Waldsterben—Ndi Vuto Lakonso!

KODI mumadziŵa kwambiri zilape? Yesani ichi. Ndiri ndi zaka mazana ochuluka kuposa inu koma tsopano ndiri m’ngozi yakufa ndisanakule. Ngakhale kuti ndine mmodzi, ndimapangidwa ndi ambiri amene, ndiri wachisoni kunena kuti, akucheperacheperabe. Ndipo mosasamala kanthu za kukhala wobiriŵira, ndimatchedwa wakuda. Ndine ndani?

Ngati yankho lanu liri lakuti Nkhalango Yakuda ya ku Germany, mwakhoza. Ndi chomvetsa chisoni chotani nanga kuti mitengo yakuda ya mikungudza ndi spruce yomwe poyambirira inakuta m’mphepete mwa mapiri ake mochindikala koposa ndiponso imene inalipatsa ilo dzina lake ikugwetsedwa ndi wakupha wa kachetechete. Koma dikirani! Sizokhazo.

“Kuchokera ku Italy kufika ku Denmark, inde, Europe yonse, nkhalango zikufa,” anatero katswiri wa nkhalango Professor Peter Schütt wa pa Yuniversite ya Munich mu 1983. Kuyambira pamenepo, m’kuwunikira kwa chitsimikiziro chosakaikirika chakuti vuto limeneli lapita kumpoto kufika mu Scandinavia, mawu ake atenga kudera nkhaŵa kokulira.

North America, makamaka Canada, ali ndi vutonso, koma kulibe kwina kwake kumene kwatenga mbali yokulira mochititsa mantha kotero monga mu Europe. Ndipo popeza nkhalango zimapanga mbali yowoneka kwambiri choteroyo m’mbiri ndi m’nthanthi ya Germany, kukwaniritsa 29 peresenti ya malo ake a dziko, chikuwoneka choyenerera kuti liwu la chiGerman—Waldsterben—latengedwa mofala kulongosola vuto iri la “kufa kwa nkhalango.”

Mmene Nkhalango Zomafa Zimakuyambukirirani

Kodi mumasangalala ndi kuyenda pakanthaŵi m’nkhalango? Kodi icho chimasangalatsa mtima wanu kuwona ana anu akusangalala pa kuwoneka kwa kasenye ndi nyama zina za m’nkhalango m’malo awo a chilengedwe? Kumbukirani, popanda nkhalango, sipangakhale kuyenda kowonjezereka, sipangakhale nyama za chilengedwe, sipangakhalenso mpweya wopatsa mpumulo wa m’nkhalango.

Ndipo ngati nkhalango zipitiriza kufa, lingalirani za zotulukapo zomvetsa chisoni pa chuma cha maiko otulutsa mitengo yodulidwa ndi yokonzedwa kaamba ka kugulitsidwa monga ngati Canada ndi Sweden. M’chenicheni, chuma cha dziko lonse lapansi chingavutike. Yerekezerani, ngati mungathe, mmene mitengo ndi zinthu zotulutsidwa kuchokera ku mitengo, kuphatikizapo mapepala, zingakhalire zodula.

Pambali pa icho, kusoweka kwakukuta kwa mitengo m’malo a mapiri kumaitanira tsoka. Phunziro lofalitsidwa posachedwapa mu Munich likunena kuti theka la midzi pa ndomo pa mapiri a Alpine a pa Bavaria ali m’tsoka la “miyala ya kugwa, kugwa kwa chipale chofewa kwa mwadzidzidzi, ndi chigumula” chimene chingapangitse “misewu pakati pa midzi kukhala yosatheka kuidutsa.” Mkhalidwewo ukunenedwa kukhala wofanana m’zigawo zina mu Alpine.

Koma chiwopsyezo chachikulu koposa zonse chiri chenicheni chakuti kokha ngati chinachake chachitidwa mwamsanga, monga mmene Professor Schütt wachenjezera, “dongosolo logwirizana la nkhalango zathu lingasweke pakati mkati mwa zaka khumi kapena makumi aŵiri zikudzazo.” Kusweka koteroko kungatsogoze ku kuchepetsedwa kwa chiŵerengero cha mitengo ndi mitundu ya zinyama. Chingasonkhezere nyengo, kusintha kwa nyengo pa dziko lonse. Ingasinthenso dongosolo la kugwa kwa mvula, kuika m’tsoka mosungila madzi ndi mbewu.

Ndipo bwanji ponena za umoyo? Kodi tingayembekezere anthu kusunga umoyo wabwino pamene akupuma mpweya umodzimodzi woipitsidwa umene mwachiwonekere ukupha mitengo yathu? Phunziro limodzi la ku German likudzinenera kukhala litapeza kugwirizana pakati pa Waldsterben ndi ukulu ndi kufutukuka kwa matenda a dongosolo lopumira la anthu. Dokotala wa pa Yuniversite ya California anagwidwa mawu kukhala akunena kuti ‘ngati kuchiritsa kwa kansa sikudzapezedwa mkati mwa zaka 75 zikudzazo, anthu ambiri adzavutika, koma kokha ngati tipeza njira zina zosungira chilengedwe mkati mwa zaka 15 zikudzazo, aliyense adzavutika.’

Dr. Albert Hofmann wa ku Switzerland ananena kuti “ngati palibe kusiyana kwenikweni m’njira imene mitengo ya nkhalango ndi mitengo ya zipatso kapena zomera zina zodyedwa ndi mbewu zonga ngati chimanga, ndi zina zotero, zimalowetsera mkati mpweya umene timapuma kunja,” imene mwachiwonekere palibe, “chotero chiyenera kulingaliridwa kukhala chothekera kwenikweni kuti mkati mwa mtsogolo mowonedweratu mitengo yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi munthu monga chakudya idzayambanso kufa.” M’kumaliza, iye akunena kuti: “Ndi kufa kwa nkhalango zathu maziko enieni kaamba ka moyo wonse wa padziko lapansi akukhala m’tsoka lowopsya kwambiri.”

M’chiyang’aniro cha kuwopsya kwa mkhalidwewu, chiri chotsimikizirika osati kuwonjezera mawu kumene bukhu lakuti Unser Wald Muss Leben (Nkhalango Zathu Ziyenera Kukhala ndi Moyo) linanena kuti nkhalango zathu zakufa zikutipatsa ife “chitokoso chachikulu koposa cha nthaŵi yathu.”

Icho sichinanenedwe popanda chifukwa kuti: “Choyamba nkhalango zife, kenaka anthu.” Kodi chinachake chingachitidwe?

[Bokosi patsamba 20]

Loposa Vuto la German

Switzerland: Phunziro lomalizidwa posachedwapa likuyerekezera kuti chiŵerengero cha mitengo yokhala ndi matenda kumeneko chakwera kufika ku 46 peresenti, chiwonjezeko cha 10 peresenti mkati mwa chaka chatha.

Austria: Wotsogoza wa Institute for Forestry pa Yuniversite ya Soil Cultivation mu Vienna ananena kuti theka la mitengo m’dzikolo limasonyeza zizindikiro zowonekera za matenda. Iye akunena kuti: “Palibe mtengo ndi umodzi womwe mu Austria monse umene sunavutike ndi kusakaza kokulira.”

Yugoslavia: Zizindikiro zowonekera za matenda zingawoneke pa mitengo ya spruce ndi mikungudza.

France: Kukhalapo kwa nkhalango za kufa kunakanidwa kufikira mu 1983, koma zizindikiro zakuti mitengo iri ndi matenda zikukhala zowonekera tsopano.

Luxembourg: Mu 1984 nkhalango zosakazidwa zinachitiridwa ripoti kwa nthaŵi yoyamba.

Czechoslovakia: Mu mapiri a Ore kumalire a German Democratic Republic ndi Czechoslovakia, maekala oposa 120,000 (50,000 ha) a nkhalango akusimbidwa kukhala atafa kale.

Belgium: 70 peresenti ya nkhalango kumbali ya kum’mawa kwa dzikolo ikunenedwa kukhala iri ya matenda.

England ndi Scotland: United Kingdom Forestry Commission inasimba mu 1984 kuti kuwononga mitengo kum’mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Scotland ndi kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa England kuli “kwatsopano ndi kofalikira pa mitundu yambiri.”