Kufunafuna Moyo Wabwino

“Kupita patsogolo kwa m’zaka za zana la 20, kwasintha moyo wozoloŵereka wa anthu ambiri chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa zasayansi ndi maluso.”—Buku la The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century.

CHIMODZI mwa zosintha zazikulu kwambiri m’nyengo ino n’chokhudza chiŵerengero cha anthu. Palibe zaka zana lililonse zimene zakhala ndi kukwera kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse kwakukulu kotereku. Chiŵerengerochi chinafika pa 1 biliyoni kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1800 kenako kufika pa 1.6 biliyoni m’ma 1900. M’chaka cha 1999 chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chinafika pa 6 biliyoni! Ndipo anthu ambiri amene akunka nachulukana ameneŵa, akhala akufuna zinthu zimene amatcha kuti zabwino m’moyo.

Kupita patsogolo pa zachipatala ndiponso kupezeka kwa chithandizo chachipatala kunathandiza kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengerochi. Zaka zimene anthu ambiri amayembekezeka kukhala ndi moyo zinawonjezeka m’mayiko ena monga Australia, Germany, Japan, ndi United States. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana zino anthu ankayembekezera kukhala ndi moyo zaka zosakwana 50 koma tsopano zinafika pa zaka 70. Komabe, zinthu zabwinozi sizikuoneka m’mayiko onse. Anthu okhala m’mayiko osachepera 25 mpaka pano zaka zimene amayembekezeka kukhala ndi moyo n’zongokwana 50 kapena kucheperapo.

‘Kodi Munkatani Kusanabwere . . . ?’

Nthaŵi zina ana satha kumvetsa mmene makolo awo a m’mbuyo ankakhalira popanda ndege, makompyuta, kaya wailesi yakanema; zimene lero zimaoneka monga zinthu wamba, ndipo kwa anthu ena m’mayiko olemera amaziona monga zofunika kwambiri m’moyo. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mmene galimoto yasinthira miyoyo yathu. Anaitulukira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, koma posachedwapa magazini ya Time inati: “Galimoto ili chotulukiridwa chimodzi chimene chakhala chofunika m’zaka za zana la 20, kuyambira kumayambiriro mpaka kumapeto kwake.”

Mu 1975 panali kufufuza kosonyeza kuti m’modzi mwa anthu khumi alionse ogwira ntchito ku Ulaya sakadapeza ntchito ngati magalimoto adakatha mwadzidzidzi. Kuphatikiza pa kusokonezeka kwa malonda amagalimoto , malo ogulira chakudya uli m’galimoto, ndi zinanso zimene zimadalira anthu ogula a paulendo atha kuzitseka. Ngati alimi atasoŵa mayendedwe kuti atengere dzinthu zawo kumsika, chakudya sichingapezeke. Anthu ogwira ntchito m’mizinda koma okhala m’madera akumidzi yoyandikana ndi mizindayo angamalephere kupita kuntchito zawo. Misewu yapamwamba imene imakongoletsa dziko ingakhale yopanda ntchito.

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kupanga galimoto ndiponso pofuna kuchepetsa kuwononga ndalama, makina opanga zinthu, amene tsopano ali ponseponse m’ntchito zambiri, anayamba kupangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino. (Makinawa anatheketsa kupanga zinthu zina zochuluka, monga zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito ku kichini.) Kumayambiriro a zaka za zana lino, galimoto inali chinthu chapamwamba chokhala ndi anthu olemera m’mayiko ochepa chabe, koma tsopano ili njira yoyendera munthu aliyense m’mayiko ambiri padziko lonse. Wolemba wina anati, “m’povuta kuganiza za moyo wopanda magalimoto m’zaka za zana la 20 lino.”

Kufunafuna Zosangalatsa

M’mbuyomu munthu ukakhala ndi ulendo unkakhala wopita kumene munthuwe ukuyenera kupita. Koma m’zaka za zana la 20, zinthu zinasintha makamaka m’mayiko otukuka. Pamene ntchito za malipiro ambiri zinayamba kupezeka ndipo pamene nthaŵi yogwira ntchito inayamba kuchepa kufika pa maola 40 kapena kucheperapo, anthu anayamba kukhala ndi ndalama komanso nthaŵi yopanga maulendo. Tsopano munthu ukakhala ndi ulendo unkakhala wopita kumene munthuwe ukufuna kupita. Magalimoto, mabasi, ndi ndege zinachititsa kuti kukhale kosavuta kukasangalala kumalo akutali. Ntchito yokopa alendo ankhaninkhani inasanduka malonda aakulu koposa.

Malingana ndi buku lamapu lotchedwa The Times Atlas of the 20th Century, kuyendera malo “kunakhudza kwambiri, mayiko amene anali kulandira alendowo ndiponso mayiko amene kunkachokera alendowo.” Zotsatira zake zina n’zoipa. Nthaŵi zambiri oyendera malo achititsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zokopa zomwe anapitira kukaziona.

Tsopano anthu analinso ndi nthaŵi yochulukirapo yochitira maseŵera. Ambiri anayamba kuseŵera nawo; ena anasankha kukhala ongoonerera, ndipo nthaŵi zina mpaka kukhala ochemerera amphamvu a matimu kapena oseŵera amene amawakonda. Chifukwa cha kubwera kwa wailesi yakanema, pafupifupi aliyense anayamba kuonerera maseŵera. Maseŵera ochitikira dziko lomwe munthu akukhala ndiponso ochitikira m’mayiko ena anakopa anthu mamiliyoni mazanamazana oonerera wailesi yakanema.

“Maseŵera ndiponso mafilimu ndizo zinali kupanga malonda a zosangalatsa, amene tsopano ali amodzi mwa malonda amene akulemba ntchito ndiponso kupindulitsa anthu ambiri padziko lapansi,” linatero buku lamapu lotchedwa The Times Atlas of the 20th Century. Chaka chilichonse anthu amawononga ndalama zambirimbiri pa zosangalatsa, kuphatikizapo njuga, chosangalatsa chimene anthu ambiri amakonda. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwa mu 1991 kunaika kutchova njuga pa nambala 12 mwa malonda aakulu kwambiri mumgwirizano wazachuma wamayiko a ku Ulaya wotchedwa European Community, ndipo imapindula ndalama zokwana madola 57 biliyoni a ku United States pachaka.

Pamene zosangalatsa zoterezi zinayamba kufala kwambiri, anthu anayamba kupeza zosangalatsa zina zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwawo kumamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kunafala kwambiri mwakuti chapakati pa m’ma 1990, malonda a mankhwala oletsedwawa anali ndi ndalama zokwana madola 500 biliyoni pachaka, ndipo buku lina linati, potero anasanduka “malonda opindulitsa koposa ena alionse padziko lapansi.”

“Tikudzisangalatsa Monkitsa”

Sayansi inathandiza dziko lapansi kusanduka mudzi wa dziko lonse. Kusintha kwa ndale, chuma, ndi chikhalidwe tsopano kumakhudza anthu padziko lonse pafupifupi panthaŵi imodzi. Polofesa Alvin Toffler, amene analemba buku lake mu 1970 lakuti Future Shock (Zokhumudwitsa za M’tsogolo) anati: “N’kwachionekere kuti nthaŵi inanso panali kusokonezeka kwadzaoneni.” Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Koma zokhumudwitsa ndiponso zosokoneza zimenezi zinali kupezeka kuzungulira pakagulu kamodzi kapena tingapo ta anthu. Panapita mibadwo ingapo, ngakhalenso zaka mazana angapo, kuti zochita zawo zifalikire kumadera ena. . . . Lero njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu akutali n’zochuluka kwabasi kotero kuti zotsatira za zinthu zongochitika posachedwa zimafalikira nthaŵi yomweyo padziko lonse.” Wailesi yakanema yosonyeza zinthu zakutali ndiponso njira yolankhulirana pa makompyuta yotchedwa intaneti, zathandiza kusonkhezera anthu padziko lonse.

Ena amati wailesi yakanema ndiyo yakhudza anthu kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 20. Wolemba wina anathirirapo ndemanga kuti: “Ngakhale kuti anthu ena amatsutsa zimene imasonyeza, palibe munthu amene amatsutsa mphamvu yake.” Koma wailesi yakanema si yoposa anthu amene amapanga mapologalamu ake. Motero pamodzi ndi mphamvu yake yosonkhezera kuchita zabwino, ilinso ndi mphamvu yosonkhezera kuchita zoipa. Ngakhale kuti mapologalamu osonyeza nkhani wamba, zodzaza ndi chiwawa ndiponso khalidwe loipa, ndiwo amene anthu ena amafuna kuona, mapologalamu otero alephera kuchititsa anthu kukhala paubwenzi wabwino ndi anthu anzawo ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amaipitsa maubwenziwo.

M’buku lake lotchedwa Amusing Ourselves to Death (Tikudzitsangalatsa Monkitsa), Neil Postman, anatchulamo choopsa china, ponena kuti: “Vuto silakuti wailesi yakanema imatisonyeza nkhani zosangalatsa koma kuti nkhani zonse imazisonyeza monga zosangalatsa . . . Zilibe kanthu kuti chikusonyezedwacho n’chiyani ndipo akuchisonyeza m’lingaliro lotani, nkhani yaikulu imakhala yakuti chikuonetsedwa kuti tisangalale nacho.”

Pamene anthu anayamba kutayira nthaŵi yawo yochuluka pa zokondweretsa, mikhalidwe yauzimu, ndiponso khalidwe labwino zinachepa. Buku lamapu lotchedwa The Times Atlas of the 20th Century linati: “M’madera ambiri a dziko lonse chipembedzo cholinganizika chatha mphamvu m’zaka za zana la 20 lino.” Pamene m’khalidwe wauzimu unaloŵa pansi, kufunafuna zokondweretsa kunasanduka chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuposeratu kufunika kwake kwenikweni.

“Si Zonse Zinyezimira . . . ”

Zosintha zabwino zambiri zachitika m’zaka za zana la 20, komabe, monga momwe mwambi wina wachingerezi umanenera, “Si zonse zinyezimira zomwe zili golide.” Ngakhale kuti anthu ena apindula chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wautali, kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kwayambitsa mavuto atsopano aakulu. Posachedwapa magazini ya National Geographic inati: “Kukwera kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kungakhale nkhani yofunika kwambiri imene tikumane nayo m’zaka chikwi zatsopano.”

Magalimoto n’ngofunika ndiponso n’ngosangalatsa koma ndi angozi, monga momwe zikutsimikizira imfa za anthu pafupifupi 125,000 ofa pangozi zapamsewu chaka n’chaka padziko lonse. Ndipo magalimoto ndiwo amawononga mpweya koposa. Olemba buku lakuti 5000 Days to Save the Planet (Masiku 5000 Kuti Tipulumutse Pulanetili) ananena kuti kuwononga mpweya “tsopano kukuchitika pa dziko lonse, ndipo kukuwononga komanso kusulutsa mphamvu ya kudalirana kwa zamoyo kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera kwa dziko lapansi.” Iwo akulongosola kuti: “Sitinawononge chabe kudalirana kwa zamoyo koma tsopano tikuphwasula zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti dziko likhale malo oyenera kukhalapo zamoyo monga anthu ndi zinyama.”

Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, kuwononga dziko kwakhala vuto limene kunalibe m’zaka za mazana a m’mbuyo. “Mpaka posachedwapa palibe munthu amene anali kuganiza kuti zochita za anthu zingakhudze dziko lonse,” ikutero magazini ya National Geographic. “Tsopano asayansi ena akukhulupirira kuti n’kwanthaŵi yoyamba m’mbiri yolembedwa kuti kusintha kotereku kuchitike.” Kenaka ikuchenjeza kuti: “Zochita zonse za anthu zingathe kuchititsa kuti mu mbadwo umodzi wa anthu zomera ndi nyama zitheretu.”

N’zoona, zaka za m’zana la 20 zakhala zapadera kwambiri. Anthu, amene apatsidwa mwayi waukulu koposa wakuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino, tsopano akuona kuti moyo weniweniwo uli pangozi!

[Tchati/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

1901

Marconi aulutsa uthenga woyamba kumka kutsidya lina la nyanja ya Atlantic

1905

Einstein afalitsa chiphunzitso chake chonena za kuyenda kwa zinthu chotchedwa “special theory of relativity”

1913

Ford atsegulira makina okonza galimoto yampangidwe wotchedwa Model-T

1941

Wailesi yakanema yazamalonda iyamba

1969

Munthu ayenda pamwezi

Ntchito yokopa alendo ankhaninkhani isanduka malonda aakulu koposa

Njira yolankhulirana pa makompyuta yotchedwa intaneti itchuka

1999

Chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chifika pa 6 biliyoni