Alendo—Vuto la Dziko Lonse

“TIMAPITA ku Johannesburg kukafuna ndalama chifukwa chakuti kuno kulibe ntchito,” anatero wantchito wosamukira m’dziko wochokera ku malo akumidzi a kum’mwera kwa Afirika. Iye anatinso: “Bwenzi ntchito zidaliko kuno sitikanadzivuta kupita ku Johannesburg.” Kunena kwake kowona mtima kumasonyezadi vuto limene alendo ambiri ndi antchito ochokera ku maiko ena amayang’anizana nalo.

Koma kuchuluka kwa osamukira m’maiko pa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo kumadetsa nkhaŵa anthu ena. (Onani bokosi patsamba 5.) Nyuzipepala ya ku Spanya yotchedwa El País inati: “Kusankhana fuko ndi kuwopa alendo kwabukanso mwadzidzidzi m’Jeremani watsopano.” Magulu achiwawa, amene amtola nkhani amaŵatcha Anazi amakono ometa mpala, akhala akuukira alendo odzakhala m’dziko.

Antchito zoyang’anira alendo ena avomereza kuti amatsatira kachitidwe ka kupatula. Wantchito woyang’anira alendo m’dziko lina la ku Asia ananena kuti ntchito yake inali ‘kutsekereza alendo.’ Ndiponso, pothirira ndemanga pa kuchuluka kwaposachedwapa kwa othaŵa kwawo ochokera ku dziko la Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu, magazini a Time akusimba za nduna yaikulu imene inati: “Sitimafuna kuwalola kukhala bwino kwambiri chifukwa tifuna kuti abwerere kwawo.”

Mawu osonyeza kuipidwa kwenikweni anali a mtola nkhani wa ku Falansa amene amakhulupirira kuti ‘alendo osamukira m’dzikolo ali chiwopsezo.’ Kodi zifukwa zake nzotani? Iwo ali a “fuko lina, [amalankhula] zinenero zosiyana, [ndipo ali ndi] makhalidwe osiyana.” Ndiyeno anagamula motani? “Tiyenera kuwathamangitsa m’dziko ambiri monga momwe kungathekere, [ndi] kuchita tsankho kwa otsalawo.”

Pokhala ozingidwa ndi malingaliro osafuna alendo oterowo, nzosadabwitsa kwenikweni kuti alendo amayang’anizana ndi vuto la tsankho la nzika zakumaloko zimene zimada nkhaŵa ndi kuchuluka kwa mwadzidzidzi kwa alendo obwera. Mwachitsanzo, Mwisrayeli wina anasonyeza mkwiyo wake pamene anadandaula kuti “eni malo amapatsa nyumba osamukira m’dziko ochokera ku Soviet Union” chifukwa chakuti boma limawapatsa ndalama zowathandiza pamene akhazikika m’Israyeli. Monga chotulukapo, nzika zadziko zimakakamizika kuchoka m’nyumba chifukwa cha kukwera kwa malipiro a lendi.

Nkodziŵikanso kuti alendo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito zotsika zokanidwa ndi nzika zadzikolo. Chotero, alendo ambiri amagwira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yoipa ndi kulandira ndalama zochepa—makamaka ngati anabwera popanda lamulo. Ndiponso, m’malo antchito, kaŵirikaŵiri alendo amasankhidwa chifukwa chokhala adziko lina.

Mosasamala kanthu za amene iwo ali kapena kumene ayesa kukhazikika, alendo ambiri odzakhala m’dziko amayang’anizana ndi vuto lakuyesayesa kuthetsa malingaliro akukumbukira kwawo kuti akulitse maunansi atsopano kaamba ka mtsogolo. Magazini a U.S.News & World Report amanena kuti alendo “kaŵirikaŵiri amayamba kudzimva opatulidwa ndi osoŵa chochita.” Kwa ena vutolo limakhala lalikulu koposa. Ponena za ameneŵa, lipotilo limawonjezera kuti: “Vuto lakusiya malo akwawo limakulitsidwa ndi kulephera kupeza malo atsopano.” Kwa ambiri malingaliro ameneŵa akusakondwa ndi malo kwenikweni amachititsidwa ndi vuto lakulimbana ndi chinenero chatsopano.

Kodi Mumati Bwanji . . . ?

Kodi munafunikirapo kuphunzira chinenero chatsopano ndi kutengera mikhalidwe ina? Kodi zinali ndi chiyambukiro chotani pa inu? Mwachiwonekere “kuyesayesa kwanu kovutikira kumakupangitsani kudzimva wosoŵeka kanthu kena,” akuyankha motero mlendo wosamukira m’dziko wochokera ku Poland yemwe ndi wolemba nkhani mu United States, Stanislaw Baranczak. Inde, chinenero ndichinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale mbali yothandiza ya chitaganya. Kuphunzira chinenero chatsopano kungakhale mbali yovuta yakuti muyenerere bwino m’chitaganya, makamaka kwa mlendo wachikulire.

Kwa osamukira m’dziko otero, kuphunzira chinenero kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala vuto lobala mavuto ena. Magazini a Aging amanena kuti pamene alendo alephera kulaka vuto lakusintha chinenero ndi kakhalidwe, kaŵirikaŵiri zimachititsa tondovi, limene nalonso limawalepheretsa kuphunzira chinenero chatsopano. Pomalizira pake, mlendoyo amachitiratu mphwayi yakuyesayesa ndipo nthaŵi zina amachita manyazi kuphunzira chinenerocho. Vutolo limakulirapo pamene ana amadziŵa chinenero ndi kuzoloŵera mikhalidweyo mwamsanga kuposa makolo awo. Kaŵirikaŵiri izi zimadzetsa kusamvana ndi kusiyana malingaliro kwa mibadwo m’mabanja a alendo osamukira m’dziko, ngati banja lonse lisamukira pamodzi.

Mabanja Olekanitsidwa

Chimodzi cha zotulukapo zosalembedwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’nkhani koma zodzetsa mavuto aakulu za kusamuka kwa anthu ochuluka ndicho chiyambukiro choipa chimene kumachititsa pa banja. Kaŵirikaŵiri, mabanja amalekanitsidwa pamene kholo limodzi kapena onse aŵiri asiya ana awo m’manja mwa achibale ena kuti akafune mikhalidwe yabwinopo m’zachuma kwinakwake. Zopeza za kufufuza kolembedwa mu Second Carnegie Inquiry Into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa zasonyeza kuti kusamuka koteroko “kumawononga . . . umodzi wa banja.” Lipotilo linandandalitsa nkhani za mmene mabanja amalekanitsidwira pamene ziŵalo zabanja zisamuka panthaŵi zosiyanasiyana.

Aŵa angokhala ena amavuto amene osamukira kumaiko ena amayang’anizana nawo padziko lonse, kuwonjezera pa zowonongedwa pakusamuka, kupeza chilolezo chalamulo cha kusamuka kwawo, ndi zosankha zimene ziyenera kupangidwa ponena za thanzi, nyumba, sukulu, ndi ziŵalo zina za banja.

Chotero, polingalira mavuto onseŵa, kodi nchifukwa ninji alendo amasamuka?

[Bokosi patsamba 4]

Ogwira Nawo Ntchito

NGAKHALE kuti pali mavuto ambiri ochititsidwa ndi alendo ochulukitsitsa odzakhala m’dziko, palinso umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti m’zochitika zambiri alendowo amakhala ofunika kwambiri kudziko lawo lachilendo.

“Jeremani Wakumadzulo ndi antchito ake achilendo apindulirana kwambiri,” akutero magazini a Time, napitizira kuti “ambiri ogwira ntchito m’makampani osula zitsulo a ku Ruhr ndi kampani ya Mercedes yopanga magalimoto ya kunja kwa Stuttgart ali alendo odzagwira ntchito.” Ndiponso, malinga nkunena kwa National Geographic, “Indasitale yopanga malaya mu New York ikadagwa” popanda kugwiritsira ntchito alendo osamukira m’dziko.

Akatswiri azachuma amazindikira phindu lalikulu limene osamukira m’dziko ameneŵa amalipereka kumaiko amene amakakhalako. Ngakhale kuti amavutika ndi tsankho lalikulu, nzika za ku Turkey, Pakistan, ndi Algeria zokhala mu Yuropu zazoloŵera kuchita ndi zovutazo. “Amakhoza kuchita nazo,” ikutero U.S.News & World Report, ndipo adzapitiriza kutero “kufikira pamene Yuropu . . . idzadziŵa, kupyolera m’zachuma, kuti ali ofunikira kwa iwo.”

Pokhala ofunitsitsa kupeza khalidwe labwino m’maiko awo atsopano, alendowo amakonda kuchita zinthu mwaukadzipalire ndi kusadalira kwenikweni pa chithandizo cha boma kwa osoŵa monga momwe amachitira eni dziko. “Liri bodza lenileni kunena kuti osamukira m’dziko amadalira pa chithandizo cha boma kwa osoŵa,” anatero phungu wa bungwe loyang’anira alendo wa ku United States yemwe anasamalira nkhani za alendo oposa pa 3,000.

Kaŵirikaŵiri, midzi ina imakonzedwanso bwino ndi alendo amene amafuna kukonza bwino malo owazinga. Pamene South Africa analandira othaŵa kwawo Achipwitikizi ochuluka kwambiri pamene mu Angola ndi Mozambique munabuka nkhondo, Apwitikizi anadzaza m’miraga yonse ya Johannesburg ndi kuikonza bwino kwambiri.

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Zina za Ziŵerengero Zazikulu za Osamuka:

▶ Osamukira m’dziko okwanira 4.5 miliyoni, kuphatikizapo 1.5 miliyoni ochokera Kumpoto kwa Afirika, amapanga 8 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu m’Falansa

▶ M’dera limodzi lokha la kumalire kwa Mexico ndi United States, Apolisi a pa Malire Adziko okwanira 800 amagwira oloŵa m’dziko popanda lamulo okwanira 1,500 pa avareji usiku uliwonse

▶ Okwanira 20 peresenti ya anthu a ku Australia ngobadwira kwina osamukira m’dziko

▶ Zikuwonekera kuti nzika za ku Poland zokwanira miliyoni imodzi zikugwira ntchito popanda chilolezo Kumadzulo kwa Yuropu

▶ M’chaka chaposachedwapa, amuna 350,000 anasamukira ku South Africa mwalamulo kukagwira ntchito. Chiŵerengero cha alendo obwera popanda lamulo chiri pafupifupi 1.2 miliyoni

▶ Ayuda a ku Soviet Union pafupifupi 185,000 anasamukira ku Israyeli mu 1990

▶ Nzika za Kum’mwera koma Chakum’maŵa kwa Asia zoposa 900,000 zasamukira ku United States chiyambire 1975

▶ Mlungu uliwonse, anthu osachepera pa chikwi chimodzi amasamuka kuchoka mu Hong Kong