Chuma Chobisika Chionekera

Mbiri ya Baibulo la Makarios

MU 1993 wofufuza wina anapeza mulu wa magazini akale ndi otumbuluka otchedwa Orthodox Review mu laibulale ya Russian National Library ku St. Petersburg. M’masamba a magazini amenewo a mu 1860 mpaka 1867 munali chuma chimene chinali chobisika kwa anthu a ku Russia kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi. Anali Malemba onse Achihebri, kapena kuti “Chipangano Chakale,” a m’Baibulo otembenuzidwa m’chinenero cha Chirasha!

Otembenuza Malembawo anali Mikhail Iakovlevich Glukharev, wodziŵika kuti Archimandrite Makarios, ndi Gerasim Petrovich Pavsky. Onse aŵiri anali mamembala odziŵika a tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox Church ndiponso anali akatswiri a zinenero. Pamene amuna aŵiriwa anayamba ntchito yawoyo cha kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lapita, Baibulo lathunthu linali lisanatembenuzidwebe m’Chirasha.

Zoonadi, Baibulo linali m’Chisilavo, chinenero chimene chinabala Chirasha chamakono. Komabe, podzafika chapakati pa zaka za zana la 19, anthu anali atasiya kale kulankhula chinenero cha Chisilavo kusiyapo kumapemphero, kumene atsogoleri achipembedzo anali kuchigwiritsira ntchito. Zinalinso chimodzimodzi kumaiko a Kumadzulo, kumene Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinayesetsa kuti Baibulo lingokhala m’Chilatini, anthu atasiya kuchilankhula Chilatinicho kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Makarios ndi Pavsky anafuna kuti anthu onse athe kupeza Baibulo. Choncho, kupezeka kwa ntchito yawo imene inaiŵalidwa kalekale, kwapangitsa kuti mbali yofunika ya chuma cha ku Russia cha zolembalemba ndi zachipembedzo ikonzedwenso.

Komabe, kodi Makarios ndi Pavsky ameneŵa anali ayani? Ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji zoyesayesa zawo zoti atembenuze Baibulo m’chinenero chodziŵika kwa anthu zinakumana ndi chitsutso chotero? Mbiri yawo ndi yochititsa chidwi ndiponso yolimbitsa chikhulupiriro kwa onse okonda Baibulo.

Kufunika kwa Baibulo Lachirasha

Makarios ndi Pavsky sanali oyamba kuona kuti Baibulo la m’chinenero chodziŵika kwa anthu onse likufunika. Zaka zana limodzi poyamba, mfumu ya Russia, Peter I, kapena kuti Peter Wamkulu, nayenso anaona kufunika kumeneku. Ndithudi, iye analemekeza Malemba Opatulika ndipo akuti iye anati: “Baibulo ndilo buku loposa mabuku ena onse, ndipo lili ndi zonse zokhudza ntchito ya munthu kwa Mulungu ndi kwa mnansi wake.”

Choncho, mu 1716, Peter analamula khoti lake lachifumu kuti lisindikize Baibulo ku Amsterdam, mwa kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zake. Tsamba lililonse linali kudzakhala ndi danga la m’Chirasha ndiponso danga lina la m’Chidatchi. Patangopita chaka chimodzi, mu 1717, gawo la Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, kapena kuti “Chipangano Chatsopano,” linasindikizidwa.

Podzafika mu 1721 gawo lachidatchi m’Baibulo la mavoliyumu anayi la Malemba Achihebri nalonso linasindikizidwa. Danga limodzi linalibe mawu alionse, linali loti adzalembemo Chirasha. Peter anapereka mabaibulo amenewo kwa “Sinodi Yopatulika” ya Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox​—bungwe lachipembedzo lolamulira la tchalitchicho​—kuti limalizitse kusindikiza ndi kuyang’anira kufalitsidwa kwake. Komabe, sinodiyo sinakwaniritse zimenezo.

Zaka zinayi zisanathe, Peter anamwalira. Kodi nchiyani chinachitikira mabaibulo ake? Madanga amene ankati adzalembemo Chirasha anangokhala osalembedwamo chilichonse. Ma Baibulowo anawaunjika m’miyulu ikuluikulu m’chipinda chapansi, mmene anangowola​—pambuyo pake sipanapezeke kope nlimodzi lomwe labwino! Sinodiyo inasankha “kugulitsa makope onse otsala kwa amalonda.”

Ayamba Kuyesayesa Kutembenuza

Mu 1812, John Paterson, membala wa Bungwe la Britain ndi Maiko Akunja Lofalitsa Baibulo, anapita ku Russia. Paterson anadzutsa chidwi cha anthu anzeru a ku St. Petersburg kuti apange bungwe lofalitsa Baibulo. Pa December 6, 1812​—chaka chimodzimodzicho pamene gulu lankhondo la Russia linagonjetsa gulu lankhondo lodzaukira la Napoléon I​—Mfumu Alexander I anavomereza tchata cha bungwe lofalitsa Baibulo la Russia. Mu 1815 mfumuyo inalamula tcheyamani wa bungwelo, Prince Aleksandr Golitsyn, kuti akapereke lingaliro kwa sinodi yolamulira kuti “Arasha nawonso ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi woŵerenga Mawu a Mulungu m’chinenero chawochawo chachirasha.”

Mokondweretsa, anapereka chilolezo chotembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chirasha kuchokera m’Chihebri choyambirira. Septuagint yachigiriki yakale ndiyo inali maziko potembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chisilavo. Awo amene anali kudzatembenuzira Baibulo m’Chirasha anauzidwa kuti mapulinsipulo aakulu a matembenuzidwewo anayenera kukhala kulongosoka, kumveka mosavuta, ndi kulondola. Kodi zoyesayesa zoyambirira zimenezi zopanga Baibulo lachirasha zinatha bwanji?

Kuletseratu Kutembenuza Baibulo?

Anthu ena oumirira zakale ponse paŵiri m’tchalitchi ndi m’boma posapita nthaŵi anazindikira kuti pali chisonkhezero chachipembedzo ndi chandale chochokera kumaiko akunja. Atsogoleri ena achipembedzo ananenanso kuti Chisilavo​—chinenero cha m’tchalitchi​—ndicho chikufotokoza bwino kwambiri uthenga wa Baibulo kuposa Chirasha.

Choncho mu 1826 Bungwe Lofalitsa Baibulo la Russia linatsekedwa. Makope zikwi zingapo a mabaibulo ofalitsidwa ndi bungwe lofalitsa Baibulo anatenthedwa. Chotero, madzoma ndi miyambo zinakhala zofunika kuposa Baibulo. Monga momwe Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinachitira, sinodiyo inalamula mu 1836 kuti: “Nkololeka kwa munthu wamba aliyense wodzipereka kumvetsera Malemba, koma nkosaloleka kwa aliyense kuŵerenga zigawo zina za Malemba, makamaka Chipangano Chakale, popanda womyang’anira.” Kutembenuza Baibulo kunaoneka ngati kuti kunaletsedweratu.

Ntchito ya Pavsky

Zikali choncho, Gerasim Pavsky, profesa wa Chihebri, anayamba ntchito yotembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chirasha. Mu 1821 anatsiriza kutembenuza buku la Masalmo. Mfumu inalivomereza msangamsanga, ndipo podzafika m’January 1822 buku la Masalmo linali litatulutsidwa kuti anthu onse akhale nalo. Nthaŵi yomweyo anthu analilandira ndipo linasindikizidwanso nthaŵi 12​—kukwanira makope 100,000!

Kuyesayesa kwaukatswiri kwa Pavsky kunachititsa kuti akatswiri ambiri a zinenero ndi a zaumulungu amthokoze. Iye wafotokozedwa kukhala munthu wosapita m’mbali ndiponso woona mtima amene sanaope ziŵembu zomzinga. Mosasamala kanthu kuti tchalitchi chinatsutsa Bungwe Lofalitsa Baibulo la Russia ndi kuti ena analiona monga kuti linalipo chifukwa cha chisonkhezero cha maiko akunja, Profesa Pavsky anapitiriza kutembenuzira mavesi a Baibulo m’Chirasha pophunzitsa. Ophunzira ake achidwi anajambula pamanja matembenuzidwe akewo, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anasonkhanitsa matembenuzidwe ake. Mu 1839 iwo analimbika mtima nafalitsa makope 150 pamakina a sukulu​—popanda chilolezo cha openda mabuku.

Katembenuzidwe ka Pavsky kanachititsa chidwi kwambiri oŵerenga, ndipo olifuna Baibulo limenelo anapitirizabe kuwonjezeka. Koma mu 1841 anthu osadziŵika anadandaula kwa sinodi za “ngozi” ya Baibulo limeneli, nanena kuti silikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha Orthodox. Patapita zaka ziŵiri sinodiyo inalamula kuti: “Landani makope onse olembedwa pamanja ndi osindikizidwa a Baibulo la G. Pavsky la Chipangano Chakale ndipo muwawononge.”

Kulemekeza Dzina la Mulungu

Ngakhale zinali choncho, Pavsky anali atadzutsanso chidwi cha kutembenuza Baibulo. Anaikanso chitsanzo chabwino kwa otembenuza amtsogolo pa nkhani ina yofunika​—dzina la Mulungu.

Wofufuza wina wa ku Russia Korsunsky anafotokoza kuti: ‘Dzina lenilenilo la Mulungu, dzina lake lopatulika koposa, linali ndi zilembo zinayi zachihebri יהוה ndipo tsopano limaŵerengedwa kuti Yehova.’ M’makope akale a Baibulo, dzina lapadera limenelo la Mulungu limaonekera nthaŵi zikwizikwi m’Malemba Achihebri okha. Komabe, Ayuda molakwitsa anakhulupirira kuti dzina la Mulungu linali lopatulika kwambiri moti siliyenera kulembedwa kapena kutchulidwa. Ponena za zimenezi, Korsunsky anati: ‘Polankhula kapena polemba, nthaŵi zambiri liwu lakuti Adonai linali kuloŵa m’malo mwake, liwu limene nthaŵi zambiri latembenuzidwa kuti “Ambuye.”’

Mwachionekere, anthu anasiya kugwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu chifukwa cha kuopa malodza​—osati kuopa Mulungu. Palibe paliponse pamene Baibulo lenilenilo limaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu. Mulungu iyemwini anauza Mose kuti: “Ukatero ndi ana a Israyeli, Yehova, Mulungu wa makolo anu, . . . anandituma kwa inu; ili ndi dzina langa nthaŵi yosatha, ichi ndi chikumbukiro changa m’mibadwo mibadwo.” (Eksodo 3:15) Mobwerezabwereza, Malemba amalimbikitsa olambira kuti: “Muyamikire Yehova, bukitsani dzina lake.” (Yesaya 12:4) Komabe, otembenuza Baibulo ambiri anasankha kutsatira mwambo wachiyuda ndipo sanafune kugwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu.

Komabe, Pavsky sanatsatire miyambo imeneyi. M’matembenuzidwe ake a Masalmo okha, dzina lakuti Yehova limaonekera nthaŵi zoposa 35. Kulimbika mtima kwake kunasonkhezera kwambiri mmodzi wa anthu apanthaŵiyo.

Archimandrite Makarios

Munthu ameneyu anali archimandrite Makarios, mmishonale wa tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox amene anali ndi maluso ochititsa chidwi a zinenero. Pausinkhu wazaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zokha, ankatembenuzira mawu ochepa a Chirasha m’Chilatini. Podzafika zaka 20 zakubadwa, iye anali kudziŵa Chihebri, Chifrenchi, ndi Chijeremani. Komabe, mzimu wodzichepetsa ndi kuzindikira kwake bwino udindo wake pamaso pa Mulungu zinamthandiza kupeŵa msampha wa kudzidalira mopambanitsa. Mobwerezabwereza anapempha uphungu wa akatswiri ena a zinenero ndi maphunziro.

Makarios anafuna kukonzanso ntchito yaumishonale m’Russia. Iye analingalira kuti Chikristu chisanaperekedwe kwa Asilamu ndi Ayuda ku Russia, tchalitchi chinayenera “kuphunzitsa anthu mwa kukhazikitsa masukulu ndi kufalitsa mabaibulo m’Chirasha.” M’March 1839, Makarios anafika ku St. Petersburg, ndi chiyembekezo cholandira chilolezo cha kutembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chirasha.

Makarios anali atatembenuza kale mabuku a Baibulo a Yesaya ndi Yobu. Komabe, sinodi inakana kumpatsa chilolezo choti atembenuzire Malemba Achihebri m’Chirasha. Kwenikweni, Makarios anauzidwa kuchotseratu lingaliro lake la kutembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chirasha. Sinodiyo inatulutsa chikalata, cholembedwa pa April 11, 1841, cholamula Makarios “kuti ayenera kudzilanga kwa milungu itatu mpaka isanu ndi umodzi panyumba ya bishopu wina ku Tomsk kuti ayeretse chikumbumtima chake mwa pemphero ndi kudzichepetsa kotheratu.”

Kulimbika Mtima kwa Makarios

Kuyambira m’December 1841 mpaka m’January 1842, Makarios anamaliza kudzilangako. Koma atakwaniritsa zimenezo, nthaŵi yomweyo anayamba kutembenuza Malemba Achihebri otsala. Anapeza kope la matembenuzidwe a Pavsky a Malemba Achihebri ndipo anawagwiritsira ntchito popenda matembenuzidwe ake. Monga Pavsky, iye anakana kubisa dzina la Mulungu. Kwenikweni, dzinalo Yehova limaonekera nthaŵi zoposa 3,500 m’matembenuzidwe a Makarios!

Makarios anatumiza makope a zotembenuza zake kwa anzake ogwirizana naye. Ngakhale kuti makope angapo olembedwa pamanja anafalitsidwa, tchalitchi chinapitirizabe kutsekereza kufalitsidwa kwa ntchito yake. Makarios anaganiza zokafalitsa Baibulo lake kumaiko ena. Patangokhala tsiku limodzi kuti anyamuke, iye anadwala ndipo kenako posapita nthaŵi anamwalira, m’chaka cha 1847. Baibulo limene anatembenuza silinafalitsidwe akali moyo.

Lifalitsidwa Pomalizira Pake!

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ndale ndi chipembedzo zinasintha. M’dzikolo munakhala ufulu watsopano, ndipo mu 1856 sinodi inavomerezanso kutembenuzira Baibulo m’Chirasha. Nthaŵiyi zinthu zitakhala bwino, Baibulo la Makarios linafalitsidwa pang’onopang’ono m’magazini ya Orthodox Review kuyambira mu 1860 mpaka 1867, pamutu wakuti An Experiment of Translation Into the Russian Language [Kuyesa Kutembenuzira m’Chirasha].

Akibishopu Filaret wa ku Chernigov, katswiri wa mabuku achipembedzo achirasha, analitamanda motere Baibulo la Makarios: “Matembenuzidwe ake ngogwirizana kwambiri ndi malemba achihebri, ndipo kalembedwe kake nkoyenereradi ndipo nkogwirizana ndi nkhani yake.”

Komabe, Baibulo la Makarios silinafalitsidwe kwa anthu onse. Kwenikweni, linangoiŵalika. Pomalizira pake, mu 1876, Baibulo lonse, lokhala ndi Malemba Achihebri ndi Achigiriki omwe linafalitsidwa m’Chirasha movomerezedwa ndi sinodi. Baibulo lathunthu limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa kuti matembenuzidwe a sinodi. Modabwitsa, matembenuzidwe a Makarios pamodzi ndi a Pavsky, ndiwo anali maziko a matembenuzidwe “alamulo” ameneŵa a Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Koma dzina la Mulungu anangoligwiritsira ntchito m’malo ochepa mwa malo amene limaonekera m’Chihebri.

Baibulo la Makarios Lerolino

Baibulo la Makarios linakhala losadziŵikabe mpaka 1993. Monga tanenera m’mawu oyamba, panthaŵiyo kope lake linapezeka m’magazini akale a Orthodox Review m’chigawo cha mabuku osapezekapezeka cha m’laibulale ya Russian National Library. Mboni za Yehova zinaona kuti kufalitsa Baibulo limeneli kwa anthu kunali kofunika. Laibulaleyo inapereka chilolezo kwa Gulu Lachipembedzo la Mboni za Yehova m’Russia kuti lipange kope la Baibulo la Makarios loti lifalitsidwe.

Kenako Mboni za Yehova zinalinganiza kuti makope pafupifupi 300,000 a Baibulo limeneli akasindikizidwe ku Italy kuti afalitsidwe m’Russia yense ndi kumaiko ena ambiri kumene kuli anthu olankhula Chirasha. Kuwonjezera pa matembenuzidwe a Makarios a gawo lalikulu la Malemba Achihebri, kope limeneli la Baibulo lili ndi matembenuzidwe a Pavsky a Masalmo pamodzinso ndi matembenuzidwe a sinodi ololedwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Orthodox a Malemba Achigiriki.

M’January chaka chino, kopelo linatulutsidwa pamsonkhano wa atolankhani ku St. Petersburg, Russia. (Onani tsamba 26.) Ndithudi oŵerenga Chirasha adzaphunzitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi Baibulo latsopano limeneli.

Choncho kufalitsidwa kwa Baibulo limeneli ndiko chipambano chachipembedzo ndi cha zolembalemba! Ndiponso kuli chikumbutso cholimbitsa chikhulupiriro cha kuona kwa mawu a pa Yesaya 40:8 akuti: “Udzu unyala, duwa lifota, koma mawu a Mulungu wathu adzakhala nthaŵi zachikhalire.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Baibulo Lithokozedwa ndi Akatswiri

“BUKU linanso lapamwamba kwambiri latulutsidwa: Baibulo la Makarios.” Ndi mawu oyamba amenewo, nyuzipepala ya Komsomolskaya Pravda inalengeza kutulutsidwa kwa Baibulo la Makarios.

Itafotokoza kuti ndi “zaka pafupifupi 120 zapitazo” pamene Baibulo lachirasha linakhalako nthaŵi yoyamba, nyuzipepalayo inadandaula kuti: “Kwa zaka zambiri tchalitchi chinali kuletsa kutembenuzira mabuku oyera m’chinenero chosavuta kuŵerenga. Tchalitchicho chitakana matembenuzidwe ambiri, pomalizira pake mu 1876 chinavomereza amodzi mwa matembenuzidwewo, ndipo anadziŵika kuti matembenuzidwe a sinodi. Komabe, sanaloledwe kukhala m’tchalitchi. Mmenemo, mpaka lero, Baibulo lokha lololedwa ndi la m’Chisilavo.”

Nyuzipepala ya Echo nayonso inafotokoza kufunika kwa kufalitsa Baibulo la Makarios, ndipo inati: “Akatswiri olemekezeka ochokera ku St. Petersburg State University, Herzen Pedagogical University, ndi State Museum of Religious History anathokoza kwambiri kope latsopano limeneli la Baibulo.” Ponena za kutembenuzira Baibulo m’Chirasha kwa Makarios ndi Pavsky m’theka loyamba la zaka za zana lapita, nyuzipepalayo inati: “Mpaka kudzafika nthaŵiyo, m’Russia Baibulo linali kuŵerengedwa m’Chisilavo basi, chimene atsogoleri achipembedzo okha ndiwo anali kuchimva.”

Kutulutsidwa kwa Baibulo la Makarios ndi Mboni za Yehova kunalengezedwa pamsonkhano wa atolankhani ku St. Petersburg kuchiyambi kwa chaka chino. Nyuzipepala yakumeneko ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya Nevskoye Vremya inati: “Akatswiri olemekezeka . . . anagogomezera kunena kuti kopeli liyenera kuonedwa monga chinthu chapadera kwambiri pamoyo wachikhalidwe cha Russia ndi St. Petersburg. Mosasamala kanthu za zimene wina akuganiza ponena za ntchito ya gulu lachipembedzo limeneli, kufalitsidwa kwa matembenuzidwe a Baibulo amene anali osadziŵika mpaka lero ndithudi nkopindulitsa kwambiri.”

Ndithudi, onse okonda Mulungu amasangalala pamene Mawu ake olembedwa apezeka m’chinenero chimene chingaŵerengedwe ndi kumvetsetsedwa ndi anthu onse. Okonda Baibulo kulikonse ngokondwa kuti matembenuzidwe enanso a Baibulo ayamba kupezeka kwa anthu olankhula Chirasha mamiliyoni ambiri kuzungulira dziko lonse.

[Chithunzi]

Kutulutsidwa kwa Baibulo la Makarios kunalengezedwa pamsonkhano uwu wa atolankhani

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Russian National Library mmene chuma chobisika chinapezeka

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Peter Wamkulu anayesa kufalitsa Baibulo m’Chirasha

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Corbis-Bettmann

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Gerasim Pavsky, amene anathandizira kutembenuzira Baibulo m’Chirasha

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Archimandrite Makarios, mwini dzina la Baibulo latsopano lachirasha