Kodi Malembo a Amasoreti Nchiyani?

M’CHINENERO chilichonse chimene muŵerengeramo Baibulo, mwinamwake mbali ina ya bukulo inatembenuzidwa mwachindunji kapena osati mwachindunji kuchokera ku malembo a Amasoreti, opanga Malemba Achihebri, kapena “Chipangano Chakale.” Kwenikweni, panali malembo ambiri a Amasoreti. Nangano ndi ati amene anasankhidwa, ndipo chifukwa ninji? Indedi, kodi malembo a Amasoreti nchiyani, ndipo timadziŵa motani kuti ali odalirika?

Mawu a Yehova

Kulemba Baibulo kunayambira pa phiri la Sinai mu 1513 B.C.E. Eksodo 24:3, 4 amatiuza kuti: “Mose anadza nafotokozera anthu mawu onse a Yehova, ndi maweruzo onse; ndipo anthu onse anavomera pamodzi, nati, Mawu onse walankhula Yehova tidzachita. Ndipo Mose analembera mawu onse a Yehova.”

Malemba Achihebri anapitirizabe kulembedwa kwa zaka zoposa chikwi, kuyambira mu 1513 B.C.E. kudzafika pafupifupi mu 443 B.C.E. Popeza kuti olembawo anali ouziridwa ndi Mulungu, nkoyenerera kunena kuti iye anayang’anira nkhaniyo kotero kuti uthenga wake ukasungidwe mokhulupirika. (2 Samueli 23:2; Yesaya 40:8) Komabe, kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti Yehova akachotsa zophophonya zonse za anthu kotero kuti pasapezeke ngakhale chilembo chimodzi chokha chosinthidwa pamene makope ake anali kupangidwa?

Njira ya Zophophonya Itseguka Pang’ono

Ngakhale kuti anthu olemekeza Mawu a Mulungu anawakopa m’mibadwomibadwo, zophophonya zina za anthu zinaloŵabe m’malembo. Olemba Baibulo anauziridwa, koma akatswiri okopa sanachite ntchito yawo mouziridwa ndi Mulungu.

Atabwerera kuchokera ku undende wa Babulo mu 537 B.C.E., Ayuda anatengera njira yatsopano ya kalembedwe imene inali ya zilembo zonga bokosi zimene anaphunzira ku Babulo. Kusintha kwakukulu kumeneku kunabala vuto lakuti zilembo zina zooneka mofanana zinaonedwa molakwa kukhala zofanana ndi zina. Popeza kuti Chihebri ndi chinenero chogwiritsira ntchito makonsonanti, pamene woŵerenga amawonjezerapo mavawulo malinga ndi kumva kwake mawu a m’nkhaniyo, kusintha konsonanti ina kungasinthe mosavuta tanthauzo la liwu. Komabe, m’zochitika zambiri, zophophonya zotero zinaonedwa ndi kuwongoleredwa.

Unyinji wa Ayuda sunabwerere ku Israyeli pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Babulo. Motero, masunagoge anakhala malo a zinthu zauzimu a zitaganya Zachiyuda ku Middle East ndi ku Ulaya konse.a Sunagoge aliyense anafuna mipukutu ya Malemba. Pamene makopewo anali kuchuluka, kuthekera kwakuti akatswiri okopa angaphonye kunakula nakonso.

Kuyesa Kuchotsa Zophophonyazo

Kuyambira m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., alembi mu Yerusalemu anayesa kukhazikitsa maziko a malembo amene mipukutu yonse ya Malemba Achihebri ikanalungamitsidwirapo. Komabe, panalibe njira yeniyeni yosiyanitsira malembo oyambirira ndi malembo amene anali ndi zophophonya za akatswiri okopa. Kuyambira m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E. kumka mtsogolo, malembo amakonsonanti a Malemba Achihebri akuchita ngati kuti anakhala ndi muyezo wake wabwinobwino, ngakhale kuti muyezowo unali usanakhazikitsidwe mwalamulo. Mawu ogwidwa m’Malemba Achihebri opezeka mu Tulmud (yolembedwa pakati pa zaka za zana lachiŵiri ndi zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi C.E.) kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza kuti anachokera ku malembo ena osiyana ndi amene pambuyo pake anadzadziŵika kukhala a Amasoreti.

M’Chihebri liwu lakuti “mwambo” ndilo ma·soh·rahʹ kapena ma·soʹreth. Podzafika m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi C.E., awo amene anatetezera mwambo wa kukopa Malemba Achihebri molondola anadziŵika kukhala Amasoreti. Makope amene anapanga amatchedwa kuti malembo a Amasoreti. Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali chapadera pantchito yawo ndi malembo amene analinganizawo?

Chihebri chinali chitazimiririka pa kukhala chinenero cha fuko, ndipo Ayuda ambiri sanali kuchidziŵa. Motero, kudziŵika kwenikweniko kwa malembo a Baibulo a makonsonanti kunaikidwa pachiswe. Kuti akutetezere, Amasoreti anayambitsa njira ya mavawulo oimiridwa ndi ma dot ndi ma dash, kapena ma point. Ameneŵa anaikidwa pamwamba kapena pansi pa makonsonanti. Amasoreti anayambitsanso njira ina yocholoŵana ya zizindikiro zimene zinali ponse paŵiri zizindikiro za kalembedwe ndiponso zotsogolera munthu pamatchulidwe a mawu olondola kwambiri.

Pamene Amasoreti analingalira kuti malembowo anasinthidwa kapena anakopedwa molakwika ndi mibadwo yapapitapo ya alembi, m’malo mwa kusintha malembowo, iwo anali kulemba mawu m’mphepete mwake. Iwo analemba mipangidwe ya mawu achilendo ndi miphatikizo ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa mawuwo m’buku limodzi kapena m’Malemba onse Achihebri. Ndemanga zina zowonjezereka zothandiza akatswiri okopa poyerekezera malembowo nazonso zinalembedwa. Anayambitsa njira yachidule ya “zizindikiro” yolembera mawu ameneŵa mwachidule kwambiri. Pamwamba ndi mtsinde mwa tsamba, panali konkodansi ina yake yaing’ono imene inali ndi mndandanda wa mavesi ogwirizana amene anafotokozedwa m’zolembedwa zokhala m’mphepetezo.

Njira yotchuka koposa inakonzedwa bwino ndi Amasoreti a ku Tiberias, wa ku Nyanja ya Galileya. Banja la Ben Asher ndi la Ben Naphtali m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi ndi la khumi C.E., mwinamwake Akaraiti, anakhala odziŵika kwambiri.b Ngakhale kuti panali kusiyana m’katchulidwe ka zilembo ndi zolemba za magulu aŵiri ameneŵa, makonsonanti a malembo awo amangosiyana m’malo ochepera pa khumi m’Malemba onse Achihebri.

Magulu a Amasoreti aŵiri onsewo, la Ben Asher ndi la Ben Naphtali, anathandiza kwambiri pa ukatswiri wa kulemba malembo mu nthaŵi yawo. Maimonides (katswiri wotchuka wa Talmud wa m’zaka za zana la 12) atatamanda malembo a Ben Asher, anthu ena anakonda malembo okhawo. Zimenezi zinali choncho kwakuti palibe malembo a Ben Naphtali amene amapezeka pakali pano. Zinthu zokha zimene zatsala ndizo mipambo ya kusiyana kumene kulipo pakati pa magulu aŵiriwo. Choseketsa nchakuti, ndemanga ya Maimonides inali yonena za kalembedwe, monga ngati kuika madanga pakati pa ndime, ndipo osati pambali zofunika kwambiri za kaperekedwe kolondola ka uthenga.

Kodi Tingapeze Malembo “Enieni” a Amasoreti?

Pali mkangano waukulu pakati pa akatswiri wonena zakuti ndi mpukutu uti wopezeka lerolino umene uli malembo “enieni” a Ben Asher, monga ngati kuti amenewo angatipatse malembo “oona” a Amasoreti. Kwenikweni panalibe malembo “enieni” a Amasoreti apadera ndi aukatswiri. M’malo mwake, panali malembo ambiri a Amasoreti, alionse osiyana pang’ono ndi ena. Mipukutu yonse imene ilipo ili ndi malembo osakanikirana, okhala ndi malembo a Ben Asher ndi a Ben Naphtali omwe.

Ntchito imene wotembenuza aliyense wa Malemba Achihebri amayang’anizana nayo lerolino njaikulu kwambiri. Ayenera kudziŵa osati kokha malembo Achihebri komanso pamalo alionse oyenera pamene malembo anasinthidwa chifukwa cha kuphophonya kwa akatswiri okopa. Pamene kuli kwakuti malembo osiyanasiyana a Amasoreti amakhala ngati maziko, iye afunikira kufufuza m’zolembedwa zina zovomerezedwa zimene moyenera zingapereke matembenuzidwe akale kwambiri ndipo mwinamwake olondola kwambiri a malembo a makonsonanti.

M’mawu oyamba m’buku lake lakuti The Text of the Old Testament, Ernst Würthwein akufotokoza kuti: “Pamene tiyang’anizana ndi chigawo chovuta sitingangosonkhanitsa pamodzi malembo osiyanasiyana ndi kusankhapo amene akuoneka kuti akupereka yankho losavuta kwambiri, panthaŵi zina tikumagwiritsira ntchito malembo Achihebri, ndipo panthaŵi zina Septuagint, ndiponso panthaŵi zina Targum Yachiaramaiki. Maumboni a malembo sali odalirika mofanana. Alionse ali ndi mbali zake ndi mbiri yake yapadera. Tiyenera kudziŵa zimenezi ngati tingayembekezere kupeŵa mayankho osakwanira kapena onyenga.”

Tili ndi maziko olimba okhalira ndi chidaliro chachikulu chakuti Yehova wasunga Mawu ake. Mwa zoyesayesa za amuna ambiri oona mtima m’zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, magwero, mawu ake, ndipo ngakhale maumboni a uthenga wa Baibulo tili nawo. Kusintha kulikonse kwakung’ono m’chilembo kapena mawu sikunasokoneze kumvetsetsa kwathu Malemba. Tsopano, funso lofunika nlakuti, Kodi tidzachita mogwirizana ndi Mawu a Mulungu, Baibulo?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Aleppo Codex ili ndi malembo a Amasoreti

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Bibelmuseum, Münster