. Kuyesa kumeneku kumachitidwa kulinga kupweteka kwa zinthu zopangidwa zomwe zingalowe m’maso mwa munthu. Kwenikweni, akalulu a chilengweleza asanu ndi mmodzi kapena asanu ndi anayi amaikidwa m’matangadza amene amalola kokha mitu yawo ndi makosi kutulukira kunja. Ichi chimawaletsa kukanda maso awo pamene zinthu zamankhwalazo zathiridwa m’maso mwawo. Chasimbidwa kuti akaluluwo amalira ndi ululu. Ngakhale ofufuza ambiri amatsutsa mwamphamvu mtundu umenewu wa kufufuza ndipo akuyesera kuletsa kugwiritsiridwa kwake. Magulu omenyera zoyenera za nyama alemba nkhani zambiri zowopsya zochitidwa m’zipinda zofufuzira nyama.

Omenyera ufulu wa nyama samalingalira mokomera lingaliro la Dr. Robert White wogwidwa mawu poyambirirapo. Anti-Vivisection Society ya ku Amereka inalemba kuti iye “ndiye wodula nyama zamoyo woipa kwambiri wa ku Cleveland amene anasamutsa mitu ya anyani ndipo anaika ubongo wa nyani wamoyo m’madzi, kunja kwa thupi.”

Mofanana ndi m’mikangano yambiri, pali mbali ziŵiri zopambanitsa, ndipo kenaka pali mbali yapakati imene imayesera kutenga ziyambukiro zabwino koposa ndi kuchotsa zoipitsitsa. Mwachitsanzo, kodi pali zolowa m’malo zinazake zothandizira kuyesa mutapatula zinyama? Kodi kukaniratu kufufuza nyama ndiko kuli yankho lothekera, lolinganizika? Nkhani yathu yotsatira idzalongosola mafunso ameneŵa.

[Bokosi patsamba 9]

Malingaliro Osiyana

“NDIKUKHULUPIRIRA kuti zinyama ziri ndi kuyenera kumene, ngakhale kuti nkosiyana ndi kwathu, kuli kosasamutsika. Ndikukhulupirira kuti zinyama ziri ndi kuyenera kwa kusafunikira kumva kupweteka, mantha kapena kumanidwa kwakuthupi komwe ife tachita pa izo. . . . Izo ziri ndi kuyenera kwa kusachitiridwa mwankhalwe mwanjira iriyonse monga magwero a chakudya, zosangulutsa kapena cholinga china chirichonse.”—Wochilikiza chilengedwe Roger Caras, ABC-TV News, U.S.A. (Newsweek, December 26, 1988).

“Kuyang’ana pa chithunzi chachikulu, sindingathe kunyalanyaza ubwino wambiri umene wabwera chifukwa cha kufufuza. Akatemera, kuchiritsa, maluso a opareshoni, ndi njira zopangidwa m’zipinda zofufuzira zawonjezera utali wa moyo m’zaka zana zapita . . . Chifukwa cha chimenechi, kusagwiritsira ntchito zinyama m’kufufuza kukanalingaliridwa kukhala chosankha chopanda umunthu: Tinali ndi njira yophunzirira kuthetsa matenda koma sitinaigwiritsire ntchito.”—Marcia Kelly, Health Sciences, Fall 1989, University ya Minnesota.

“Ndikunena kuti ‘Ayi’ kukupanga kuyesera pa nyama. Osati kokha chifukwa cha mwambo, koma makamaka pazifukwa zasayansi. Chasonyezedwa kuti zotulukapo za kuyesera kwa nyama siziri zogwira ntchito mwanjira iriyonse kwa anthu. Pali lamulo lachilengedwe logwirizana ndi metabolism (kugaya zakudya) . . . lomwe chivomerezo cha zamankhwala, chimene chakhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu umodzi wa cholengedwa, umagwira ntchito kwa mtundu wokhawo wa cholengedwa ndipo osati kwa wina. . . . Kuyesera kwa nyama kuli kwachinyengo, kopanda pake, kodula ndipo kuwonjezera apa nkwankhalwe.”—Gianni Tamino, wofufuza pa University ya Padua, sukulu ya zamankhwala yaikulu ya Italiya.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Akalulu m’matangadza ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’kuyesa maso kwa Draize

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

PETA

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 8]

UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos