Akathari​—Kodi Anali Akristu Ofera Chikhulupiriro?

“IPHANI onse; Mulungu adziŵa ana Ake.” Patsikulo la m’chilimwe cha 1209, anthu onse a ku Béziers, kummwera kwa France, anaphedwa. Mmonke (monk) Arnold Amalric, woikidwa kukhala kazembe wa magulu ankhondo zamtanda Achikatolika, sanachite chifundo konse. Pamene anthu ake anafunsa mmene anadzasiyanitsira Akatolika ndi opanduka, kwanenedwa kuti anapereka yankho loipalo logwidwa mawu pamwambapa. Olemba mbiri Achikatolika amayesa kufeŵetsa yankholo mwa kunena kuti anati: “Musade nkhaŵa. Ndidziŵa kuti ndi oŵerengeka kwambiri amene adzatembenuka.” Mulimonse mmene yankho lenileni linalili, chotulukapo chake chinali chakuti ankhondo zamtanda okwanira pafupifupi 300,000, otsogoleredwa ndi akuluakulu a Tchalitchi cha Katolika, anapululutsa amuna, akazi ndi ana osachepera 20,000.

Kodi nchiyani chinayambitsa kupululutsa kumeneku? Chinali chiyambi chabe cha nkhondo yamtanda yotchedwa Albigensian Crusade imene Papa Innocent III analamula yolimbana ndi otchedwa opanduka m’chigawo cha Languedoc, kummwera koma chapakati pa France. Kupululutsako kusanathe pafupifupi zaka 20 pambuyo pake, anthu mwina miliyoni imodzi​—Akathari, Awadensi, ndipo ngakhale Akatolika ambiri​—anaphedwa.

Kupandukira Chipembedzo mu Ulaya wa m’Nyengo Zapakati

Kukula kofulumira kwa malonda m’zaka za zana la 11 C.E. kunayambitsa masinthidwe aakulu m’zakakhalidwe ndi zachuma mu Ulaya wa m’nyengo zapakati. Mizinda inamangidwa mmene munakhala antchito zaumisiri ndi amalonda omawonjezeka. Zimenezi zinayambitsa malingaliro atsopano. Kupandukira chipembedzo kunaloŵerera kwambiri mwa anthu a ku Languedoc, kumene kulolera kwakukulu ndi kutsungula zinapita patsogolo kuposa kwina kulikonse mu Ulaya. Mzinda wa Toulouse mu Languedoc unali likulu lachitatu pakupita patsogolo mu Ulaya. Linali dziko limene munachuluka opeka nyimbo ndi ndakatulo, zina zimene mawu ake ananena zandale ndi zachipembedzo.

Polongosola mkhalidwe wachipembedzo wa m’zaka za mazana a 11 ndi 12, Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses imati: “M’zaka za zana la 12, mofanana ndi m’zaka za zana linapitalo, makhalidwe a atsogoleri achipembedzo, chuma chawo, kufuna kwawo chiphuphu, ndi chisembwere chawo, zinapitiriza kusulizidwa, koma zimene zinatsutsidwa kwenikweni zinali chuma ndi ulamuliro wawo, ziŵembu zawo ndi akuluakulu aboma, ndi kugonjera kwawo kosayenera.”

Alaliki Oyendayenda

Ngakhale Papa Innocent III anaona kuti kusaona mtima kowanda m’tchalitchimo ndiko kunachititsa kuti pakhale chiŵerengero chachikulu cha alaliki oyendayenda opanduka mu Ulaya, makamaka kummwera kwa France ndi kumpoto kwa Italy. Ochuluka a ameneŵa anali Akathari kapena Awadensi. Iye anadzudzula ansembe chifukwa cha kusaphunzitsa anthu, akumati: “Ana akusoŵa mkate umene simufuna kuwagaŵira.” Komabe, m’malo mwa kulimbikitsa anthu za chiphunzitso cha Baibulo, Innocent anati “Malemba aumulungu ngozama kwambiri, choncho si anthu wamba okha ndi osaphunzira amene sangathe kuwamvetsa bwino, komanso ngakhale anzeru ndi ophunzira.” Kuŵerenga Baibulo kunaletsedwa kwa onse kusiyapo atsogoleri achipembedzo komano kunaloledwa m’Chilatini chokha.

Kuti afooketse alaliki oyendayenda opandukawo, papa anavomereza kupangidwa kwa gulu la Order of Friars Preachers, kapena Adominikani. Mosiyana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo Achikatolika olemerawo, afulaya (friars) ameneŵa anakhala alaliki oyendayenda otumidwa kukatetezera mwambo Wachikatolika kwa “opanduka” kummwera kwa France. Papayo anatumizanso akazembe a papa kukakambitsirana ndi Akathari ndi kuyesa kuwabwezeretsa m’Chikatolika. Popeza kuti zoyesayesa zimenezi zinalephera, ndipo mmodzi wa akazembe ake anaphedwa, kapena ndi wopanduka, Innocent III analamula nkhondo yotchedwa Albigensian Crusade mu 1209. Albi inali imodzi ya matauni kumene Akathari anali ochuluka kwambiri, chotero olemba mbiri ya tchalitchi anatcha Akathariwo kuti Abijensi (Chifrenchi, Albigeois) ndipo anagwiritsira ntchito liwulo kutchulira “opanduka” onse m’chigawo chimenecho, kuphatikizapo Awadensi. (Onani bokosi pansipa.)

Kodi Akathari Anali Ayani?

Liwu lakuti “kathari” lachokera ku liwu Lachigiriki lakuti ka·tha·rosʹ, lotanthauza “kuyera.” Kuchokera m’zaka za zana la 11 mpaka la 14, Chikathari chinafalikira makamaka mu Lombardy, kumpoto kwa Italy, ndi mu Languedoc. Zikhulupiriro za Akathari zinali zosanganiza chiphunzitso cha mbali ziŵiri cha Kummaŵa ndi Chinositisizimu mwinamwake chobwera ndi alendo amalonda ndi amishonale. The Encyclopedia of Religion imalongosola kukhulupirira mbali ziŵiri kwa Akathari kukhala chikhulupiriro cha “malamulo aŵiri: lina labwino, lolamulira zauzimu zonse, linalo nkukhala loipa, limene limalamulira zinthu zakuthupi, kuphatikizapo thupi la munthu.” Akathari anakhulupirira kuti Satana analenga dziko lakuthupi, limene linaweruzidwira kotheratu ku chiwonongeko. Chiyembekezo chawo chinali kuchotsedwa pa dziko loipa lakuthupi.

Akathari anali m’magulu aŵiri, angwiro ndi okhulupirira. Angwiro anayeneretsedwa mwa dzoma la ubatizo wauzimu, lotchedwa consolamentum. Zimenezi zinachitidwa mwa kuika manja, pambuyo poyesedwa kwa chaka chimodzi. Dzomalo linalingaliridwa kuti linali kuchotsa woyesedwayo m’manja mwa Satana, kumuyeretsa pa uchimo wonse, ndi kumpatsa mzimu woyera. Zimenezi zinachititsa kukhalapo kwa liwu lakuti “angwiro,” logwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ophunzira oŵerengeka amene anakhala zinduna kwa okhulupirira. Angwirowo anaŵinda ziŵindo za kusagona ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, chiyero, ndi kukhala amphaŵi. Ngati ali wokwatira, wangwiroyo anayenera kusiya mkazi kapena mwamuna wake, popeza kuti Akathari anakhulupirira kuti kugonana kunali tchimo loyamba.

Okhulupirira anali anthu amene analandira ziphunzitso za Akathari, ngakhale kuti sanatenge moyo wodzimana. Okhulupirirawo anapempha chikhululukiro ndi dalitso mwa kugwada kopereka ulemu kwa angwiro malinga ndi mwambo wotchedwa melioramentum. Kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino, okhulupirirawo anapangana pangano ndi angwiro lotchedwa convenenza, la kuwachitira mwambo wa ubatizo wauzimu, kapena consolamentum atamwalira.

Mmene Analionera Baibulo

Ngakhale kuti Akathari anagwira mawu kwambiri m’Baibulo, kwenikweni analiona kukhala buku la mafanizo ndi nthano zopeka. Analingalira kuti mbali yaikulu ya Malemba Achihebri anachokera kwa Mdyerekezi. Anagwiritsira ntchito mbali zina za Malemba Achigiriki, monga malemba amene amasiyanitsa thupi ndi mzimu, kuti achirikizire nthanthi zawo za chiphunzitso cha mbali ziŵiri. M’Pemphero la Ambuye, iwo anapempherera “chakudya chathu choposa chakuthupi cha lero” (kutanthauza “chakudya chathu chauzimu”) m’malo mwa “chakudya chathu cha lero,” pakuti chakudya chakuthupi nchauchimo kwa iwo.

Ziphunzitso zambiri za Akathari zinali zowombana mwachindunji ndi Baibulo. Mwachitsanzo, anakhulupirira za kusafa kwa moyo ndi kubadwanso kwa moyo. (Yerekezerani ndi Mlaliki 9:5, 10; Ezekieli 18:4, 20.) Anazikanso zikhulupiriro zawo pa malemba owonjezera. Komabe, pamene Akathari anatembenuza mbali zina za Malemba m’chinenero cha kumaloko, pamlingo winawake anachititsa Baibulo kukhala buku lodziŵika bwino m’Nyengo Zapakati.

Sanali Akristu

Angwirowo anadziona kukhala oloŵa m’malo atumwi, motero anadzitcha “Akristu,” akumagogomezera zimenezi mwa kuwonjezera mawu akuti “oona” kapena “abwino.” Komabe, kwenikweni zikhulupiriro zambiri za Akathari zinali zachilendo kwa Akristu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Akathari anavomereza Yesu kukhala Mwana wa Mulungu, anatsutsa za kubwera kwake m’thupi ndi nsembe yake ya chiwombolo. Pomasulira mopotoza mawu a Baibulo otsutsa thupi ndi dziko, iwo anaona zinthu zakuthupi zonse kukhala zauchimo. Motero anakhulupirira kuti Yesu anali kokha ndi thupi lauzimu ndi kuti pamene anali pa dziko lapansi anangooneka monga ngati kuti anali ndi thupi lanyama. Mofanana ndi ampatuko a m’zaka za zana loyamba, Akathari anali “amene savomereza kuti Yesu Kristu anadza m’thupi.”​—2 Yohane 7.

M’buku lake lakuti Medieval Heresy, M. D. Lambert analemba kuti Chikathari “chinaloŵa m’malo chikhalidwe cha Chikristu mwa lamulo lokakamiza onse kukhala ndi moyo wodzimana, . . . chinachotsa chiwombolo mwa kukana kuvomereza mphamvu yopulumutsa ya [imfa ya Kristu].” Iye akulingalira kuti “ubwino weniweni wa angwiro unapita ndi aphunzitsi odzimana a Kummaŵa, amonke ndi afaki a ku China kapena India, akatswiri a zinsinsi Zachigiriki, kapena aphunzitsi a Chinositisizimu.” M’chikhulupiriro cha Akathari, chipulumutso sichinadalire pa nsembe ya dipo ya Yesu Kristu, koma pa consolamentum, kapena kubatizidwa mu mzimu woyera. Kwa oyeretsedwa, imfa inali kuwamasula ku zinthu zakuthupi.

Nkhondo Yamtanda Yodetsedwa

Anthu wamba, otopa ndi kudyeredwa masuku pamutu ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi mikhalidwe yawo yonyansa yofalikira, anakopeka ndi moyo wa Akathari. Angwirowo anatcha Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi atsogoleri ake kuti “sunagoge wa Satana” ndi “amayi wa akazi achigololo” wa pa Chivumbulutso 3:9 ndi 17:5. Chikathari chinali kufutukuka ndi kulanda malo tchalitchi kummwera kwa France. Mchitidwe wa Papa Innocent III pa zimenezi unali kuyambitsa ndi kulipirira nkhondo yotchedwa Albigensian Crusade, nkhondo yamtanda yoyamba yolinganizidwira m’Dziko Lachikristu yolimbana ndi anthu odzitcha Akristu.

Kupyolera m’makalata ndi akazembe, papa analalatira mafumu Achikatolika, nduna, abwanamkubwa, ndi akazembe a ku Ulaya. Analonjeza zosangalatsa ndi chuma cha Languedoc kwa onse amene adzamenya nkhondo yofafaniza opanduka “mwa njira iliyonse.” Pempho lake linamveka. Motsogoleredwa ndi akuluakulu achipembedzo ndi amonke Achikatolika, magulu ankhondo zamtanda osiyanasiyana ochokera ku France, Flanders, ndi Germany anatsikira kummwera ku chigwa chotchedwa Rhône Valley.

Kuwonongedwa kwa anthu a ku Béziers kunali kuyamba kwa nkhondo yogonjetsa imene inawononga Languedoc m’kupululutsa kwa moto ndi mwazi. Mizinda ya Albi, Carcassonne, Castres, Foix, Narbonne, Termes, ndi Toulouse yonse inagonjetsedwa ndi ankhondo zamtanda achilopewo. M’mizinda yaikulu ya Chikathari monga Cassès, Minerve, ndi Lavaur, mazana ambiri a angwirowo anatenthedwa pamtengo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa mmonke wina wolemba mbiri Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay, ankhondo zamtandawo ‘anatentha angwiro ali amoyo, ndi chisangalalo m’mitima yawo.’ Mu 1229, pambuyo pa zaka 20 za nkhondo ndi kusakaza, Languedoc analandidwa ndi France. Koma kupululutsako kunali kusanathe.

Bwalo la Inquisition Likantha Nkhonya Yopheratu

Mu 1231, Papa Gregory IX anayambitsa Bwalo la Inquisition la apapa kuti lichirikize nkhondoyo.a Zilango za bwalo la inquisition poyamba zinali kwakukulukulu zidzudzulo ndi ziletso, ndiyeno pambuyo pake, zinadzakhala mkupiti wa kuzunza opandukawo. Cholinga chake chinali kufafaniza amene lupanga linalephera kuwononga. Oweruza a Bwalo la Inquisition​—ochuluka a iwo amene anali afulaya Achidominikani ndi Achifransisko​—anali kukhala ndi mlandu kwa papa yekha. Chilango cha kutentha ndicho chinali cha lamulo kwa opanduka. Kutengeka maganizo ndi nkhanza za a bwalo la inquisiton zinali zoipa kwakuti panabuka zipanduko mu Albi ndi Toulouse ndi kumalo ena. Ku Avignonet, ziŵalo zonse za Bwalo la Inquitison zinaphedwa.

Mu 1244 kugonja kwa mzinda wa linga la paphiri wa Montségur, malo othaŵiramo otsiriza a angwiro, kunali nkhonya yomaliza pa Chikathari. Pafupifupi amuna ndi akazi 200 anafa mwa kutenthedwa mwaunyinji pamtengo. M’kupita kwa zaka, Bwalo la Inquisition linaseseratu Akathari otsalira onse. Kukusimbidwa kuti Mkathari wotsiriza anatenthedwa pamtengo mu Languedoc mu 1330. Buku lakuti Medieval Heresy likunena kuti: “Kugwa kwa Chikathari kunali chilakiko cha ulemerero wopambana kwa Bwalo la Inquisition.”

Akathari sanali konse Akristu oona. Koma kodi otchedwa Akristu analibe liwongo powafafaniza chifukwa chakuti iwo anasuliza Tchalitchi cha Katolika? Akatolika amene anawazunza ndi kuwapha ananyoza Mulungu ndi Kristu ndipo anaimira monyenga Chikristu choona pamene anazunza ndi kupha zikwi makumi ambiri za opandukawo.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

AWADENSI

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 12 C.E., Pierre Valdès, wotchedwanso Peter Waldo, wamalonda wolemera wa ku Lyons, analipirira matembenuzidwe oyamba a zigawo za Baibulo m’zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana za kumaloko za Chiprovençal, chinenero cha kumaloko cholankhulidwa kummwera ndi kummwera koma cha kummaŵa kwa France. Monga Mkatolika woona mtima, anasiya bizinesi yake ndipo anadzipereka pantchito yolalikira Uthenga Wabwino. Ponyansidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo onyengawo, Akatolika ambiri anamtsatira nakhala alaliki oyendayenda.

Posapita nthaŵi Waldo anadedwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo akumaloko, amene anasonkhezera papa kuti aletse kuchitira umboni kwake kwapoyera. Yankho lake limene linalembedwa linali lakuti: “Tiyenera kumvera Mulungu koposa anthu.” (Yerekezerani ndi Machitidwe 5:29.) Chifukwa cha kuumirira kwake, Waldo anachotsedwa m’tchalitchi. Otsatira ake, otchedwa Awadensi, kapena Amphaŵi a Lyons, analimbikira mwachangu kutsatira chitsanzo chake, akumalalikira aŵiriaŵiri kunyumba za anthu. Zimenezi zinachititsa kufalikira mofulumira kwa ziphunzitso zawo kummwera konse, kummaŵa, ndi mbali zina za kumpoto kwa France, ndiponso kumpoto kwa Italy.

Kwakukulukulu, iwo anachirikiza kubwerera ku zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe a Chikristu choyambirira. Pakati pa ziphunzitso zina, anatsutsa purigatoriyo, kupempherera akufa, kulambira Mariya, kupemphera kwa “oyera mtima,” kulambira mtanda, kukhululukira kwa ansembe, Karistiya, ndi ubatizo wa makanda.b

Ziphunzitso za Awadensi zinasiyana kotheratu ndi ziphunzitso za mbali ziŵiri zosakhala Zachikristu za Akathari, amene kaŵirikaŵiri anthu amawaona kukhala ofanana nawo. Kusokonezedwa kumeneku kwenikweni kuli chifukwa cha otsutsa Achikatolika amene anayesa dala kufanizira kulalikira kwa Awadensi ndi ziphunzitso za Abijensi, kapena Akathari.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Zikwi zisanu ndi ziŵiri anafa mu Church of St. Mary Magdalene ku Béziers, kumene ankhondo za mtanda anapha anthu 20,000, amuna, akazi, ndi ana