Kodi Amasoreti Anali Ayani?

YEHOVA, “Mulungu wa choonadi,” wasunga Mawu ake, Baibulo. (Salmo 31:5) Koma popeza Satana, mdani wa choonadi, wayesa kuliipitsa ndi kuliwononga, kodi Baibulo kwenikweni linatifika motani monga momwe linalembedwera?​—Onani Mateyu 13:39.

Mbali ya yankho lake ikupezeka m’mawu a Profesa Robert Gordis akuti: “Ntchito yaikulu imene anachita alembi Achihebri, otchedwa amasoreti kapena ‘osunga mwambo,’ siinazindikiridwe kwenikweni. Alembi ameneŵa osatchulidwa maina awo anakopa Buku Lopatulika mosamalitsa.” Ngakhale kuti unyinji wa okopa ameneŵa sitiwadziŵa maina awo lerolino, dzina la banja limodzi la Amasoreti lakhala lodziŵika bwino lomwe​—Ben Asher. Kodi tikudziŵa chiyani ponena za iwo ndi Amasoreti anzawo?

Banja la Ben Asher

Chigawo cha Baibulo chotchedwa Chipangano Chakale nthaŵi zambiri, chimene poyamba chinalembedwa m’Chihebri, chinakopedwa mokhulupirika ndi okopa Achiyuda. Kuyambira m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka lakhumi C.E., okopa ameneŵa anali kutchedwa Amasoreti. Kodi ntchito yawo inaloŵetsamo chiyani?

Zaka mazana ambiri Chihebri chinali kulembedwa ndi makonsonanti okha, woŵerenga anali kuikamo mavawelo. Komabe, pofika nthaŵi ya Amasoreti, matchulidwe olondola a Chihebri anali kutayika chifukwa Ayuda ambiri sanalinso kulankhula bwino chinenerocho. Magulu a Amasoreti ku Babulo ndi ku Israyeli anapeka zizindikiro zoika mozungulira makonsonanti zosonyeza mphamvu ya mawu ndi matchulidwe a mavawelo. Anapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zosachepera zitatu, koma imene inakhala yofala koposa inali ya Amasoreti a ku Tiberiya, kufupi ndi Nyanja ya Galileya, kwawo kwa banja la Ben Asher.

Mabuku amaumboni amandandalika mibadwo isanu ya Amasoreti yochoka m’banja lapadera limeneli, kuyamba ndi Asher the Elder wa m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu C.E. Ena anali Nehemiah Ben Asher, Asher Ben Nehemiah, Moses Ben Asher, ndipo wotsiriza, Aaron Ben Moses Ben Asher wa m’zaka za zana lakhumi C.E.a Amuna ameneŵa ndiwo anali kutsogolo kwa aja okonza zizindikiro zolembedwazo zimene zinali kudzasonyeza bwino lomwe zimene iwo anadziŵa kukhala matchulidwe olondola a Chihebri cha m’Baibulo. Kuti apange zizindikirozo, anafunika kupeza maziko a galamala wa Chihebri. Panalibe ndi kale lonse malamulo olembedwa otsimikizirika a galamala wa Chihebri. Chotero, munthu anganene kuti Amasoretiŵa anali pakati pa akatswiri oyamba a galamala wa Chihebri.

Aaron, Mmasoreti womaliza wosunga mwambo wa banja la Ben Asher, anali woyamba kulemba ndi kukonza chidziŵitso chimenechi. Anatero m’buku lamutu wakuti “Sefer Dikdukei ha-Te’amim,” buku loyamba la malamulo a galamala wa Chihebri. Buku limeneli linakhala maziko a ntchito ya akatswiri ena a galamala wa Chihebri zaka mazana ambiri mtsogolo mwake. Koma limeneli linali chabe chotulukapo cha ntchito ya Amasoreti yofunika kwambiri. Kodi inali ntchito yotani?

Panafunika Chikumbukiro Chachikulu

Nkhaŵa yaikulu ya Amasoreti inali pa kujambula molondola liwu lililonse, ngakhale chilembo chilichonse, cha malemba a Baibulo. Pofuna kutsimikiza kuti analondola, Amasoreti anagwiritsira ntchito m’mphepete mwa tsamba lililonse kulembamo mawu amene anasonyeza kusintha kumene okopa akale angakhale atapanga mosadziŵa kapena mwadala. M’mawu a m’mphepete ameneŵa, Amasoreti analembamonso mawu achilendo ndi maphatikizo, akumasonyeza chiŵerengero cha mawuwo m’bukulo kapena m’Malemba onse Achihebri. Mawuwa analembedwa monga zizindikiro zachidule kwambiri, pakuti malo anali ochepa. Monga njira yowonjezera yoyerekezera malemba, anaika chizindikiro pa liwu lapakati la mabuku ena ndi pa zilembo zake zapakati. Iwo anafika ngakhale pa kuŵerengera chilembo chilichonse cha Baibulo kuti atsimikize kuti zokopa zawo zinali zolondola.

Pamwamba ndi mtsinde la tsamba, Amasoreti analembamo mawu ochuluka kwambiri onena za mawu ena achidule a m’mphepete mwa tsamba.b Ameneŵa anathandiza pa ntchito yawo yoyerekeza malemba. Popeza mavesi panthaŵiyo analibe manambala ndipo kunalibe makonkodansi a Baibulo, kodi Amasoreti anasonya motani kumbali zina za Baibulo poyerekeza malemba? Pamwamba pa tsamba ndi mtsinde lake, anandandalikamo chigawo cha vesi lofanana ndi limenelo kuwakumbutsa malo ena kumene liwu kapena mawu osonyezedwawo anapezeka m’Baibulo. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri anali kungolemba liwu limodzi lokha lalikulu lowakumbutsa vesi lililonse lofanana ndi limenelo. Kuti mawu a m’mphepete ameneŵa athandize, okopawa kwenikweni anafunika kuloŵeza pamtima Baibulo lonse Lachihebri.

Mipambo ya mawu imene inali yaitali yosakwana m’mphepete inali kuikidwa ku chigawo china cha malembo apamanja. Mwachitsanzo, mawu a Amasoreti a m’mphepete pa Genesis 18:3 amasonyeza zilembo zitatu Zachihebri, קלד. Limeneli ndi liwu Lachihebri lolingana ndi nambala 134. M’chigawo china cha malembo apamanja, muli mpambo wosonyeza malo 134 amene okopa oyambirira Amasoreti anachotsapo dala dzina la Yehova m’malemba Achihebri, akumaikapo liwulo “Ambuye”c m’malo mwake. Ngakhale kuti anali kudziŵa za kusintha kumeneku, Amasoreti sanapezerepo mwaŵi wa kusintha malemba omwe analandira. M’malo mwake, anasonyeza kusinthako m’mawu awo a m’mphepete. Koma nchifukwa ninji Amasoreti anachita mosamalitsa chonchi kuti asasinthe malemba, pamene okopa oyambirira anawasintha? Kodi zikhulupiriro zawo Zachiyuda zinali zosiyana ndi za aja oyambirira?

Kodi Anakhulupirira Chiyani?

Mkati mwa nyengo imeneyi ya kupita patsogolo kwa Amasoreti, Chiyuda chinali pankhondo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso. Chiyambire zaka za zana loyamba C.E., Chiyuda cha arabi chinali kuwonjezera mphamvu yake. Chifukwa cha kulembedwa kwa Talmud ndi mamasuliridwe a arabi, malemba a Baibulo anayamba kukhala achiŵiri ku mamasuliridwe a arabi a chilamulo cha pakamwa. Chotero, kunali kotheka kuti malemba a Baibulo sakanasungidwanso mosamalitsa.

M’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, kagulu ka Akaraite kanapambuka pa mkhalidwe umenewu. Pokhala anagogomezera kufunika kwake kwa phunziro laumwini la Baibulo, iwo anakana ulamuliro ndi mamasuliridwe a arabi ndi Talmud. Analandira malemba a Baibulo okha kukhala ulamuliro wawo. Zimenezi zinawonjezera kufunika kwake kwa kujambula molondola malembawo, ndipo maphunziro a Amasoreti anapitanso patsogolo.

Kodi ndi kufika pamlingo uti pamene chikhulupiriro cha arabi kapena Akaraite chinakhudzira Amasoreti? M. H. Goshen-Gottstein, katswiri wa malembo apamanja Achihebri a Baibulo, akuti: “Amasoreti anali otsimikiza . . . kuti anali kusunga mwambo wakale, ndipo kuusokoneza dala kukanakhala uchimo wowopsa kwambiri umene iwo akanachita.”

Amasoreti anayesa ntchito ya kukopa malemba a Baibulo moyenera kukhala yopatulika. Ngakhale kuti mwina iwo eni angakhale anali ndi zifukwa zina zamphamvu zachipembedzo, zikuoneka kuti ntchito ya Amasoretiyo siinasonkhezeredwe ndi nkhani za chiphunzitso. Mawu a m’mphepete achidulewo sanasiye mpata uliwonse kaamba ka mkangano wa zaumulungu. Nkhaŵa ya moyo wawo wonse inali pamalemba a Baibulo; sanafune kuwasokoneza.

Kupindula Nayo Ntchito Yawo

Ngakhale kuti Israyeli wakuthupi sanalinso mtundu wosankhika wa Mulungu, okopa Achiyuda ameneŵa anali odziperekeratu pa kusunga Mawu a Mulungu olondola. (Mateyu 21:42-44; 23:37, 38) Ntchito yaikulu imene anachita a banja la Ben Asher ndi Amasoreti ena ikufotokozedwa bwino mwachidule ndi Robert Gordis, yemwe analemba kuti: “Antchito amenewo odzichepetsa koma akhama . . . anachita mwachinsinsi ntchito yawo yaikuluyo ya kutetezera Malemba a Baibulo kuti asawonongeke kapena kusinthidwa.” (The Biblical Text in the Making) Chotero, pamene Okonzanso a m’zaka za zana la 16 onga Luther ndi Tyndale ananyalanyaza ulamuliro wa tchalitchi nayamba kutembenuza Baibulo m’zinenero zofala kuti onse aziliŵerenga, anali ndi malemba Achihebri osungidwa bwino ogwiritsira ntchito monga maziko a ntchito yawo.

Ntchito ya Amasoreti ikupitiriza kutipindulitsa lerolino. Malemba awo Achihebri ndiwo maziko a Malemba Achihebri a New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Matembenuzidwe ameneŵa akupitiriza kutembenuzidwa m’malilime ambiri ndi mzimu umodzimodziwo wa kudzipereka ndi nkhaŵa ya kulondola kwake umene Amasoreti akale anasonyeza. Tiyenera kusonyeza mzimu wonga umenewo potchera khutu ku Mawu a Yehova Mulungu.​—2 Petro 1:19.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Katchulidwe ka Mawu Achihebri

KUFUNAFUNA njira yabwino koposa yolembera zizindikiro za mavawelo ndi za mphamvu ya mawu kunatengera Amasoreti zaka mazana ambiri. Chifukwa chake, sikodabwitsa kupeza kuti mbadwo uliwonse wa banja la Ben Asher unapitiriza kupeza njira zina. Malembo apamanja omwe alipo ali ndi kalembedwe ndi njira za Moses ndi Aaron, Amasoreti aŵiri okha omaliza a banja la Ben Asher.d Kuyerekeza malembo apamanja ameneŵa kumasonyeza kuti Aaron anapanga malamulo a zizindikiro zina zazing’ono za katchulidwe ka mawu ndi zolemba zosiyana ndi zija za atate wake, a Moses.

Ben Naphtali anakhalako panthaŵi imodzi ndi Aaron Ben Asher. Cairo Codex ya Moses Ben Asher ili ndi mamasuliridwe amene amati ndi a Ben Naphtali. Chotero, mwina Ben Naphtali iye mwini anaphunzitsidwa ndi Moses Ben Asher kapena aŵiriwo anasunga mwambo umodzi wakale kwambiri. Akatswiri ambiri amalankhula za kusiyana kwa njira ya Ben Asher ndi ya Ben Naphtali, koma M. H. Goshen-Gottstein akulemba kuti: “Kungakhale kolondola kulankhula za njira ziŵiri zazing’ono za m’banja la Ben Asher ndi kutcha kusiyana kwa mamasuliridwe ake: Ben Asher ndi Ben Asher.” Choncho kungakhale kulakwa kulankhula za njira imodzi yokha ya Ben Asher. Chimene chinachititsa kuti njira za Aaron Ben Asher zikhale zolandirika pomalizira pake sichinali kupambana kwake kwachibadwa. Malembo a Aaron Ben Asher anakondedwa chifukwa chabe chakuti katswiri wa Talmud, Moses Maimonides wa m’zaka za zana la 12, anawathokoza kwambiri.

[Zilembo za Chiheberi]

Mbali ya Eksodo 6:2 imene ili ndi zizindikiro za mavawelo ndi katchulidwe ka mawu ndi imene ilibe

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Tiberiya, likulu la ntchito za Amasoreti kuyambira m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu mpaka lakhumi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.