Chifukwa Chake Ana Amakhala Asilikali Owopsa
KODI UNAPHA ANTHU? “Ayi.”
KODI UNALI NDI MFUTI? “Inde.”
KODI UNAWANENEKERA MFUTIYO? “Inde.”
KODI UNAOMBA MFUTIYO? “Inde.”
CHINACHITIKA NCHIYANI? “Anangogwa pansi.”—World Press Review, January 1996.
MAKAMBITSIRANO oopsaŵa pakati pa wantchito zothandiza anthu ndi mwana yemwe ndi msilikali mu Afirika amavumbula kusokonezeka maganizo kwa mwana amene akuyesa kuiŵala moyo wake wakale ndi kuyamba watsopano.
M’zaka zaposachedwa, m’maiko 25, ana osafika zaka 16 amenya nawo nkhondo. Mu 1988 mokha, ana pafupifupi 200,000 anali kumenya nawo nkhondo. Popeza aphunzitsidwa zoipa ndi akuluakulu, ana omwe ndi asilikali nawonso amavutika.
Chimene Amakhalira Asilikali Ofunika
Kale, pamene magulu ankhondo ankamenyana ndi mikondo ndi malupanga, mwana analibe mwaŵi woti nkupulumuka pankhondo yomenyana ndi wamkulu ali ndi chida chofananacho. Koma ino ndi nthaŵi yogwiritsira ntchito zida zopepuka. Lero, mwana akakhala ndi mfuti yosakaza—AK-47 yopangidwa ku Soviet kapena M16 yopangidwa ku America—amangofanana ndi wamkulu.
Sikuti zida zimenezi ndi zopepuka chabe komanso nzosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito ndi kukonza. Mwana wazaka khumi akhoza kuimasula mfuti ya AK-47 ndi kuimanganso. Komanso mfuti zimenezi nzambiri zedi. Pafupifupi mfuti 55 miliyoni za AK-47 zagulitsidwa. M’dziko lina mu Afirika, amazigulitsa pamtengo wotsika mpaka $6 (za United States). Mfuti za M16 nazonso nzambiri ndiponso nzotsika mtengo.
Kuwonjezera pa kukhala kwawo okhoza kugwiritsira ntchito bwino mfuti zosakazazo, ana ndi asilikali ofunika pazifukwa zinanso. Safuna malipiro, ndipo si kaŵirikaŵiri kuthaŵa. Ndiponso, ana amalakalaka kwambiri kukondweretsa mabwana awo. Chikumbumtima chawo sichitha kusiyanitsa chabwino ndi choipa pokhala chitatsamwitsidwa ndi chikhumbo chakuti awalandire magulu omenyera ufulu kapena magulu a nkhondo a zigaŵenga amene amakhala ngati “banja” lawo.
Komanso ambiri a iwo sakhala ndi mantha. Poona zochita za asilikali wina ku West Africa ananena kuti: “Popeza [ana] amaoneka kuti saona imfa monga momwe asilikali akuluakulu amaionera, ndi mwakamodzikamodzi kuti avomereze kugonja pamene zinthu zavuta.” Mnyamata wina wa ku Liberia yemwe anapatsidwa dzina lakuti Kaputeni Makina Akupha, anadzitukumula kuti: “Pamene akuluakulu anachita mantha ndi kuthaŵa, ife anyamata ang’onoang’ono tinatsala tikumenyabe.”
Komabe, ngakhale kuti anyamata amakhala asilikali abwino, kaŵirikaŵiri amawaona monga osavuta kupezerapo ena ngati iwo aphedwa. Pankhondo ina ku Middle East, magulu a ana asilikali analamulidwa kutsogola panjira yomwe inali ndi mabomba otchera pansi.
Kuwalemba Usilikali ndi Kuwapotoza Maganizo
Ana ena amaloŵa usilikali kapena kugwirizana ndi magulu azigaŵenga chifukwa chofuna kuchitapo zoopsa. Komanso, moyo utakhala pangozi ndipo mabanja atamwazikana, gulu la asilikali limakhala ngati malo achisungiko ndipo limatenga malo a banja. Bungwe loona za ana la United Nations Children’s Fund linati: “Ana amene akulira m’chiwawa amaona moyo umenewo monga khalidwe la nthaŵi zonse. Potsala ali okha, amasiye, amantha, osungulumwa ndipo okhumudwa, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amadzasankha kuloŵa usilikali.”
Ana ena amasankha kugwirizana ndi magulu a asilikali chifukwa choganiza kuti palibenso china chomwe angachite. Nthaŵi zina, chakudya chitasoŵa ndipo moyo utakhala pangozi, iwo angaganize kuti njira yokha yopulumukira ndiyo kuloŵa usilikali.
Nthaŵi zina ana amakhala asilikali chifukwa chofuna kumenyera ufulu wa dziko, zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo, kapena fuko lawo. Mwachitsanzo ku Peru, ana amene akakamizidwa kuloŵa m’magulu a zigaŵenga amaphunzitsidwa zandale nthaŵi yaitali. Komabe, sikuti zimenezo zimakhala zoyenerera nthaŵi zonse. Brian Milne, woona zachikhalidwe cha anthu amene anapenda ana asilikali ku Southeast Asia anati: “Ana sakhala ndi chikhulupiriro. Amangouzidwa zochita ndi gulu ili kapena linalo ndi kuyamba kuzichita.”
Komabe ana ena amachita kukakamizidwa kuloŵa usilikali. Pankhondo zina za m’Afirika, magulu amaukira mudzi ndi kugwira ana, amene kenaka amawakakamiza kuonerera kapena kuzunza ndi kupha nawo a m’banja mwawo. Nthaŵi zina amakakamizidwa kuombera makolo awo kapena kuwacheka pakhosi. Akawawopsa choncho, anyamata amenewa amakakamizidwa kukawopsezanso ena. Ana ochitidwa nkhanza amenewa kaŵirikaŵiri amachita zinthu zoopsa zomwe ngakhale asilikali akuluakulu olimba mitima sangachite.
Kuyambiranso Moyo Wabwino
Si kwapafupi kwa ana otero kuti ayambe kukhala ndi moyo wosachita chiwawa. Mkulu wa bungwe loona za ana m’dziko lina ku West Africa anati: “Ana amene tathandiza ndi oti anasokonezeka nzeru mosiyanasiyana. Akhala akugwira akazi, kupha ndi kuzunza. Ambiri a iwo ankapatsidwa moŵa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, makamaka chamba, ndipo nthaŵi zina heroin. . . . Mukhoza kuyerekeza mmene zinthu zimenezi zimawonongera maganizo a ana, ena a iwo aang’ono kwambiri mpaka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kapena zisanu ndi zinayi zokha.”
Zinthu zilinso choncho m’dziko lapafupi nalo la Liberia, kumene ana zikwi makumi ambiri akhala akuvutitsa anthu m’midzi. Si kwapafupi kwa akazembe ankhondo achinyamata kuti asiye malo awo ndi mphamvu zimene mfuti ya AK-47 imawapatsa. Nzika ya ku Somalia inati: “Ngati uli ndi mfuti, uli ndi moyo. Ngati ulibe mfuti, wafa.”
Kaŵirikaŵiri, ana omenya nkhondo sangabwerere kunyumba chifukwa choopa kulangidwa kapena chifukwa chakuti mabanja awo amawakana. Wolangiza ana ku Liberia anati: “Azimayi amatiuza kuti, ‘Khalani naye. Sitifuna chilombo chimenechi m’nyumba yathu.’”
Ngakhale kuti ana ambiri asintha ndi kuyamba kukhala mwaufulu, kuti asinthe motero kumalira chikondi chachikulu, chithandizo, ndiponso kumvetsetsa kwa anthu amene amakhala nawo. Si zapafupi kwa anawo kapena kwa mabanja awo. Wantchito zothandiza anthu ku Mozambique anati: “Lingalirani za moyo woti umatenga zilizonse zimene ufuna, kuuza ena zoti achite, ndi moyo umene umakhala nawo ukabwerera kumudzi. Makamaka ukakhala wazaka 17 ndipo sudziŵa kuŵerenga komanso sudziŵa ntchito iliyonse. Umakhala wosungulumwa. Nzovuta kwambiri kuti ubwererenso mwakale ndipo anthu ena nkumakuuza zoti uchite ndi kuyambiranso giredi loyamba.”
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 5]
Anwar wazaka 13 amakhala ku Afghanistan. Atamenya nawo nkhondo zisanu ndi imodzi, anaphapo koyamba pankhondo yake yachisanu ndi chiŵiri. Analasa ndi kupha asilikali aŵiri omwe anali pafupi, kenaka anajinya mitemboyo ndi thendere la mfuti kuti atsimikizire kuti afadi. Atamfunsa kuti anamva bwanji ndi zimene anachitazo, Anwar, anaoneka wozizwa ndi funsolo. “Ndinakondwa chifukwa ndinawapha,” iye anatero.
Pankhondo yomweyo, asilikali anzake a Anwar anagwira asilikali a adani anayi amene pambuyo pake anawamanga, kuwaphimba kumaso, ndi kuwalasa ndi mfuti. Kodi Anwar anamva bwanji ndi zimenezi? Mwana womenya nkhondoyu anakweza chikope chake ndi kuyankha pang’onopang’ono, ngati kuti akuuza munthu wopanda nzeru. “Ndinali wokondwa.”
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 6]
Kaidi wina ku West Africa yemwe anali woti amasulidwe posachedwa anammanga manja, koma kazembe wankhondo anataya makiyi. Kazembeyo anathetsa vutolo mwa kulamulira msilikali wachinyamata kudula manja a kaidiyo. “Ndimamvabe kulira kwa munthuyo,” akutero mnyamatayo. “Nthaŵi zonse ndikakumbukira za iye, ndimamva chisoni.”