Gawo 5

Sayansi—Kufunafuna Chowonadi kwa Mtundu wa Anthu Komapitirizabe

“Zozizwitsa” Zochitika m’Zaka za Zana la 20

ZIMENE zinawoneka kukhala “zozizwitsa” zosatheka m’zaka za zana la 19 zakhala zotheka m’zaka za zana la 20. Mkati mwa mbadwo umodzi wokha, anthu apita patsogolo kuchokera pa kuyendetsa galimoto lawolawo la Model T Ford kufikira pakuonerera pa TV yosonyeza maonekedwe achibadwa anthu akuyenda pamwezi. M’malo mwakuziwona kukhala zapadera, “zozizwitsa” zopangidwa ndi sayansi lerolino zikuwonedwa kukhala zozoloŵereka.

“Zipambano za sayansi za m’zaka za zana la 20,” ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “nzazikulu kwambiri kwakuti nkovuta kuzisiyanitsa m’magulumagulu.” Ikunena za “njira za kupita patsogolo zowanda,” komabe, ikunenanso kuti “m’mbali iliyonse yaikulu, kupita patsogolo kunadalira pa ntchito zolongosoledwa bwino za m’zaka za zana la 19.” Izi zimagogomezera mfundo yakuti sayansi ili kufufuza chowonadi komapitirizabe.

Kuloŵedwa m’Malo ndi Magulu

Mabungwe kapena magulu a asayansi amene anakumana pamodzi kupatsana malingaliro ndi chidziŵitso, anapangidwa mu Ulaya kalelo m’zaka za zana la 17. Kuti adziŵikitse zimene anapeza zatsopano, asayansi ameneŵa anayamba ngakhale kufalitsa magazini awoawo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kupatsana chidziŵitso kwakukulu kumene kunalimbitsa maziko amene akatheketsa zipambano zasayansi zamtsogolo.

Pofika m’zaka za zana la 19, mayunivesite anadziloŵetsamo kwambiri m’kufufuza kwa sayansi, ndipo m’zaka zotsatirapo anatulukira zinthu zazikulu m’nyumba zawo zofufuzira.a Pofika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, makampani amalonda nawonso anayamba kumanga nyumba zofufuzira, zimene m’kupita kwa nthaŵi zinapanga mankhwala atsopano, zinthu zongopanga (kuphatikizapo mapulasitiki), ndi zinthu zina. Anthu apindula nazo zinthuzi ndipo makampani ofufuza apeza mapindu okwanira madola mamiliyoni osaŵerengeka.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba zofufuzira zimenezi ndi magulu ofufuza kunasonyeza kuyambika kwa kufufuza kochitidwa ndi gulu mosiyana ndi kwa munthu aliyense payekha. Asayansi ena anakaikira ngati imeneyi ndiyo inali njira yabwino koposa. Mu 1939, John D. Bernal, katswiri wa sayansi ya physics ndi X-ray wa ku Ireland, anafunsa kuti: “Kodi sayansi iyenera kupita patsogolo mwakugwirizanitsa ntchito za munthu aliyense payekha, aliyense akutsatira luntha lake, kapena mwa magulu kapena mabungwe a antchito akumathandizana ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zawo malinga ndi mapulani awo omwe akuwakhulupirira koma okhoza kusintha?”

Chifukwa cha kucholoŵana kwake ndi kukwera mtengo kwa kufufuzako, Bernal anatsutsa zivomerezo zogwira ntchito monga gulu, akumati vuto lokha linali mmene ntchitoyo ingalinganizidwire moyenera. Iye ananeneratu kuti: “M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kugwira ntchito monga gulu ndiko kudzakhala njira yoyenera yofufuzira zasayansi.” Tsopano, pambuyo pa loposa theka la zaka zana limodzi, nkowonekeratu kuti Bernal analondola m’kunena kwake. Kachitidweko kapitirizabe, kakumafulumiza kuchitika kwa “zozizwitsa” za m’zaka za zana la 20.

“Zimene Mulungu Wachita!”

Pa May 24, 1844, chilengezo cha mawu atatu chimenechi chinatumizidwa pa telegirafu ndi Samuel Morse, woyamba kupanga njira yotumizira mauthenga yotchedwa Morse code, pamtunda woposa makilomita 50. Maziko a m’zaka za zana la 19 a “chozizwitsa” cha kulankhulana kwa telefoni chodzachitika m’zaka za zana la 20 tsopano anali kuyalidwa.

Pafupifupi zaka 30 pambuyo pake, mu 1876, Alexander Graham Bell anali kukonzekera kuyesa nsambo yotumizira mawu ndi Thomas Watson, wothandiza wake, pamene Bell anataya asidi. Mfuu yake yakuti, “Bwana Watson, idzani kuno. Ndikukufunani,” inadzakhala yoposa mfuu wamba yoitanira chithandizo. Watson, amene anali m’chipinda china, anamva uthengawo, anauwona kukhala mawu oyamba omvekera bwino otumizidwapo pa telefoni, ndipo anathamangirako. Chiyambire pamenepo, kulira kwa telefoni kwakhala kukuchititsa anthu kuthamanga.

Mkati mwa zaka 93 zapitazo, chidziŵitso cha sayansi, limodzi ndi luso la zopangapanga, zatheketsa anthu ochuluka kuposa ndi kalelonse kukhala ndi moyo wabwinopo umene sunapezedwepo chikhalire. Dziko lachepetsedwa kukhala monga mudzi umodzi. Zinthu “zosatheka” zakhala zozoloŵereka. Kwenikweni, matelefoni, mawailesi akanema, magalimoto, ndi ndege—ndi “zozizwitsa” zilizonse za m’zaka za zana la 20—zili kwambiri mbali ya dziko lathu kwakuti timaiŵala kuti mtundu wa anthu unali wopanda zinthu zimenezi kwa nthaŵi yaitali ya kukhalapo kwake.

Pamene zaka za zana lino zinayamba, ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica, “zipambano za sayansi zinawonekera kukhala zikulonjeza chidziŵitso ndi mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri.” Koma zipambano za luso la zopangapanga zimene zilipo tsopano sizinakhale zabwino kulikonse pamlingo wofanana, ndiponso sizonse zimene zinganenedwe kukhala zopindulitsa. “Amuna oŵerengeka,” ikuwonjezera motero, “anawoneratu mavuto amene zipambano zimenezi zikachititsa m’mikhalidwe yawo ya kakhalidwe ndi yachilengedwe.”

Kodi Chinachititsa Mavuto Nchiyani?

Palibe mlandu uliwonse umene ungaikidwe pa zotulukiridwa ndi sayansi zimene zimatithandiza kumvetsetsa chilengedwe bwinopo, kapena paluso la zopangapanga limene limachilikiza zasayansizo limene limapindulitsa mtundu wa anthu.

Ziŵirizi,—sayansi ndi luso la zopangapanga—zakhala paubale kwanthaŵi yaitali. Koma malinga ndi buku lakuti Science and the Rise of Technology Since 1800, “kugwirizana kwawo, tsopano kozoloŵereka, sikunali kodziŵika bwino kufikira posachedwapa.” Mwachiwonekere ngakhale kuchiyambi kwa nyengo yosinthira ku maindasitale, unansiwo sunali waukulu. Ngakhale kuti chidziŵitso chatsopano cha sayansi chinathandizira kupanga zinthu zatsopano, nachonso chidziŵitso chakupanga zinthu, umisili, ndi luntha la umakanika chinakulanso.

Komabe, pamene kusinthira ku maindasitale kunayamba, chidziŵitso cha sayansi chinawonjezereka mofulumira kwambiri, mwakutero chikumayala maziko aakulu ogwirirapo ntchito luso la zopangapanga. Posonkhezeredwa ndi chidziŵitso chatsopano, luso la zopangapanga linayamba kulinganiza njira zofulumizitsira ntchito, kuwongolera thanzi, ndi kutheketsa dziko labwinopo ndi lachimwemwe kwambiri.

Koma luso la zopangapanga silingapambane chidziŵitso cha sayansi pamene lazikidwapo. Ngati chidziŵitso cha sayansi chalakwika, luso la zopangapanga lililonse lozikidwapo lidzakhalanso lolakwika. Kaŵirikaŵiri, ziyambukiro zoipa zimawonekera pambuyo pakuti kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachitika kale. Mwachitsanzo, ndani amene akanawoneratu kuti mankhwala opopera ophera tizirombo ndi ntchito zina ogwiritsira ntchito chlorofluorocarbon kapena hydrocarbon tsiku lina akanyonyosola muyalo wa ozoni wotetezera dziko lapansi?

Kanthu kenanso kakuloŵetsedwamo—cholinga. Wasayansi wodzipereka pantchito yake angafune kwambiri kupeza chidziŵitso ndipo angakhale wokonzekera kuthera zaka makumi ambiri za moyo wake pakufufuza. Koma wamalonda, amene angakhale akufuna kwambiri kupeza mapindu, angafunitsitse kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitsocho mwamsanga. Ndipo ndani wandale amene angayembekezere moleza mtima kwa zana makumi ambiri asanagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi luso la zopangapanga zimene akuganiza kuti zingampatse chipambano m’zandale akazigwiritsira ntchito panthawi yomweyo?

Katswiri wa physics Albert Einstein anatchula vutolo pamene anati: “Mphamvu yotulutsidwa ya atomu yasintha chinthu chilichonse kusiyapo njira yathu yakulingalira ndipo motero tikuyandikira tsoka losayerekezereka.” (Kanyenye ngwathu.) Inde, mavuto ambiri ochititsidwa ndi “zozizwitsa” za m’zaka za zana la 20 akula osati chabe chifukwa cha kulakwika kwa chidziŵitso cha sayansi komanso chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga lofulumira ndi losalamuliridwa losonkhezeredwa ndi kufuna mapindu aumwini.

Mwachitsanzo, sayansi inatulukira kuti mawu ndi zithunzithunzi zikhoza kutumizidwa kumalo akutali—wailesi yakanema. Luso la zopangapanga linapanga njira yochitira zimenezo. Koma inali njira yakulingalira yolakwa ya amalonda aumbombo ndi ogula ofuna zinthu imene inagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chodabwitsa ndi luso limeneli kutumizira zithunzithunzi zamaliseche ndi ziwawa m’zipinda zochezera zamtendere.

Mofananamo, sayansi inatulukira kuti chinthu chikhoza kusandulizidwa kukhala nyonga. Luso lazopangapanga linapanga njira yochitira zimenezo. Koma inali njira yakulingalira yolakwa ya andale zadziko autundu imene inagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso ndi luso la zopangapanga limeneli kupangira mabomba a nyukiliya amene akuwopsezabe monga lupanga lolenjekeka ku ulusi pamutu pa chitaganya cha dziko.

Kusunga Sayansi m’Malo Ake

Kumasonyezanso njira yolakwika yakulingalira ngati anthu alola zinthu zopangidwa ndi luso la zopangapanga kukhala ambuye awo m’malo mwa akapolo awo. Magazini a Time anachenjeza za upandu umenewu mu 1983 pamene anasankha, osati mwamuna wopambana wa chaka, koma “makina opambana a chaka,” kompyuta.

Magazini a Time anati: “Pamene anthu amadalira pamakompyuta pochita zinthu zimene kale anazichita ndi maganizo awo, kodi nchiyani chimachitikira maganizo awo? . . . Ngati dikishonale yoikidwa m’chikumbukiro cha kompyuta ingawongolere mosavuta kalembedwe kolakwika kalikonse, kodi nkuphunziriranji kulemba bwino? Ndipo ngati maganizo apumitsidwa pakulingalira kwaluntha, kodi iwo adzakhoza kulingalira mwamphamvu pazinthu zofunika kwambiri kapena adzangothera nthaŵi mwaulesi pamaseŵera apavidiyo? . . . Kodi kompyuta imasonkhezeradi ntchito za ubongo kapena, mwakuuchitira ntchito zake zambiri, imauchititsa kukhala waulesi?”

Ngakhale ndichoncho, anthu ena amakopeka kwambiri ndi zipambano za sayansi kwakuti amakweza sayansi kukhala monga mulungu. Wasayansi Anthony Standen anafotokoza zimenezi m’buku lake la mu 1950 lotchedwa Science Is a Sacred Cow. Ngakhale kuti pangakhale kukulitsa mawu ndi mkamwa kwakutikwakuti, mawu a Standen ali ndi mfundo yofunika kuilingalira pamene anati: “Pamene wasayansi wovala malaya ake antchito . . . apereka chilengezo kwa anthu, anthuwo angakhale asanamvetsetse zimene wanena, koma iwo amamkhulupirirabe. . . . Andale, akatswiri a zamaindasitale, abusa achipembedzo, atsogoleri aboma, anzeru zadziko, onsewo amakaikiridwa ndi kusulizidwa, koma asayansi—osati mpang’ono pomwe. Asayansi ali anthu okwezedwa amene ali pamalo apamwamba koposa akutchuka, popeza kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wonena kuti ‘Chatsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi . . . ’ umene umawonekera kugonjetsa kutsutsa kulikonse kumene kungafune kukhalapo.”

Chifukwa cha njira yolakwika yakulingalira imeneyi, anthu ena amawona kutsutsana kwina kwa sayansi ndi Baibulo kukhala umboni wa “nzeru” ya sayansi yosiyana ndi “malingaliro osatsimikizirika” a chipembedzo. Ena amawona zotchedwa zotsutsana zimenezi kukhala umboni wa kusakhalako kwa Mulungu. Komabe, kunena zowona sali Mulungu amene kulibeko koma m’malomwake ndikutsutsana kolingaliridwako kumene atsogoleri achipembedzo apanga mwakumasulira molakwa Mawu ake. Motero iwo amanyoza Woyambitsa Baibulo waumulunguyo ndipo panthaŵi imodzimodziyo amadodometsa kufunafuna chowonadi kwa anthu kwasayansi komapitirizabe.

Kuwonjezerapo, mwakulephera kuphunzitsa ziŵalo za tchalitchi kusonyeza zipatso za mzimu wa Mulungu, atsogoleri achipembedzo ameneŵa amachilikiza mkhalidwe wa dyera umene umachititsa anthu kungolingalira zifuno zawo zokha kaamba ka phindu ndi ubwino wawo. Zimenezi zimachitidwa mwakulima ena pamsana, ngakhale kufika pamlingo wakugwiritsira ntchito molakwa chidziŵitso cha sayansi kuphera anthu anzawo.—Agalatiya 5:19-23.

Chipembedzo chonyenga, ndale za anthu opanda ungwiro, malonda aumbombo zapangitsa anthu kukhala mmene aliri tsopano, “odzikonda, . . . osayamika, . . . osadziletsa,” odzitukumula amene amasonkhezeredwa ndi njira yakulingalira yolakwika.—2 Timoteo 3:1-3.

Anthu ndi magulu ameneŵa ndiwo achititsa mavuto a m’zaka za zana la 21 amene sayansi tsopano ikufunikira kulimbana nawo. Kodi idzapambana? Ŵerengani yankho m’nkhani yomalizira ya mpambo uno m’kope lotsatira.

Ngati mungakhale ndi mafunso alionse okhudza Baibulo pambuyo poŵerenga magazini ano, chonde khalani aufulu kufikira Mboni za Yehova pa Nyumba Yaufumu yakwanuko, kapena kulembera ofalitsa magazini ano. (Onani patsamba 5.)

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 30]

Ngati chidziŵitso cha sayansi chili cholakwika, zopangidwa pa icho zidzakhala zolakwika

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 32]

Sizipambano zonse za sayansi zimene zili zopindulitsa

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Zosonkhanitsidwa za ku Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village

Chithunzi cha NASA