‘Zosintha Zazikulu Koposa’

“Zaka za zana la 20 zakhala ndi zosintha zazikulu koposa komanso zofalikira kwambiri kuposa zaka za zana lililonse m’mbiri ya anthu.”—Buku la The Times Atlas of the 20th Century.

AKAMAPENDANSO zochitika za m’zaka za zana la 20, mosakayikira ambiri angavomereze zimene ananena Walter Isaacson, mkonzi wamkulu wa magazini ya Time, zakuti: “Tikayerekezera ndi zaka mazana a mmbuyo, zaka za zana lino zakhala zodabwitsa kwambiri: zosonkhezera, nthaŵi zina zochititsa nthumanzi, nthaŵi zonse zakhala zochititsa chidwi.”

Mayi Gro Harlem Brundtland amene kale anali nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Norway, akuvomereza ponena kuti zaka za zana lino zatchedwa “zaka za zana lonkitsa, . . . zimene mwakhala zolakwa za anthu zazikulu kwambiri.” Iwo akunena kuti zakhala “zaka za zana la chitukuko chachikulu kwambiri [ndipo m’malo ena] kukwera kwa zachuma kosaneneka.” Komabe, panthaŵi yomweyi, tsogolo la madera akumidzi osauka n’lomvetsa chisoni chifukwa cha “kukhala mopanikizana ndiponso matenda ofala chifukwa cha umphaŵi komanso malo opanda ukhondo.”

Chipwirikiti cha Ndale

Pamene zaka za zana la 20 zinkayamba, ufumu wa ku China wa Manchu, ufumu wa Ottoman, komanso maufumu ena angapo a ku Ulaya anali kulamulira mbali yaikulu yadziko lonse. Ufumu wa Britain paokha unatenga gawo lathunthu la magawo anayi a dziko lapansi ndipo unkalamulira munthu mmodzi mwa anthu anayi alionse a padziko lapansi. Zaka za zana limeneli zisanathe n’komwe, maufumu onseŵa achepa kale mphamvu ndipo akungopezeka m’mabuku a zochitika za m’mbiri. “Mu 1945 nyengo ya ulamuliro wachitsamunda inali itatha,” limatero buku la The Times Atlas of the 20th Century.

Kutha kwa utsamunda kunalola kudza kwa tsankho pakati pa mayiko kumene kunachititsa kuti pakati pa zaka za zana la 17 ndi la 19 anthu a ku Ulaya ayambe piringupiringu kupita kumadera ena a dziko lapansi. The New Encyclopædia Britannica imati: “Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse kutenthedwa maganizo konse kwa anthu a tsankho kunatha m’mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya . . . Komabe, ku Asia ndi ku Afirika, tsankho la mayiko linafala kwambiri kwenikweni chifukwa cha kulimbana ndi utsamunda.” Potsiriza, malingana ndi The Collins Atlas of World History, “mayiko a ku Asia ndi ku Afirika amene sanaloŵetsedwe m’nkhani za chikomyunizimu anayamba kumveka pankhani za m’mbiri, ndipo nyengo imene inayamba mazana asanu mmbuyo mwake pamene ku Ulaya kunayamba kukwera tsopano inafika pamatsiriziro.”

Pamene maufumu anali kugaŵanika, mayiko anayamba kudzilamulira. Ambiri a iwo anali ndi mtundu wa maboma osankhidwa ndi anthu. Nthaŵi zambiri, ulamuliro wosankhidwa ndi anthu umenewu unali kukumana ndi anthu otsutsa kwam’tuwagalu, monga mmene anachitira maboma amphamvu a ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia amene anali kulamulira mwankhanza m’nyengo ya nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse. Maulamuliro ameneŵa sankalola anthu kukhala ndi ufulu ndipo anali kulamulira chuma chonse, njira zonse zofalitsira nkhani, pamodzinso ndi asilikali ankhondo. Potsiriza, zoyesayesa zawo zakuti alamulire dziko lonse zinathetsedwa, koma panataika ndalama ndiponso miyoyo ya anthu ochuluka.

Zaka za Zana la Nkhondo

Indedi, chimene kwenikweni chikusiyanitsa zaka za zana la 20 ndi zaka za mazana a mmbuyo ndicho nkhondo. Ponenapo za nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, wolemba mbiri wa ku Germany, Guido Knopp analemba kuti: “August 1, 1914: Palibe aliyense amene anali kuyembekeza kuti zaka za zana la 19, zimene ku Ulaya zinali za mtendere kwa nthaŵi yaitali, zinatha patsiku limenelo; ndipo palibe amene anaona kuti zaka za zana la 20 zinayamba panthaŵi yomweyo, ndipo zinayamba ndi nthaŵi yankhondo imene inakhala kwa zaka makumi atatu ikusonyeza nkhanza zimene anthu angathe kuchitira anzawo.”

Hugh Brogan, polofesa wa za mbiri yakale, anatikumbutsa kuti “nkhondo imeneyi inakhudza kwambiri dziko la United States, ndipo mpaka lero [m’1998] likukhudzidwabe.” Akira Ireye, polofesa wa za mbiri yakale pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, analemba kuti: “Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inasintha zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’mbiri ya Kummaŵa kwa Asia ndi ku United States.”

Motero zimene The New Encyclopædia Britannica inanena n’zomveka, pakuti imati nkhondo za dziko lonse yoyamba ndi yachiŵiri zinali “nthaŵi yosinthira zinthu zambiri m’mbiri ya mayiko ndiponso ndale mu zaka za zana la 20.” Komanso inatchulapo kuti “Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inachititsa kugwa kwa maufumu anayi autsamunda . . . , komwe kunachititsa Kuukira kotchedwa Bolshevik ku Russia, ndipo . . . kunaika maziko a nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse.” Imatiuzanso kuti nkhondo zapadziko lonse zimenezi “zinapha anthu ochuluka ndiponso kuwononga moposa kale lonse.” Guido Knopp akuvomereza kuti: “Panachitika nkhanza ndiponso kuzunza anthu kosayembekezeka ngakhale pang’ono. Pa nkhondoyi . . . mbewu zinadzalidwa zodzabala nyengo imene anthu ankaonedwa monga zinthu, osati monga anthu opuma.”

Pofuna kuti nkhondo zopulula miyoyo zoterezi zisadzachitikenso, mu 1919 anapanga bungwe la League of Nations. Polephera kukwaniritsa cholinga chake chokhazikitsa mtendere padziko lonse, linaloŵedwa m’malo ndi bungwe la United Nations. Ngakhale kuti linaletsa kuyamba kwa nkhondo yachitatu yapadziko lonse, bungwe la United Nations linalephera kuletsa mkangano wapakati pa dziko la United States ndi la Russia, umene kwa zaka makumi ambiri unkaoneka kuti ukadabutsa nkhondo yosakaza ya nyukiliya. Ndiponso lalephera kuthetsa mikangano yaing’ono imene ikuchitika padziko lonse, monga umene ulipo ku mayiko a ku Balkan.

Pamene chiŵerengero cha mayiko padziko lapansi chikumka chichuluka, kukhazikitsa mtendere pakati pawo kwakhala kovuta mowonjezereka. Kuyerekezera mapu a dziko lonse nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike ndi mapu amakono kumavumbula kuti pachiyambi cha zaka za zana lino, mayiko amene alipo lero osachepera 51 a ku Afirika ndi 44 a ku Asia kunalibe panthaŵi imeneyo. Mwa mayiko onse 185 amene ali m’bungwe la United Nations, mayiko 116 sanali mayiko odzilamulira pamene bungweli limakhazikitsidwa mu 1945!

“Chimodzi mwa Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi Kwambiri”

Pamene zaka za zana la 19 zinali kufika kumapeto, ufumu wa Russia ndiwo unali boma lamphamvu kwambiri pa dziko lonse pankhondo yapansi. Koma linali kutaya kuchirikizidwa kwake mwamsanga. Malingana ndi wolemba wotchedwa Geoffrey Ponton, anthu ambiri anali kuganiza kuti “kuukira osati kusintha n’kumene kunali kofunika.” Iye akuwonjeza kuti “Koma kuukira kwake kunali nkhondo yaikulu, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, ndiponso mavuto amene anatsatirapo.”

Kulanda boma ku Russia kumene anachita a gulu la Bolsheviks panthaŵiyo kunaika maziko a ufumu watsopano, umene unali chikomyunizimu cha padziko lonse chochirikizidwa ndi dziko la Soviet Union. Ngakhale kuti unabadwa mkati mwa nkhondo yokuta dziko lonse, ufumu wa Soviet sunafe pa nkhondoyo. Buku lolembedwa ndi Michael Dobbs lotchedwa Down With Big Brother (Ulamuliro Wankhanza Uchokeretu), limati, kumapeto kwa m’ma 1970, dziko la Soviet Union linali litasanduka “ufumu wofalikira m’mayiko ambiri koma umene unali kupita kumalecheleche.”

Komabe, kugwa kwake kunali kwadzidzidzi. Buku lotchedwa Europe—A History (Ulaya—Mbiri Yake), lolembedwa ndi Norman Davies, likulongosola kuti: “Ufumu umenewu unagwa mwamsanga kwambiri kuposa ufumu uliwonse m’mbiri ya ku Ulaya, ndipo unagwetsedwa ndi zinthu zongochitika zokha.” N’zoonadi, “kuyamba, kufutukuka ndiponso kugwa kwa Soviet Union, kunali chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za m’zaka za zana la 20,” anatero Ponton.

Kwenikweni, kugwa kwa Soviet Union kunali chabe kusintha kumodzi mwa zosintha zotsatizanatsatizana zimene zinachitika mu zaka za zana la 20 zimene zakhudza anthu kwa nthaŵi yaitali. N’zoona, kuti kusintha kwa ndale si kwachilendo. Kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka zikwi zambiri mmbuyomu.

Komabe, kusintha kwina pankhani ya boma m’zaka za zana la 20 n’kofunika mwapadera. Tilongosolabe kuti kusintha kumeneku n’kotani ndipo kuti kumakukhudzani motani.

Koma poyamba, tiyeni tionepo kaye zinthu zina zopindulitsa zimene sayansi yatulukira m’zaka za zana la 20. Ponena za zinthu zoterezi, polofesa Michael Howard ananena kuti: “Anthu a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndiponso Kumpoto kwa America ankaoneka kuti analibe chifukwa chokayikira kuti zaka za zana la 20 zikhala za nyengo yatsopano ndiponso yachimwemwe koposa nyengo zina m’mbiri ya anthu.” Kodi kupita patsogolo kumeneku kungabweretse zimene anthu amatcha moyo wabwino?

[Tchati/Zithunzi pamasamba 2-7]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

1901

Mfumukazi Victoria amwalira atalamulira zaka 64

Chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko chitafika 1,600,000,000

1914

Archduke Ferdinand aphedwa. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ibuka

Wolamulira (Czar) wotsiriza, Nicholas II, ali ndi banja lake

1917

Lenin atsogolera anthu a ku la Russia kuukira boma

1919

Bungwe la League of Nations likhaziki- tsidwa

1929

Kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka malonda ku United States kuchititsa Umphaŵi Waukulu

Gandhi apitiriza kumenyera ufulu kuti dziko la India likhale lodzilamulira

1939

Adolf Hitler agonjetsa dziko la Poland, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse

Winston Churchill akhala nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Britain mu 1940

Kupulula miyoyo ya anthu kwa chipani cha Nazi

1941

Dziko la Japan liphulitsa gombe la Pearl

1945

Dziko la United States liponya mabomba a atomu ku Hiroshima ndi ku Nagasaki. Nkhondo yapadziko lonse yachiŵiri itha

1946

Bungwe la United Nations la General Assembly lichita msonkhano wake woyamba

1949

Mao Tse-Tung akhazikitsa dziko la People’s Republic of China

1960

Mayiko 17 atsopano apangidwa ku Afirika

1975

Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam itha

1989

Chipupa cha Berlin achigumula pamene Chikomyunizimu chatha mphamvu zake

1991

Mayiko ogwirizana a Soviet Union agaŵanika