‘Ndipo Khoma Linagwa Pansi’

“KODI ndani akadazikhulupirira?” “Sindinaganizirepo kuti ndingawone zoterezi m’moyo wanga!” Kodi chinachititsa ndemangazi nchiyani? Kuwonongedwa kwa Khoma la mbiri yoipa la ku Berlin ndi zonse zomwe ilo linaziimira, komwe kunayambika mu November 1989.a Nzika za Kum’mawa kwa Berlin zinathamangira kuloŵa Kumadzulo kwa Berlin, ena kukalaŵa zisangalalo zopambanitsa za ufumu wa capitalism ndipo ena kukagwirizananso ndi mabanja awo.

Kupasulidwa kwangalandeku kunatsegulira mkupiti wa zinthu. Anthu ambiri analingalira kuti Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu sikudzabwereranso pakale.

Kodi Nkhondo Yamawu Inatha?

Chapadera kwambiri kuposa kugwa kwa Khoma la Berlin chakhala kugwa kwa nthanthi yonga khoma yimene yinalekanitsa Kum’mawa ndi Kumadzulo. Mwadzidzidzi palibiretu Nkhondo Yamawu. Monga mmene mkulu wa Gulu Lankhondo la U.S. yemwe analeka ntchito wotchedwa David Hackworth analembera motere mu Newsweek: “Nkhondo Yamawu yatha. Ngakhale osuliza obisa mpeni kumphasa akuvomereza tsopano kuti yathadi.”

Mogwirizana ndikusimba kwa nyuzipepala Yachijeremani yotchedwa Stuttgarter Zeitung, ngakhale NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), pamsonkhano wochitidwira m’London mu July 1990, inakuzindikira kutha kwa Nkhondo Yamawu. M’mutu wakuti “Chigwirizano cha ku Atlantic Chitsazika Nyengo ya Nkhondo Yamawu Komalizira,” The German Tribune ikugwira mawu nyuzipepala ya ku Stuttgart kukhala ikunena kuti: “Pambuyo pa zaka 41 za kuputana [ndi chigawo cha maiko a ku Soviet] atsogoleri 16 a Nato anatsegula njira ya kufikira kwatsopano ndipo anaitsazika komalizira nyengo ya nkhondo yamawu. . . . Chidani chidafunikira kuloŵedwa mmalo ndi unansi. . . . Chisungiko ndi kukhazikika . . . sizinafunikirenso kutsimikiziridwa kwakukulukulu ndi zida zankhondo koma ndikulinganiza malamulo, kukambirana ndi kugwirizana kwa Yuropu yonse.” Bwalo la kukanthana kododometsa mtendere lasamuka tsopano kuchoka ku Yuropu kunka ku Middle East.

Democracy  Ili ndi Mtengo Wake

Democracy, yomwe imatchedwa kukhala kwa anthu ndi ufulu wa kudzisankhira chochita, ndiyo njira yatsopano ya ndale zadziko. Ndipo pafupifupi munthu aliyense akuikonda. Komatu pali mtengo woti ulipiridwe. Unansi wosalozana chala pakati pa Kum’mawa ndi Kumadzulo ndi democracy yake ya chicapitalism sumabwera mopepuka. Nkhani ya mkonzi mu Asiaweek inathirira ndemanga motere: “Maiko a chomwe tsopano sichikutchedwanso chigawo cha Soviet ali m’mavuto oipitsitsa a zachuma . . . Democracy yabwera ndi mtengo wake. . . . Democracy ili ndi maubwino ambiri, komano kukhazikika kwabwino sikuli pakati pa maubwinowa.” Kodi ndani omwe akulipira mtengo wa masinthidwe ameneŵa onkera ku chitaganya cha democracy yomasukiratu, monga momwe ikutchedwera?

Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m’Poland, kum’mawa kwa Jeremani, ndi kulikonse akuzindikira kuti kusintha kuchoka pa kulola boma kulamulira chuma kunka ku dongosolo lolola munthu aliyense kukhala ndi bizinesi choyamba kumabweretsa ulova ndi mavuto. Pamene maindasitale ayesetsa kupanga zinthu zofewetsa ntchito ndikukhala opikisana kwambiri, kuchotsa anthu oberedwa ntchito ndi zinthuzo nkomwe kumabadwa. Zigawo zina za chitaganya zayambukiridwanso moipa—indasitale yausirikali ndi yopanga zida zankhondo. Motani?

Pamene mantha ndichidani pakati pa maiko a Kum’mawa ndi a Kumadzulo zikutha, kuzifuna zida zankhondo zochulukira kumathanso. Asilikali zikwi mazana ambiri ndi mabanja awo tsopano adzafunikira kusintha kukhala ndi moyo wa anthu wamba ndi zotsendereza zake zonse. Mabajeti opatulidwira zida zankhondo angachepetsedwe. Maoda otumizidwa ku mafakitale opanga zida zankhondo angachepekere, ndipo opanga zidazi angafunikire kusintha ntchitoyi. Antchito angafunikire kusamukira kumadera ena ndikukaphunzira maluso atsopano.

Kusintha kozizwitsa ndi kovutaku Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu kwapanga mkhalidwe watsopano kotheratu wa mitundu yonse. Kodi zonsezi zidachitika motani?

Mawu Ovuta, Masinthidwe Ovuta

Chovuta m’masinthidwewa chakhala kusinthidwa kwa mkhalidwe wosaloŵereredwa wosonyezedwa ndi Soviet Union. Kumbuyoku mantha odzetsedwa ndi kuwukira kwa Soviet pa Hungary (1956) ndi Chekoslovakiya (1968) anafooketsa magulu ofuna kusintha zinthu a Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu. Koma chomwe chinachitikira Poland m’ma 1980 ndikutokosedwa kochitidwa ndi gulu Lochirikiza Umodzi ndikusintha kwapang’onopang’ono kwa dzikolo kukhala dziko laufumu wa democracy yeniyeni kunasonyeza kuti lamulo lakale la Soviet la kuloŵereramo ndi zida lidasintha. Chokumana nacho cha Poland chinasonyeza kuti munali zophophonya m’lamulo lodziimira pawokha la Communism ndikuti masinthidwe amtendere, ochitidwa pang’onopang’ono angapezedwe, pamtengo wakutiwakuti. Koma kodi chinatheketsa zonsezi nchiyani?

Malinga nkufotokoza kwa othirira ndemanga andale zadziko ena, chinthu chachikulu chomwe chachititsa masinthidwe onsewa Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu ndicho lamulo lolama la atsogoleri a Soviet Union pansi pa chitsogozo cha pulezidenti wa U.S.S.R., Mikhail Gorbachev. Mu February 1990 iye anati: “Chipani cha Soviet Communist Party chinayambitsa perestroika [yotanthauza kukonzanso chitaganya] ndipo chinabweretsa mfundo ndi malamulo ake. Masinthidwe akuya okhudza anthu onse ayambidwa pamazikowa m’dzikoli. . . . Masinthidwe ofulumira, a cholinga ndi kuyambika kwachilendo, akuchitika m’kugwira ntchito kwa perestroika.”

Monga mmene Asiaweek inathirira ndemanga motere: “Lerolino, mosasamala kanthu za zododometsa, ndawala [za Gorbachev] kaamba ka glasnost (kumasuka) ndi perestroika (kukonzanso) yalimbikitsa osintha zinthu m’Hungary, Poland ndi m’Chigawo cha Soviet chonse.” Mawu ovuta kwambiri awa Achirussia, glasnost ndi perestroika, aloŵa mumpambo wa mawu a m’dziko kuchokera pamene Gorbachev anayamba kulamulira Soviet Union mu 1985. Iwo asonyeza maganizo atsopano kulinga ku boma m’maiko a Communism.

Wothirira ndemanga wandale zadziko wotchedwa Philippe Marcovici, polemba pamasinthidweŵa m’magazini Achifrench opititsa patsogolo kugalukira otchedwa Le Quotidien de Paris mu Chekoslovakiya, anati popeza kuti masinthidweŵa achitika “tiyamikira Moscow, chifukwa chakuti chinthu chimodzi chomvekera chakuti: Nzika za ku Soviet sizinangochilola ichi kuchitika; iwo anatsimikizira kuti Chekoslovakiya, mofanana ndi mademocracy a anthu ena, ikawonjoka m’mbuna yake mmene inakwiriridwa. . . . Ponse paŵiri m’Prague ndi Kum’mawa kwa Berlin, maligubo a anthu ambirimbiri onyamula zisonyezero ngomwe anafulumiza masinthidwewa; anthu omaguba m’makwalala anakakamiza akuluakulu kugonja ndikusintha.”

Chotulukapo chakhala chakuti, mofanana ndi kuphulika kwa Phiri la St. Helens, democracy ndi kudziimira pawokha kunafalikira pamapu yonse ya maiko a Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu m’miyezi yoŵerengeka yokha—Poland, Jeremani Yakum’mawa, Hungary, Chekoslovakiya, Bulgaria, ndi Romania.

Kugwirizanitsanso Jeremani—Kodi Ndiko Dalitso Kapena Temberero?

Ili ndilo funso limene anthu ambiri m’Yuropu akulisanthula tsopano. Maiko Ajeremani aŵiri anakhazikitsa ndalama zoti azigwiritsire ntchito mu July 1990 ndipo anaufikira umodzi wandale zadziko mu October. Pamene kuli kwakuti ichi chikuchititsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kusangalala, chikupangitsa anthu ambiri m’Yuropu kunthunthumira. Ichi chikuphatikizapo anthu ena okhala kum’mawa kwa Jeremani omwe mwina angafunikire kutuluka m’nyumba zawo ndikuzibweza kwa eni ake okhala kumadzulo kwa Jeremani. Mosasamala kanthu ndi zikaikiro zofotokozedwa ndi atsogoleri ena a ku Briteni, mutu wa nyuzipepala ina ya ku Briteni unati: “Tingofunikira Kukhulupirira Jeremani Yobadwa Chatsopanoyo.”

Pokhala itavutika ndikuwukiridwa koipadi ndi kowononga zinthu kochitidwa ndi Napoléon (1812) ndi Hitler (1941), Soviet Union pamapeto pa Nkhondo Yadziko ya II inafuna kutsimikizira kuti inali pachisungiko mwa kuwungatira maiko Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu. Chotero, chigawo chokhala ndi maiko a Communism asanu ndi atatu cha Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu chinapangidwa mosataya nthaŵi mu 1945.b Tsopano Soviet Union imalingalira kuti njosawopsezedwa kwambiri ndi Jeremani kapena United States, ndipo kumamatira kwake zolimba pamasetilaiti akale kwacheperako. Zikuwoneka ngati kuti Chochinga Chachitsulo, cholengezedwa ndi Churchill mu 1946, chasungunuka, chikumachititsa kuwala kwatsopano kuloŵa.

Mmene Masinthidwewa Angakuyambukirireni

Tawona kale lukanelukane wa zachuma wodzetsedwa ndi masinthidwewa m’maiko ambiri—ntchito zatsopano, makhazikitsidwe atsopano, ndi maluso atsopano kwa ena. Kwa ena ambiri padzakhala ulova ndikuvutikira. Ichi ndicho chipatso cha nthanthi ya kukhala ndi ufulu wa kudzisankhira chochita m’dziko—kupulumuka kwa oyeneretsedwa okhaokha.

Kumbali ina, kusinthira ku democracy kukulola anthu kumapanga maulendo mwaufulu. Ndipo ichi chikutanthauza kupita pamaulendo okacheza m’mitundu yonse. Monga mmene maiko ena (mwachitsanzo, Spanya ndi Italy) apezera m’zaka 30 zapitazo, alendo odzacheza kuchokera m’maiko ena angapange masinthidwe kwambiri m’chuma chadziko cha boma lirilonse. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m’maiko Akumadzulo ngolakalaka kukachezera mizinda yam’mbiri ya Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu, mizinda imene maina awo amakumbutsa nyengo yamakedzana yaulemerero—Budapest, Prague, Bucharest, Warsaw, and Leipzig, kungotchula yochepa yokha. Anthu amafunanso kukhala okhoza kuchezera mwaufulu Leningrad, Moscow, ndi Odessa. Mofananamo, anthu a Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu amafuna kuchezera maiko a Kumadzulo. Motsimikizirika, kucheza kwa anthu amitundu yonse kumathandizira kuchotsa zopinga za kunyada ndi umbuli. Monga mmene ochezera maiko ena apezera, kukhala padoko limodzi ndi yemwe kale ankatchedwa mdani kungachititse chidanicho kutha mofulumira.

Palinso mbali ina ya Khoma lakugwalo imene ikukopa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri—kuthekera kwa kuyanjana kwa anthu mwaufulu ndi akhulupiriri achipembedzo chawo m’maiko ena. Kodi ichi chidzakhala chothekera kwautali wotani? Kodi ndimasinthidwe otani m’zachipembedzo omwe akuchitika Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu? Nkhani yotsatira idzalingalira mafunsowa ndi ena.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu patsamba 5]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

JEREMANI

Berlin

YUGOSLAVIA

HUNGARY

POLAND

ROMANIA

CHEKOSLOVAKIYA

ALBANIA

BULGARIA

U.S.S.R.