Kodi Pali Malo Okwanira Kukhala Anthu ndi Zilombo Zomwe?

KODI nchifukwa ninji nyama za kuthengo zikuchepa m’mbali zambiri chotero za Afrika? (Onani bokosi, patsamba linalo.) Ena amaika liŵongo lake pakukula kofulumira kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu padzikoli.

Zowonadi, mbali zina za Afrika, makamaka zozungulira mizinda, nzochulukitsitsa anthu. Ndiponso, zigawo zakumidzi ziŵeto za alimi zimadya msipu wake kopitirira muyezo. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za zigawo za anthu ochuluka za Venda, Gazankulu, ndi Kangwane, zimene zimachitirana malire ndi Kruger National Park. Madera a anthu akuda ameneŵa analinganizidwa kukhala mbali ya umene kale unali mchitidwe wa tsankho wa South Africa ndipo ali ndi anthu okhala pamalo amodzi m’ziŵerengero zoyambira pa 70 mpaka 100 pamalo aukulu wa kilomita imodzi mbali zonse zinayi. Kuyenda kupyola zigawo zimenezi kumka kukasangalala patchuti ku Kruger National Park kungakhale kosasangalatsa. “Zitaganya za anthu amene amakhala m’malire ameneŵa . . . nzaumphaŵi, ochuluka ngosoŵa ntchito ndi opanda chakudya,” ikufotokoza motero nyuzipepala ya ku South Africa yotchedwa Sowetan. “Nyama,” ikusimba motero nyuzipepala ina yakomweko, The Natal Witness, “zimakhala muulemerero waukulu mumpanda wawo.”

Malinga ndi malipoti aposachedwapa, akuluakulu a Kruger Park akufuna kuchita zowonjezereka kuthandiza anthu okhala m’malire a malo a nyamazo. Koma kodi nchiyani chimene chingachitike ngati mpanda wonsewo ungachotsedwe ndipo anthu auzimba, abusa, ndi anthu osamukirako naloledwa kuloŵa? Osungitsa chilengedwe ali ndi mantha akuti potsirizira pake nyama zochuluka za kuthengo zikapululutsidwa, monga momwe zachitikira m’maiko ena.

Malo a nyama za kuthengo osungidwa bwino amachita mbali yaikulu m’kusungitsa nyama za kuthengo, makamaka m’madera okhalidwa ndi anthu ochulukitsitsa. Malo osungiramo nyama za kuthengo angadzetsenso ndalama zofunika kwambiri zochokera kwa alendo odzacheza. (Onani bokosi, patsamba 5.) “Madera ameneŵa,” akutero mtolankhani wina wa mu Afrika wotchedwa Musa Zondi, m’nkhani ya mu Sowetan yotchulidwa pamwambapa, “amagaŵiranso mwaŵi wantchito kwa anthu zikwi zambiri—makamaka awo okhala pafupi ndi malo osungira nyama za kuthengo ameneŵa. Ndiponso, chimenechi ncholoŵa chathu. Sitingasiyire ana athu mphatso yabwinopo yoposa malo ameneŵa.”

Kuchulukitsitsa kwa Anthu—Kodi Nchiwopsezo Chokha Chimene Chilipo?

Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kofulumira sikuli chiwopsezo chokha chimene chilipo pa nyama za kuthengo za mu Afrika. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za maiko anayi aakulu a mu Afrika amene amachitirana malire: Namibia, Botswana, Angola, ndi Zambia. Amenewa amapanga chigawo chachikulu kuposa India, komabe ali ndi chiŵerengero chogwirizanitsidwa pamodzi cha anthu asanu ndi mmodzi okhala malo amodzi aukulu wa kilomita imodzi m’mbali zonse zinayi. Chimenecho sichachikulu poyerekezera ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu okhala malo amodzi cha maiko onga ngati Germany, wokhala ndi anthu 222 pamalo aukulu wa kilomita imodzi mbali zonse zinayi; Britain, wokhala ndi anthu 236 pamalo aukulu wa kilomita imodzi mbali zonse zinayi; ndi India wokhala ndi anthu 275 pamalo aukulu wa kilomita imodzi mbali zonse zinayi! Kwenikweni, chiŵerengero cha anthu mu Afrika yense, wokhala ndi anthu 22 pamalo aukulu wa kilomita imodzi mbali zonse zinayi, chili pansi kwambiri pa avareji ya dziko ya 40.

“Chiŵerengero cha anthu mu Afrika chikuwonjezereka mofulumira,” ikuvomereza motero nzika ya m’Zambia Richard Bell m’buku lakuti Conservation in Africa, “koma chiŵerengero chonsecho chitaikidwa pamodzi nchapansi kupatulapo m’malo ena okhala anthu ochuluka.”

Matenda, zilala zazikulu, kupha nyama kwa padziko lonse kosaloledwa ndi lamulo, nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni, ndi kusasamalidwa kwa anthu akumidzi zonsezi zimachititsa kuchepa kwa nyama za kuthengo za mu Afrika.

Kulimbana kwa maulamuliro aakulu pakati pa amene kale anali Soviet Union ndi maiko a Kumadzulo kunabutsa nkhondo mu Afrika yense, mbali zonsezo zikumapereka zida zankhondo zocholoŵana m’dzikolo. Kaŵirikaŵiri, zina za zida zankhondo za ziwaya zimenezi zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuphera nyama za kuthengo kudyetsera magulu ankhondo osoŵa chakudyawa ndi kugulira zida zankhondo zowonjezereka pogulitsa minyanga ya njovu, nyanga za chipembere, ndi mitu yake yokongoletsa m’nyumba ndi zinthu za nyama zina. Kuwonongedwa kofulumira kwa nyama za kuthengo sikunalekeke pamene Nkhondo ya Pakamwa inatha. Zidazo zidakalipobe mu Afrika. Ponena za imodzi ya nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni za Afrika, ku Angola, magazini otchedwa Africa South akusimba kuti: “Kupha nyama mopanda lamulo, kumene kwafalikira kale m’nkhondoyo, kwawonjezereka chiyambire pa kuleka kumenyana chifukwa chakuti sipanakhale ulamuliro wamphamvu pa asilikali otulitsidwa zida pansi.” Ndipo chiyambire pamenepo nkhondoyo yayambiranso.

Anthu ambiri opha nyama mopanda lamulo amaika moyo wawo pachiswe chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zimene zimenezi zimadzetsa. “Nyanga imodzi ya [chipembere] ingadzetse $25,000 [ya United States] ,” ikusimba motero nyuzipepala ina ya mu Afrika, The Star. Wosungitsa zinthu za chilengedwe wina, Dr. Esmond Martin, anamka kudziko lina la ku Asia mu 1988 napeza kuti mtengo wa nyanga ya chipembere unali utawonjezereka m’zaka zitatu kuyambira pa $1,532 [ya United States] kufikira pa $4,660 [ya United States] pakilogalamu.

Kodi Ndani Amene Adzakantha Choyamba?

Patengedwa njira zazikulu zodziŵitsa anthu za chiwopsezo chimene chilipo chochititsidwa ndi kufunika kwa minyanga ya njovu ndi nyanga ya chipembere. Mu July 1989, mamiliyoni ambiri oonerera TV padziko lonse anapenyerera mulu waukulu wa matani 12 a minyanga ya njovu, woyerekezeredwa kukhala pamtengo wapakati pa mamiliyoni atatu ndi mamiliyoni asanu ndi imodzi a madola, ikumatenthedwa ndi prezidenti wa dziko la Kenya, Daniel arap Moi. Mkulu woyang’anira nyama za kuthengo wa ku Kenya, Dr. Richard Leakey, anafunsidwa za mmene kuwononga kwachionekere kotero kungalungamitsidwire. “Sitikanatha kukhutiritsa maganizo mwamphamvu anthu a ku Amereka, Canada kapena Japan kuti aleke kugula minyanga ya njovu ngati tikanapitiriza kuigulitsa,” iye anayankha motero. Ndithudi, njira zoterozo zinachititsa anthu ambiri kugwirizana ndi lamulo loletsa malonda a minyanga. Malonda a minyanga ya njovu anatsika kwambiri.

Ponena za chipembere, mkhalidwewo ngwosiyana. Ngakhale kuti prezidenti wa dziko la Kenya anatentha nyanga za chipembere za mtengo wa madola mamiliyoni ambiri mu 1990, kufunidwa kwake kukupitirizabe. (Onani bokosilo “Chifukwa Chake Nyanga ya Chipembere Ili Yofunika Kwambiri,” patsamba 9.) Kuti atetezere ziŵerengero za chipembere, maiko ena atembenukira pakudula nyanga za zolengedwa zimenezi. Nthaŵi zina kuchita zimenezo kumakhala mpikisano wa amene adzakantha choyamba, pakati pa wosungitsa zinthu za chilengedwe okhala ndi mfuti zoponyera jekeseni yolefulitsa nyama kapena wopha nyama mopanda lamulo wokhala ndi mfuti yowopsa yachiwaya.

Njira Yatsopano m’Kusungitsa Nyama

Osaka nyama a maiko a Kumadzulo ndi osungitsa nyama za kuthengo kwanthaŵi yaitali awona kufunika kwa maluso a anthu akumidzi kudziŵa ndi kulondola zizindikiro za nyama. Ndithudi, anthu ambiri a mu Afrika ali ndi chidziŵitso chapadera cha nyama za kuthengo. “Chambiri cha chidziŵitso chimenechi,” akufotokoza motero Lloyd Timberlake m’buku lakelo Africa in Crisis, “nchopatsirana mwapakamwa, ndipo tikuopa kuti chidzatha pamene anthu a mu Afrika akusamuka kumidzi kumka m’mizinda . . . Motero dzikoli lili pangozi ya kutayikiridwa ndi chimene . . . katswiri wodziŵa za anthu Leslie Brownrigg wachitcha ‘zaka mazana ambiri za kufufuza kochitidwa ndi anthu ambiri asayansi.’”

Kalelo, maboma autsamunda anakhazikitsa malo osungira nyama za kuthengo mwa kukankhira anthu akumidzi pambali amene kwazaka mazana ambiri anadalira panyama za kuthengo kaamba ka chakudya. Tsopano maboma ena a mu Afrika akufunafuna chithandizo cha alimi akumidzi onyalanyazidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ameneŵa. “M’maiko angapo a kummwera kwa Afrika,” likusimba motero gulu la Worldwatch Institute, “boma laleka kuyang’anira kotheratu nyama za kuthengo. Anthu akumidzi okhala m’madera 10 a madera 31 a m’Zambia oyang’aniridwa ndi Game Management Areas apatsidwa lamulo loŵayeneretsa kuyang’anira nyama za kuthengo; kupha nyama mopanda lamulo kwatsika kwambiri ndipo monga chotulukapo chake ziŵerengero za nyama za kuthengo zikuonekereka kukhala zikuwonjezerekanso.” Pali malipoti ena a chipambano kumene anthu a kumidzi adziloŵetsa m’kusungitsa zinthu za chilengedwe, monga ngati chipembere chakuda ndi njovu za m’chipululu za ku Kaokoland ku Namibia, m’malo osungirako nyama za kuthengo a Kangwane mu South Africa, ndi maiko ena a mu Afrika.

Mosasamala kanthu za njira yabwino imeneyi, osungitsa nyama za kuthengo adakali odera nkhaŵa ndi mtsogolo. Kwenikweni mchitidwe watsopanowu ngwakanthaŵi chabe. Chikhalirechobe, chiŵerengero cha mtundu wa anthu chokula mofulumiracho chikali chiwopsezo. “M’zaka zana zotsatirazo,” ikufotokoza motero U.S.News & World Report, “chiŵerengero cha anthu chikuyembekezeredwa kuwonjezereka mwinamwake ndi [mamiliyoni zikwi zisanu], kwakukulukulu m’maiko osatukuka amene, mwachibadwa alinso malo opulumukirako nyama za kuthengo papulanetiyi.”

Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu chikufutukuka kuloŵa m’madera akuthengo, nkhondo imabuka pakati pa munthu ndi zilombo. “Mitundu yambiri ya nyama zazikulu za mu Afrika singathe kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi mipangidwe yambiri ya chitukuko cha kumidzi, mwachitsanzo, njovu, mvuu, chipembere, njati, mkango, ndi ng’ona, limodzinso ndi mtundu wina waukulu wa zinkhoma, anyani ndi nguluwe,” likufotokoza motero bukulo Conservation in Africa.

Popeza kuti anthu akuoneka kukhala opanda njira yokhalitsa yopulumutsira nyama za kuthengo za mu Afrika, nangano ndani amene ali nayo?

[Bokosi/Mapu patsamba 7]

“Chiŵerengero cha njati chatsika kuchokera pa 55,000 kufikira pachosakwanira 4,000, nakhodzwe kuchokera pa 45,000 kufikira pachosakwanira 5,000, mbidzi kuchokera pa 2,720 kufikira pafupifupi 1,000, ndipo mvuu zachepetsedwa kuchokera pa 1,770 kufikira pafupifupi 260.”—Kuyerekezera kwa mafufuzidwe aŵiri a m’ndege kochitidwa mu 1979 ndi 1990 m’Marromeu Delta ku Mozambique ndi kochitiridwa lipoti m’magazini a African Wildlife, March/April 1992.

“Mu 1981 mbidzi pafupifupi 45,000 zinasamuka kupyola tchire ndi nkhalango [za kumpoto kwa Botswana]. Koma pofika mu 1991 mbidzi pafupifupi 7,000 zokha zinamaliza ulendo umenewo.”—Nkhani yochokera m’magazini a Getaway popenda vidiyo yake ya nyama za kuthengo ya Patterns in the Grass, November 1992.

“Paulendo wathu [ku Togo, West Africa] tinapeza chiŵerengero chokondweretsa ndi chosayembekezeredwa cha njovu zazing’ono za m’nkhalango mu Fosse aux Lions Nature Reserve . . . Kalembera wa nyama za kuthengo m’ndege amene anachitidwa m’March 1991 anapeza chiwonkhetso cha nyama 130. . . . [Koma m’nyengo yosakwanira chaka,] chiŵerengero cha njovuzo mu Fosse aux Lions chinatsika kufika pa 25.”—Lipoti la m’magazini a African Wildlife, March/April 1992.

[Mapu]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Malo osungirako nyama za kuthengo a mu Afrika amachita mbali yaikulu m’kusunga mitundu yambiri ya nyama

AFRICA

MOROCCO

WESTERN SAHARA

MAURITANIA

ALGERIA

MALI

TUNISIA

LIBYA

NIGER

NIGERIA

EGYPT

CHAD

SUDAN

DJIBOUTI

ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CAMEROON

CONGO

Cabinda (Angola)

GABON

ZAIRE

UGANDA

KENYA

SOMALIA

TANZANIA

ANGOLA

ZAMBIA

MALAWI

NAMIBIA

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

BOTSWANA

MADAGASCAR

SOUTH AFRICA

SENEGAL

GAMBIA

GUINEA-BISSAU

GUINEA

BURKINA FASO

BENIN

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

GHANA

TOGO

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

RWANDA

BURUNDI

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

Fosse aux Lions

Nature Reserve

Masai Mara Game Reserve

Serengeti National Park

Marromeu Delta

Kruger National Park

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea

Indian Ocean

Madera Osonyezedwa mu Nkhani

Malo Aakulu Osungiramo Nyama za Kuthengo

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 9]

Chifukwa Chake Nyanga ya Chipembere Ili Yofunika Kwambiri

“MADZI Oletsa Malungo a Nyanga ya Chipembere a Three Legs Brand.” Limenelo ndilo dzina la mankhwala otchuka ogulitsidwa ku Malaysia, malinga nkunena kwa olemba buku la Rhino, Daryl and Sharna Balfour. Pepala lofotokoza olingaliridwa kukhala mankhwala ameneŵa lili ndi uthenga uwu: “Mankhwala ameneŵa akonzedwa mosamalitsa kuchokera m’Nyanga ya Chipembere ndi Mankhwala Oletsa Malungo, ndipo moyang’aniridwa ndi Akatswiri. Mankhwala abwino kwambiri ameneŵa amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pochiritsa mwamsanga anthu odwala: Malungo, Kutentha Thupi, Kunthunthumira koyambukira Mtima ndi Ziŵalo Zinayi, Kuchita Chizungulire, Misala, Kupweteka kwa Dzino, ndi zina zotero.”—Akanyenyewo ngathu.

Zikhulupiriro zotero nzofala m’maiko a ku Asia. Nyanga ya chipembere mumpangidwe wa madzi kapena wa ufa imapezeka mosavuta m’mizinda yambiri ya ku Asia. Poyembekezera kuthetsa kufunidwako, banja la a Balfour likunena kuti: “Kumwa mankhwala a nyanga ya chipembere kuli ndi phindu lofanana ndi la kutafuna zikhadabo zanu.”

Ku Yemen, nyanga ya chipembere imafunidwa kwambiri kaamba ka chifukwa china—monga chigwiriro cha lupanga. Nyanga zoposa matani 22 zinaloŵetsedwa m’dzikomo mkati mwa zaka khumi za m’ma 1970, ndipo nkovuta kupeza zoziloŵa mmalo mwake zoyenerera. “Anthu a ku Yemen,” likufotokoza banja la a Balfour, “apeza kuti palibe kanthu kena koposa nyanga ya chipembere kulimba kwake ndi kaonekedwe. . . . Pamene [zigwiriro za lupanga] zikhala nthaŵi yaitali mpamenenso zimaoneka bwino kwambiri, zikumakhala zopenyekera mofiirira.”

[Zithunzi patsamba 8]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

2,720

1,000

1979 Chiŵerengero cha mbidzi 1990

55,000

3,696

1979 Chiŵerengero cha njati 1990

1,770

260

1979 Chiŵerengero cha mvuu 1990

45,000

4,480

1979 Chiŵerengero cha nakhodzwe 1990

Kuyerekezera kwa kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha nyama za kuthengo cha 1979 ndi 1990 mu Marromeu Delta

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pansi kulamanzere: Safari-Zoo ya ku Ramat-Gan, Tel Aviv