Kodi Ndani Amene Amatetezera Nyama za Kuthengo za mu Afrika?

YOLEMBEDWA Ndi Mtolankhani Wa GALAMUKANI! Mu South Africa

MAWU ankhanza anenedwa ponena za njira imene anthu a mu Afrika amaonera choloŵa chawo cha nyama za kuthengo. ‘Samayamikira kwenikweni kukhala nazo; amangoziona monga zobweretsa chakudya ndi ndalama,’ amanena motero alendo ena odzacheza. Kodi chifukwa chogamulira motere nchiti? Kaŵirikaŵiri malo osungira nyamazo amadzaza ndi alendo a Maiko Akumadzulo ndi nzika zamomwemo zoŵerengeka kwambiri. Koma mfumu ya Azulu mu South Africa nthaŵi ina inafotokoza kuti: “Kumakhala kovuta kwa anthu akuda kukaona nyama za kuthengo. Kwa ife kutetezera nyama za kuthengo nchinthu chovuta kuchita chimene chingachitidwe ndi anthu akuda oŵerengeka okha amene ali ndi chuma.”

Lerolino anthu a mu Afrika ambiri, mosiyana ndi makolo awo, amakulira m’zithando za m’mizinda, otalikirana ndi nyama za kuthengo. Ndiponso, anthu okhala kumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi umphaŵi ndi kusasamalidwa. “Ndianthu okha amene amadya nakhuta amene akhoza kusunga nyama za kuthengo kaamba ka zifukwa zokha za kukongola kwake, mwambo ndi maphunziro,” anafotokoza motero woyang’anira nyama za kuthengo wina wa dziko la ku West Africa.

Mosasamala kanthu ndi mavuto ameneŵa, nyama za kuthengo nzotchuka kwambiri m’luso la kujambula la anthu a mu Afrika, monga momwe tingaonere pokaona m’masitolo a zosemasema a mu Afrika. Kufukula m’mabwinja kumasonyeza nyama za kuthengo kukhala zofunika kwambiri m’luso la anthu a mu Afrika kuyambira m’nthaŵi zakale. Kodi umenewo suli umboni wa chiyamikiro cha kukongola kwa nyamazo?

Talingalirani za Abel ndi Rebecca, amene anathera matchuti awo angapo m’malo osungiramo nyama za kuthengo kummwera kwa Afrika. Komabe, onsewo anakulira m’matauni okhala anthu akuda a ku South Africa. Chikondwerero cha Rebecca m’nyama za kuthengo chinayamba chifukwa cha malo a boma otchedwa zoo mu Johannesburg ndi Pretoria. “Pamene ndinali mwana,” iye akufotokoza motero, “nthaŵi yokha imene tinaona nyama za kuthengo inali pamene tinapita ku zoo.”

Chikondwerero cha Abel panyama za kuthengo chinayamba mosiyana. Kaŵirikaŵiri iye anathera maholide a sukulu kumudzi ali ndi agogo ake. “Agogo aamuna,” iye akukumbukira motero, “ankandilozera nyama zosiyanasiyana namafotokoza makhalidwe ake. Ndikukumbukira akundiuza za chiuli ndi kambalame kochenjera kotchedwa nsadzu, mtsogoleri wamkulu wa kumene kuli uchi, amene amakhulupiriridwa kuti amatsogolera nyama kuzisa za njuchi.” Abel akusimba za chokumana nacho chokondweretsa chimene anali nacho monga mnyamata wa zaka 12.

“Tsiku lina, pamene tinali kuyenda m’tchire, agogo aamuna anandisonyeza kambalame kamene kanaonekera kukhala kakutiitana. Iko kanali nsadzu. Chotero tinalondola kambalameko pamene kamaulukira kutsogolo kakumateratera m’zitsamba. Tinakalondolabe koposa theka la ola. Potsirizira pake mbalameyo inatera panthambi ina nileka kulira. Agogowo anati tiyenera kufunafuna pamalowo chisa cha njuchi. Zowonadi, tinaona njuchi zikumaloŵa pauna umene unali kunsi kwa thanthwe. Agogowo anafula uchiwo mosamala. Ndiyeno anatenga mbali ina pang’ono ya chisacho chokhala ndi ana nachiika pathanthwepo. Kumeneku kunali kuthokoza kwawo mbalameyo chifukwa cha kutitsogolera kuchisa cha njuchi.”

Unansi wabwino kwambiri umenewu pakati pa munthu ndi nsadzu wachitiridwa umboni bwino lomwe ndi akatswiri odziŵa za mbalame. Abel akupitiriza kuti: “Sindidzaiŵala chokumana nacho chimenechi. Chinandipangitsa kufuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za nyama za kuthengo.”

Yemwe kale anali wankhondo ya Amasai wa ku Tanzania, Solomon ole Saibull, amene pambuyo pake anayenerera monga wosungitsa nyama za kuthengo, akufotokoza zinthu monga momwe ziliri pamene analongosola mofatsa kwa wolemba mabuku wina wa Kumadzulo kuti: “Ndikudziŵa za chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu a mu Afrika amene amazindikira osati kokha za chuma cha kusungidwa kwa nyama za kuthengo, komanso za mapindu osaneneka . . . Anthu ameneŵa—a mu Afrika—amatha kuonerera Chilengedwe pamene chikuonekera m’njira zokongola zosiyanasiyana. Kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa kofiirira pamapiri, tchire lobiriŵira ndi malo a mitsinje ndi zigwa, kusiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zimene zili mumkhalidwe wawo waufulu kotheratu—zonsezo zikumaumba maonekedwe ambirimbiri okondweretsa. Ndithudi, chidwi chimenechi sichinangokhala cha anthu okha a ku Ulaya ndi Amereka, kodi sichoncho?”

Inde, kuyambira pa anthu aumphaŵi okhala m’matauni kufikira kwa anthu asayansi ophunzira kwambiri—kodi ndani amene angalephere kuchititsidwa chidwi ndi choloŵa cha nyama za kuthengo za mu Afrika? Wophunzira za vetenale wina wa ku Germany amene anakaona posachedwapa ku South Africa ndi malo ake a Kruger National Park anati: “Ndinapeza chilengedwe ndi nyama za kuthengo kukhala chinthu chokondweretsa koposa ndi chochititsa chidwi ponena za dziko lino. Pokhala ndi nyama zathu zazikulu zosiyanasiyana zoŵerengeka ndi kuchepa kwa malo mu Germany, kusanguluka ndi chilengedwe ndi kusungitsa nyama za kuthengo pamlingo umenewu ndicho chinthu chimene chinali chosadziŵika kotheratu kwa ine.”

Alendo odzaona amakopedwanso ndi malo aakulu osungirako nyama za kuthengo ku Botswana, Namibia, ndi Zimbabwe. Koma mwinamwake nyama za kuthengo zazikulu zochuluka koposa mu Afrika zimapezeka mkati ndi kunja mozungulira Serengeti National Park ya ku Tanzania ndi Masai Mara Game Reserve ya ku Kenya. Malo a nyama za kuthengo otchuka ameneŵa ngoyandikana, ndipo nyamazo zili zosatchingiridwa. “Onse pamodzi,” akufotokoza motero magazini a International Wildlife, “Serengeti ndi Mara amasunga chimodzi cha ziŵerengero za dziko zazikulu koposa cha nyama za kuthengo: nyumbu 1.7 miliyoni, nswala 500,000, mbidzi 200,000, ntchefu 18,000, ndiponso chiŵerengero chokulirapo cha njovu, mikango ndi njuzi.”

John Ledger, mkonzi wa magazini a ku South Africa otchedwa Endangered Wildlife, anamka kwanthaŵi yoyamba ku Kenya mu 1992 ndipo anafotokoza zimene anaona kukhala ‘malo okongola.’ Iye analemba kuti, Masai Mara, “ayenera kukhala wofanana ndi malo akale amene [wolemba mabuku ndi wosaka nyama wa m’zaka za zana la 19], Cornwallis Harris anaona, pamene anatumba mkati mwa South Africa m’ma 1820. Tizitunda tobiriŵira, mitengo ya minga yotayanatayana, ndi nyama zosaŵerengeka za kuthengo, zochuluka koposa!”

Chithunzithunzi cha Ulemerero Wakale

Mwachisoni, lerolino m’madera aakulu a mu Afrika, timaonamo nyama zoŵerengeka kwambiri koposa zimene zinaonedwa ndi Azungu osamukiramo m’mazana a zaka zapitazo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1824 munthu wachiyera woyamba anakhala m’malo a Natal amene analamuliridwa ndi Britain (tsopano amene ali chigawo cha South Africa). Malo aang’onowo anali ndi nyama za kuthengo zochuluka kwakuti kusaka nyama kaamba ka mitu yake yokongoletsa m’nyumba ndi zinthu zina zopezeka panyama za kuthengo kunali malonda ake aakulu. M’chaka chimodzi, zikopa za nyumbu ndi zikopa za mbidzi zofikira 62,000 zinatumizidwa padoko la Durban kumka kumaiko ena, ndipo m’chaka china chosaiŵalika, matani oposa 19 a minyanga ya njovu anatumizidwa kumaiko ena. Posakhalitsa, anthu achiyera anafika pa oposa 30,000, koma nyama za kuthengo zochuluka zinali zitapululutsidwa. “Pali nyama za kuthengo zochepa kwambiri zotsala,” anasimba motero majisitiriti wa Natal mu 1878.

Nkhani yomvetsa chisoni yofananayo ingasimbidwe m’mbali zina za Afrika kumene maboma autsamunda analola kusakazidwa kwa nyama za kuthengo kupitirizabe kuloŵa m’zaka za zana la 20. Lingalirani za Angola, amene anapeza ufulu wa kudzilamulira ku Portugal mu 1975. “Mbiri ya boma lake lakale lautsamundalo,” akulemba motero Michael Main m’buku lake lakuti Kalahari, “siili yokondweretsa. Kuti atsegulire chigawo cha Huila kaamba ka kufuya ng’ombe, lamulo lankhanza lotchedwa Diploma Legislativo Number 2242 la mu 1950 linalengeza deralo kukhala malo osakirako nyama momasuka. Monga chotulukapo chake, kupha nyama za kuthengo kosasankha kunachitika . . . Pafupifupi nyama iliyonse yaikulu yoyamwitsa inaonongedwa. Kwayerekezeredwa kuti kuphako kunaphatikizapo mtundu wa zipembere zakuda 1,000, zikwi zingapo za nyamalikiti, ndi zikwi makumi ambiri za nyumbu, mbidzi ndi njati. Diploma imeneyo sinathetsedwe kwapafupifupi zaka ziŵiri ndi theka, nthaŵi imene kuonongako kunachitika, ndipo panalibe nyama zimene zinatsala.”

Koma kodi mkhalidwewo ngwotani lerolino, ndipo kodi ndimtsogolo motani mmene nyama za kuthengo za mu Afrika zili namo?

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

Malo Osungira Nyama Obweretsa Ndalama

Malo osungira nyama a Afrika ngotayanatayana m’dziko lalikulu lonseli oyerekezeredwa kukhala 850,000 kilomita mbali zonse zinayi. Umenewo ndiwo ukulu wa malo okulirapo kuposa maiko a Britain ndi Germany atagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi.

M’malo ambiri osungiramo nyama za kuthengo ameneŵa, mungathe kuona mitundu isanu ya nyama zazikulu—njovu, chipembere, mkango, kambuku, ndi njati. Kuyambira paziombankhanga zazikulu zouluka mumlengalenga kufikira patizilombo togubuduza ndowe kudutsa misewu, pali zolengedwa zosaŵerengeka zokondweretsa kuona.

Anthu zikwi zambiri odzaona kuchokera kutsidya kwa nyanja amayamikira kuona nyama za kuthengo zimenezi. Chaka chilichonse amabweretsa ndalama zoposa mamiliyoni chikwi chimodzi a madola m’maiko mmene muli malo a nyama za kuthengo okondedwa ndi anthu okonda nyama. Inde, malo osungiramo nyama za kuthengo amabweretsa ndalama.

[Chithunzi patsamba 4]

Sikale kwambiri pamene nyama za kuthengo zikwi zambiri zinaphedwa chaka chilichonse kaamba ka mitu yake yokongoletsa m’nyumba ndi zikopa zake mu South Africa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwakukoma mtima kwa Africana Museum, Johannesburg