Chimapangitsa Kudya Kukhala Vuto N’chiyani?

“Si kuti vuto la kudya limangobwera mosadziŵika bwino. Ilo ndi chizindikiro chakuti china chake sichikuyenda bwino m’moyo wa munthuyo.”—Nancy Kolodny, wogwira ntchito za umoyo.

VUTO la kadyedwe si lachilendo. Munthu woyamba kudwala anorexia nervosa anapezeka m’chaka cha 1873, ndipo zizindikiro zake anayamba kuziona zaka 300 zapitazo. Komabe kuyambira panthaŵi ya Nkhondo Yadziko II, chiŵerengero cha odwala anorexia chioneka kuti chakula kwambiri. Zili chimodzimodzi ndi bulimia. Vuto limeneli lakhala likudziŵika kwa mazana ambiri, koma m’zaka makumi aposachedwa, monga mmene buku lina lonena za vutolo linalongosolera, “lakula kwambiri.”

Kodi chimapangitsa vuto la kudya n’chiyani? Kodi munthu amachita kutengera pobadwa kapena zimayambika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chimene chimatamanda kukhala wowonda? Nanga banja limachitapo chiyani pa zimenezi? Mafunso amenewa n’ngovuta kuyankha. Monga mmene wogwira ntchito zaumoyo Nancy Kolodny ananenera, kuti tinene tanthauzo la mawu akuti vuto la kadyedwe “si kuti n’kosavuta monga mmene ziliri ndi matenda ena monga chikuku kapena matenda a nthomba, amene dokotala amachita kudziŵiratu kuti chimapangitsa n’chakuti, mmene munthu amawatengera, kuti matendawo atenga nthaŵi yaitali motani, ndipo kuti kodi mankhwala abwino ndi ati.”

Komabe, a zofufuza amatchulapo zinthu zingapo zimene zingapangitse vuto la kudya. Tiyeni tionepo zingapo mwa izo.

Chikhalidwe Chokonda Kuwonda

M’mayiko olemera makampani opanga zinthu za mafashoni amasonyeza anthu owonda omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito posatsa malonda kwa achinyamata omwe amakhala ndi chidwi kuonerera, motero akumakhomereza malingaliro akuti mtsikana amakhala wokongola pokhapo ngati ali wowonda. Uthenga woipa umenewu umapangitsa azimayi achitsikana ambiri kulimbana n’kudzipangitsa kukhala wowonda kwambiri kufika pakuti sakhala ndi thanzi labwino ndipo sizingatheke kumakhala choncho. Dr. Christine Davies anati: “Akazi ambiri amakhala atali masentimita 165 ndi olemera makilogalamu 66. Ambiri mwa akazi omwe osatsa malonda amagwiritsa ntchito amakhala aatali masentimita 183 koma olemera makilogalamu 50. Kufika mpaka 95 peresenti ya anthufe sitifika pamenepo ndipo sitidzatha kufikapo.”

Ngakhale zili choncho, azimayi ena amayesetsa kuti akhale ndi thupi limene amaliganizira kuti ndilo loyenera. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1997, atafufuza azimayi 3,452, okwana 24 peresenti ya iwo anati angalolere kuthera zaka zitatu za moyo wawo kuyesetsa kuti akwanitse kukhala ndi thupi limene amafuna. Ofufuzawo anati, kwa anthu ena ochepa, “n’kwaphindu kukhala moyo pokhapo ngati uli wochepa thupi.” Lipotilo linapitiriza kuti popeza 22 peresenti ya anthu amene anafufuzidwawo anati magazini a za mafashoni ndiwo anawachititsa kufuna kukhala ndi thupi limenelo, ndiye kuti: “Sizingathekenso kukana zakuti zithunzi za osatsa malonda m’manyuzipepala zimasokoneza kwambiri mmene azimayi amadzionera.”

Komabe oyambirira kukhudzidwa ndi maonekedwe achilendowa ndi amene sasangalala ndi maonekedwe awo. Zili monga wina wogwira ntchito zaumoyo, Ilene Fishman ananenera kuti, “chinthu chofunika ndi kudzilemekeza wekha basi.” Kwapezeka kuti anthu amene alibe nazo kanthu za maonekedwe awo si kaŵirikaŵiri kudya mopambanitsa.

Kudya ndi Malingaliro

Akatswiri ambiri amati pali zambiri zimene zimakhudzidwa kuti munthu akhale ndi vuto la kusadya bwino. Nancy Kolodny, wogwira ntchito zaumoyo anati, “Vuto la kusadya bwino ndi chenjezo lokuuzani kuti muchenjere ndi zinthu zina pa moyo wanu zimene simukuziyendetsa bwino kapena mukuzinyalanyaza. Vuto la kadyedwe ndi chikumbutso chakuti sumukulankhula zinthu zimene zikukukhumudwitsani zomwe mukukumana nazo.”

Kodi ndi kukhumudwitsidwa kwa mtundu wanji? Kwa ena lingakhale vuto la panyumba. Mwachitsanzo, Geneen Roth akukumbukira pamene anali mwana, chakudya—makamaka maswiti—ndiwo anali “chitetezo kwa iye pa mikangano ya makolo ake.” Iye anati: “Ndikangozindikira kuti makolo anga atsala pang’ono kukangana, ndinkangozinyalanyaza mosavuta monga muja munthu amatsegulira TV, mmalo moti ndikhale wodandaula chifukwa cha amayi ndi abambo ndiye ndinkangomverera kukoma kwa switi m’kamwa mwanga.”

Nthaŵi zina vuto la kudya limayambika ndi zifukwa zina zovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, The New Teenage Body Book linati: “Kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti amene ali ndi vuto lokhudzana ndi za kugonana (kosayenera kapena kokakamizidwa) nthaŵi zina mosadziŵa amayesera kuti adzitchinjirize mwa kupangitsa matupi awo kusakhala opangitsa anthu kuwasilira kuti agone nawo kapena mwina mwa kumakhala ndi chidwi ndi chinthu china monga chakudya.” Komabe anthu sayenera kuthamangira kunena kuti munthu amene ali ndi vuto la kudya anavutitsidwapo pa zakugonana.

Komabe, vuto limeneli la kudya likhoza kuyambika mwa munthu amene atha kulipititsa patsogolo. Munthu woyambirira kuti n’kugwidwa ndi matenda a anorexia ndi mtsikana yemwe alibe mwayi wodzisankhira zochita kapena sangathe kunena kuti zakutizakuti sazikonda. Kunja, ndi womvera; koma mkati, ndi wodandaula ndipo amaona kuti salamulira moyo wake iye mwini. M’malo mwakuti aonetse kuti amadana nazo poyera, iye amangoyamba kuchita zinthu zina zimene angathe kudzichitira popanda womlamulira—ndiye kuchita kalikonse ndi thupi lake.

Komabe zindikirani kuti vuto la kudya sikuti nthaŵi zonse limayamba chifukwa cha mavuto a panyumba kapena vuto lokhudzana ndi zakugonana. Kwa ena, vuto la kudya limayambika chifukwa kukula thupi ndiye nkhani yaikulu pa banja lawo. Mwinamwake kholo ndi lonenepa kwambiri kapena nthaŵi zonse limasamala za zakudya zimene likudya ndipo limakhala ndi nkhaŵa kwambiri—kapena mantha—kuopa chakudya. Kwa ena, akangokula unamwali basi ndicho chimakhala chifukwa. Mmene thupi lake limasinthira komwe ndi mbali ya kukula kumapangitsa mtsikana kulingalira kuti ndi wonenepa—makamaka ngati iye akula unamwali mwamsanga kusiyana ndi anzake. Iye amayesetsa kwambiri kuti zizindikiro zakuti akukula zisaoneke ngati aona kuti kukulako kukumuopsa.

Kuwonjezera pa mfundo zokhudza malingaliro zomwe zatchulidwazi, a zofufuzafufuza ena amati pangakhalenso chifukwa china. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amati bulimia ikhoza kuyambika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa makemikolo a muubongo wa wodwalayo. Iwo amanena kuti mbali ya ubongo imene imaongolera za chisangalalo kapena mkwiyo wa munthu ndi chilakolako cha chakudya ndizo zimakhudzidwa ndipo izi zimathandiza kulongosola bwino chifukwa chake mankhwala oletsa kukhala wopsinjika maganizo nthaŵi zina amathandiza kwa munthu wa bulimia.

Komabe mwanjira iliyonse, n’kovuta kwambiri kuti ofufuza apeze chifukwa chimodzi chokha chimene chimapangitsa anorexia ndi bulimia. Koma nanga kodi n’chiyani chofunika kuchita kuthandiza amene akuvutika ndi vuto la kudya?

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Odwala anorexia kaŵirikaŵiri sazindikira bwino mmene iwo eni akuonekera

[Chithunzi pamasamba 28, 29]

Nyuzi zosatsa malonda zimalimbikitsa ganizo lakuti kuchepa thupi ndiko kukongola