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  • Gawo 5: 1943-1945 Nkhondo ya Dziko II—Kutha Kwake Kowopsya ndi Kwamoto

Palibe Vidiyo.

Pepani vidiyoyi ikukanika kutsegula.

  • Gawo 5: 1943-1945 Nkhondo ya Dziko II—Kutha Kwake Kowopsya ndi Kwamoto
  • Galamukani!—1987
  • Timitu
  • Nkhani Yofanana
  • Moto Wochokera Kumwamba
  • Chida Chachinsinsi Chilephera Kubweretsa Mtendere
  • Chinachake Choipirako Kuposa Dresden
  • Kuyankha Funso lakuti “Nchifukwa Ninji?”
  • Gawo 3: 1935-1940 Chigwirizano cha Mitundu Chidzandira ku Imfa Yake
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  • Gawo 6: 1946-1959 Kupita Patsogolo Konyenga Pakati pa Mtendere Womwe Sunalipo
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    Samalani Ulosi wa Danieli!
  • Nkhondo Yothetsa Ndhondo
    Nsanja ya Olonda—1988
Onani Zambiri
Galamukani!—1987
g87 12/8 tsamba 13-17

Dziko Lapansi Chiyambire 1914

Gawo 5: 1943-1945 Nkhondo ya Dziko II—Kutha Kwake Kowopsya ndi Kwamoto

RAY amakumbukira mmene monga mnyamata wa ku sukulu wachichepere kumayambiriro kwa ma 1940 iye ndi mbale wake ankakhala pansi patsogolo pa wailesi yawo m’nyumba ku California usiku uliwonse kumvetsera ku nkhani za pa teni koloko. Kusiyana kwanthaŵi kumeneko ndi ku Europe kunawatheketsa iwo kumva maripoti onena za kuphulitsa mabomba kwa usiku umenewo pa Germany. Kwa achichepere aŵiri amenewa chinakhala chizoloŵezi cha usiku kuyesera kupeza Essen, Berlin, Stuttgart, Hamburg, ndi mizinda ina ya chiGermany pa mapu a akulu a ku Europe oyalidwa pansi patsogolo pawo.

Panthaŵiyo, achichepere a ku Germany anali kuphunzira ponena za nkhondo m’njira yofulumira koposa. Chizoloŵezi chawo cha usiku uliwonse chinali chija cha kuyesera kugona m’malo obindikiritsidwa owopsya mu zisimba zokanthidwa ndi nkhondo ya m’mlengalenga. Kwanthaŵi yachiŵiri panyengo yochepera pa zaka 30, Germany mwadongosolo anali kukakamizidwa pa mawondo ake. Nyuzipepala ya ku German pambuyo pake inalemba kuti: “Chomwe chinali kuwopedwa kufikira panthaŵiyo chinawonekera tsopano—pa mapeto penipeni pa nyengo ya ngululu ya 42/43: Germany sanalinso kupambana nkhondo yomwe inali italepheredwa kale lomwe.”

Moto Wochokera Kumwamba

Mabomba Amitundu Yothandizana akumagwa ngati moto wochokera kumwamba anathandiza kutsimikizira anthu a ku German kuti kugonjetsedwa kunali kosapeweka. Ziyerekezo ziri zakuti mkati mwa nkhondo chifupifupi malo amodzi a malo asanu aliwonse omangapo nyumba m’dzikolo anali atawonongedwa kapena kusakazidwa moipitsitsa kotero kuti anali osakhoza kukhalidwako. Anthu wamba oposa miliyoni imodzi anaphedwa kapena kuvulazidwa koposa, ndipo pakati pa mamiliyoni asanu ndi aŵiri ndi asanu ndi atatu anapangidwa kukhala opanda nyumba.

Kokha ngati nkhani zochokera ku malo omenyera nkhondo zinali zabwino ndiponso kokha ngati anthu sanali kukakamizidwa kuthera usiku wawo mu misasa yokanthidwa ndi nkhondo ya m’mlengalenga, ambiri a iwo anali ofunitsitsa kuyendera limodzi ndi Hitler ndi malamulo ake. Koma, monga mmene Süddeutsche Zeitung ikulongosolera, “pamene mbiri yoipa inayamba kuwunjikika, panafika posinthira zinthu.” Ripoti la ntchito ya chinsinsi ya German yokhala ndi tsiku la August 9, 1943, linavomereza kuti nkhondo ya m’mlengalenga inali kukhala ndi zotulukapo zake. Anthu “oyang’anizidwa ndi vuto lomwe linawoneka kukhala losathetseka la kukhalapo kwaumwini,” ilo linatero, tsopano anali kudzutsa funso lomwe linali losafunsidwapo, “funso la nchifukwa ninji?” Machitachita amseri okonzedwa kaya kugwetsa Hitler kapena kum’kakamiza iye kupanga pangano la mtendere anapeza kuchirikiza kwatsopano. Zoyesayesa zosiyanasiyana zopanda chipambano zinapangidwa za kufuna kumupha iye, kuphatikizapo kuyesayesa kodziŵika koposa kwa pa July 20, 1944.

Kumbuyo kwa zitseko zotsekedwa kalongosoledwe kosakhutiritsidwa kanakhala kofala, kaŵirikaŵiri kovumbulidwa mu mtundu woseketsa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene nkhaniyo inapitirira, munthu wochokera ku Berlin ndi wina wochokera ku Essen anali kukambitsirana utali wa kusakaza kochitidwa ndi mabomba pa mizinda yawo yosiyanasiyana. Munthu wa ku Berliniyo ananena kuti kuphulitsidwa kwa Berlin kwakhala koipitsitsa koposa kotero kuti mazenera anali kugwa kuchokera m’nyumba kwa maora asanu pambuyo pa kuchitika kwa nkhondo. Ku ichi munthu wa ku Essen anayankha kuti: “Chimenecho sichiri kanthu. Pambuyo pa kukanthidwa kwa Essen, zithunzi za Führer zinali kuwulutsa mazenera kwa milungu iŵiri!”

Pamene kulowerera koyembekezeredwa kwa Mitundu Yothandizana ya Europe kunali kuyandikira, kuphulitsa mabomba kobwezera kwa Mitundu Yothandizana, kotchedwa “Pointblank,” kunawonjezereka. M’chenicheni, kunapitirira kufika ku mapeto enieni a nkhondo, kuphulitsa mabomba kumodzi kodzetsa mkangano koposa kwambiri kwa nkhondo kumene sikunachitikepo kufikira mu February 1945. Nyuzipepala ya chiGerman Stuttgarter Zeitung inasimba kuti: “Poyamba Berlin analingaliridwa monga chonulirapo. Kenaka chinalingaliridwa kusankha mzinda umene kufikira panthaŵiyo unali wosakhudzidwa nkomwe . . ., mzinda wa Dresden. . . . Ukulu wa kusakaza, m’chiyembekezo cha Hiroshima, unapanga kukantha nkhondo kumeneko kukhala kosiyana ndi kwina konse.” Magazini ya Illustrierte Wochenzeitung inawonjezera kuti: “Dresden, umodzi wa mizinda yokongola kwambiri mu Europe, unakhala mzinda wakufa. Palibe mzinda wina uliwonse mu Germany womwe mwadongosolo unaphulitsidwa kukhala zidutswa.”

Yerekezani kulongosola kwa mboni ziŵiri zowona ndi maso kwa kuphulitsa mabomba kumeneku mu bokosi lotsatirali. Kenaka dzifunseni inu eni: Kodi china chirichonse chowonjezereka chikanaloza ku nkhalwe ndi misala ya nkhondo?

Chotero, kale kwambiri asanafike masiku a “nyenyezi za nkhondo,” chinali chodziŵikiratu kuti kumwamba kunasunga tsoka kuposa kokha lija la nyengo yosayenerera. Ndi chokumbutsa chotani nanga cha zimene Kristu Yesu ananeneratu ponena za masiku omaliza: “Ndipo kudzakhala zowopsya ndi zizindikiro zazikulu kumwamba. Ndiponso, kudzakhala zizindikiro pa dzuŵa ndi mwezi ndi nyenyezi.”—Luka 21:11, 25; yerekezani ndi Chivumbulutso 13:13.

Chida Chachinsinsi Chilephera Kubweretsa Mtendere

Pambuyo pa kuchotsa Mphamvu Zogwirizana m’North Africa, Mitundu Yothandizana inalowerera Sicily mu July 1943. Mu September anapita m’dziko lenileni la Italy. Boma la Italy, limene panthaŵiyo linali litachotsa Mussolini pa ulamuliro, linavomereza kukambitsirana. Mu October ilo linalengeza nkhondo pa Germany, mnzake wakale.

Kufika ku mapeto kwa chaka chimodzimodzi chimenecho, Hitler, akumawoneratu kulowerera kochokera kum’mwera, anabweza ena a magulu ake ankhondo kum’mawa. Chinali choyenerera kuti asunge chinjirizo la magombe a kumpoto kwa France ndi Belgian. Kuchokera pamenepo iye analingalira kutumiza chimene anayambekezera kuti chidzasintha mafunde a nkhondo kachiŵirinso m’chiyanjo chake—chida chachinsinsi!

Kodi nchiyani chimene icho chikanakhala? Moyerekezeredwa icho chinali chokhoza kufafaniza mzinda waukulu ngati London modabwitsa mkati mwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Mphekesera yomwe inali kuchitika mu December 1943 inali yakuti anthu okhala kugawo la kumadzulo kwa Germany anali atauzidwa kukonzekera kukakhala kwa maora 60 mu misasa yawo yokanthidwa ndi nkhondo yam’mlengalenga. Kenaka pambuyo pa kukwaniritsa chifuno chake kwa chida chachinsinsi chodzudzulacho, iwo akatulukira ku dziko la mtendere wolamuliridwa ndi chiNazi.

Koma m’mawa kwambiri pa June 6, 1944, chida chachinsinsi cha Hitler chisanayambe kugwira ntchito, magulu ankhondo a Mitundu Yothandizana analowa m’magombe a chiFrench a Normandy. Magulu ankhondo a Hitler tsopano anali kuyang’anizana ndi nkhondo kuchokera kum’mawa, kumadzulo, ndi kum’mwera. Mlungu umodzi pambuyo pake, pa June 13, Hitler anaponya chida chake cholonjeza chachinsinsi. M’chenicheni icho chinapangidwa ndi zida ziŵiri. Chimodzi chinali bomba lowuluka lotchedwa V-1 missile, ndipo linalo lotchedwa V-2 rocket, linali kalambula bwalo wa zida za nkhondo zamakono zosakaza kwambiri za sayansi ya mfuti. “V” anaimira liwu la chiGerman lakuti Vergeltungswaffen, lotanthauza “zida zodzudzula.” Kuyambira pamenepo kufikira March wotsatira, izo zinatumizidwa kuphwanya mu Britain ndi Belgium, kupangitsa anthu ovulala oposa 23,000, kuphatikizapo imfa zikwi zambiri. Koma mwamsanga chinawonekera kuti chida chachinsinsi cha Hitler chinapereka zochepa mochedwa kwambiri.

Chinali chodziŵikiratunso kuti Hitler akaika mlandu kugonjetsedwa kwake pa ena. Pakati pa mawu ake omalizira amene iye analemba panali otsatirawa: “Chidaliro changa chagwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika ndi anthu ambiri. Kusamvera ndi kunyenga kwanyalanyaza kupewa mkati mwa nkhondo yonse.” Iye anagogomezera chitsimikizo chimenechi mwakuchotsa m’chipani ndi mu ofesi anzake akale Hermann Göring ndi Heinrich Himmler, amene iye tsopano anawalingalira monga azondi. M’chenicheni, anali Hitler iyemwini, malinga ndi wolemba nyuzipepala wa chiGerman ndi mkonzi wopeza mphoto Sebastian Haffner, amene “mwadala anali mzondi.” Utali ndi kuwopsya kwa nkhanza za Hitler motsutsana ndi mitundu ina kapena magulu sizifunikira kuchepetsedwa, koma “pamene ziyang’anidwa ndi chonulirapo,” akutero Haffner, “inali Germany imene Hitler anasakaza mokulira koposa.”

Hitler, amene tsopano anali m’malo ake osungidwiramo m’Berlin, anadzipha pa April 30, 1945, mkati mwa kumenyana kochititsa mantha komwe kunali kuchitika kaamba ka kulamulira Berlin. M’chigwirizano ndi malangizo ake, iye anatenthedwa wakufa m’munda wa atsogolera a lamulo. Zopita m’mwamba mu utsi zinali ponse paŵiri Hitler ndi masomphenya ake oyerekezera kukhala wapamwamba.

Chinachake Choipirako Kuposa Dresden

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, m’nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan, Mitundu Yothandizana inali kupeza phindu lokulira. Makonzedwe awo akudutsa pa chisumbu paulendo wawo wopita ku dziko la Japan anali apafupi. Koma kuchita icho chinali chovuta kwambiri ndiponso, pambali pa icho, chamtengo wapamwamba. M’kuwonjezerapo, chinayerekezeredwa kuti kulowerera mu zisumbu za kumaloko kukatanthauza imfa ya chifupifupi theka la miliyoni la anthu a m’Mitundu Yothandizana ndipo mwinamwake anthu a ku Japan ochulukirapo. Ngati panali chabe njira imodzi ya kuthetsera nkhondo mofulumira kwambiri! Kodi zida zachinsinsi zomwe zinali kupangidwa ndi United States zikapambana m’kuchita chimenecho?

Kokha pambuyo pa kuwulika kwa Nkhondo ya Dziko II, Albert Einstein anali atadziŵitsa prezidenti wa ku U.S. kuti asayansi a ku German anali kuyesera pa kuthekera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya atomiki kaamba ka zida za nkhondo. Ngati iwo adzapambana m’kukwaniritsa ichi, iye anachenjeza, iwo akapeze mphamvu yapamwamba koposa yomwe ikakhoza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mwa nkhondo m’kufikiritsa zonulirapo zawo. Kuti achotse tsoka limenelo, Dipartimenti ya Nkhondo ya U.S. inapanga makonzedwe mu 1942, amene pambuyo pake anadziŵika monga Manhattan Project, ndi chonulirapo cha kupanga bomba la atomiki.

Pa July 16, 1945, kwanthaŵi yoyamba, bomba loterolo mwachipambano linaphulitsidwa pa New Mexico. Kunali kuchedwa kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito chida chachinsinsi chimenechi m’Europe koma osati tero m’Asia.a Chotero, pa August 6 bomba la atomiki linagwetsedwa pa Hiroshima, Japan, ndipo masiku atatu pambuyo pake linanso pa Nagasaki. Ngati kukantha kwa pa Dresden kunali kodzutsa mkangano, ndi mokulira chotani nanga mmene kukantha kuŵiriku kunaliri! Ena amatsutsa kuti iwo analungamitsidwa, mwinamwake mkupita kwa nthaŵi kusunga mazana a zikwi za miyoyo. Ena alingalira, ngakhale kuli tero, kuti kuphulitsa koyesera koteroko pa dziko losakhalidwa ndi anthu kungakhale kunali kokwanira kukakamiza Japan m’kugonjera. Pa chochitika chirichonse, kuzindikira mkhalidwewu kukhala wopanda chiyembekezo, Japan anagonjera ku kukambitsirana. Nkhondo inatha—kutheratu!

Kuyankha Funso lakuti “Nchifukwa Ninji?”

Awo olingaliridwa ndi Mitundu Yothandizana kukhala moyenerera ndi thayo la kuwulika kwa nkhondo ndi kupitiriza kwake anazengedwa mlandu wa upandu wa nkhondo. Awo amene anapezedwa ndi mlandu analangidwa.b Ndithudi, chiNazi chinali chitalowerera mu zina za nkhanza zowopsya kwambiri m’mbiri yonse. Koma kodi ndi nsonga zotani zimene zinatsogolera ku ichi? Akulankhula ponena za kuyambika kwa chiNazi, Professor Walther Hofer, wodziŵa mbiri yakale wa ku Switzerland, akudandaula kuti “mayankho opepuka kwambiri ku mafunso ambiri mwachisawawa akusokonezedwa; iwo ali makamaka otero mwapadera m’nkhaniyi.” Iye akupitiriza kulongosola kuti: “Pakadapanda zotulukapo za pambuyo pake zazikulu zopangidwa ndi nkhondo yotheratu ndi maziko a nkhondo okumanizidwa kuyambira mu 1914 kufikira ku 1918, lingaliro la National Socialism ndi ulamuliro wake zikanakhala zosagonjetseka.”

Ichi chimachirikiza mkangano wakuti zochitika zopangitsa kusakaza kokulira kwa mkhalidwe wa dziko zomwe zakhalapo kumbali yokulira ya zana lino zingalondoledwe m’mbuyo kufika ku chimene chinachitika pakati pa 1914 ndi 1918. Malinga ndi kuŵerengera kwa zinthu kwa Baibulo, imeneyo inali nthaŵi pamene “iye wotchedwa Mdyerekezi ndi Satana, wonyenga wa dziko lonse,” anachotsedwa kuchokera ku malo ake a kumwamba aulamuliro wotsutsidwa ndi mtundu. “Iye anaponyedwa pansi kudziko,” akutero wolemba Baibulo, amene kenaka akuchenjeza kuti: “Tsoka mtunda . . . , chifukwa Mdyerekezi watsikira kwa inu, wokhala nawo udani waukulu, podziŵa kuti kamtsalira kanthaŵi.”—Chivumbulutso 12:9, 12; yerekezani ndi 11:18.

Nkhondo ya Dziko I inali chisonyezero cha mkwiyo wa Mdyerekezi, monga mmene inaliri Nkhondo ya Dziko II. Chotero iye anali maziko enieni a nkhondo zonse ziŵiri ndi chisoni chonse chimene zinatulutsa. Chiri chomvekera bwino kuti anthu ena amachipeza icho kukhala chovuta kutsendereza malingaliro a mkwiyo kulinga kwa anthu a ku German chifukwa cha Auschwitz, kapena kulinga kwa anthu a ku Japan chifukwa cha Pearl Harbor. Kumbali ina, ena amamva mkwiyo kulinga kwa anthu a ku Britain chifukwa cha Dresden, kapena kulinga kwa anthu a ku America chifukwa cha Hiroshima. Udani wa utundu limodzinso ndi waumwini umafa imfa yoipa. Koma iwo suyenera kulamulira kulingalira kwa Akristu, amene, moyenerera koposa, adzatsogoza malingaliro awo a mkwiyo kulinga kwa Satana Mdyerekezi.

Posachedwapa Ufumu wa Mulungu udzawononga Mdyerekezi ndi kuthetsa mavuto onse a mtundu wa anthu. Iyi ndi mbiri yabwino imene Mboni za Yehova, zimene mathayo awo anakula kuchokera ku 71,509 mu 1939 kufika ku 141,606 mu 1945, zinafuna kulalikira m’njira yofutukulidwa tsopano popeza Nkhondo ya Dziko II inatha. “Kupita Patsogolo Konyenga Pakati pa Mtendere Womwe Sunalipo” sikukaziletsa izo kuchita tero. Ŵerengani ponena za icho m’kope lathu lotsatira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

a Ngati Hitler akadapitirizabe kwa miyezi ina itatu, Germany akanakhala dziko loyambirira lochotsedwa kotheratu mwakukanthidwa ndi bomba la atomiki.

b Pa anthu 22 a pamwamba a chiNazi omwe anaimbidwa mlandu pa Nuremberg, 12 analamulidwa kuphedwa; kokha 3 anapezeka opanda mlandu; ndipo enawo anapatsidwa chilango cha kuikidwa m’ndende kuchokera pa zaka khumi kufika ku moyo wonse.

[Bokosi patsamba 14]

Nyanja Imodzi Yaikulu ya Malaŵi

“Mzinda wonse wa Dresden unali kunjenjemera. Mabomba okhoza kuyatsa moto anali kutulutsa parafini ndi phosphorus monga mvula. Malaŵi analumpha kuchokera pa nyumba kupita m’makwalala, kuyatsa asphalt ndi kupanga magalimoto a akulu oyenda mkhwalala kukhala ofiira ndi moto. Inali nyanja imodzi yaikulu ya malaŵi a afupi a makilomita anayi [2.5 mi] ndi makilomita asanu ndi aŵiri [4.5 mi] mu utali. Anthu zikwi makumi asanu ndi aŵiri anatenthedwa amoyo, kudulidwa pakati ndi mabomba, kuphwanyidwa ndi makoma omagwa, kutsamwidwa ndi utsi. M’kuntho wochititsa mantha wa moto womwe unatuluka unakankhira chirichonse m’mpweya—mipando, inde, ngakhale anthu anali kuzungulira m’zungulirezungulire wa moto. Pamalo akale a msika, panali tanki la madzi la mamita atatu m’mbali zonse [10 ft]. Anthu amisala pang’ono anali kuthamangira m’madzimo kaamba ka chinjirizo, kumene anamizidwa kapena kutsamwidwa; ochepa anatuluka amoyo. Kokha mitembo yopsyerera inapezedwa. Chinali chosatheka kupitiriza kuika akufawo; iwo anangowunjikidwa m’myulu, kuthiridwa parafini, ndi kuyasidwa; myuluyo inapitiriza kuyaka kwa masiku angapo. Nyumba zathu zinasakazidwa kotheratu ndi moto. Tinatayanso wokondedwa wathu Josie ndi mnyamata wake wachichepere wa zaka zisanu.”—Anthu okhala ku Dresden H. ndi S. M.

“Kuchokera m’mlengalenga mzindawo unawonekera wokongola, wowunikira . . . pakati ndi moto wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. . . . Icho sichinandikhudzedi ine kukhala chowopsya kwambiri chotero, chifukwa cha kukongola kwake kosayerekezeka.”—Woyendetsa Ndege wophulitsa mabomba wosazindikiritsidwa wa Royal Air Force

[Bokosi patsamba 17]

Zinthu Zina Zomwe Zinapanga Mbiri

1944—Papa anafunsa mitundu yomenya nkhondo kupatulako

Roma m’kuphulitsiridwira mabomba

1945—Gulu la Mitundu Yogwirizana linakhazikitsidwa

kusunga mtendere ndi chisungiko cha mitundu yonse

CARE (Cooperative for American Relief to Everywhere) inakhazikitsidwa kutumiza chakudya, zovala, ndi mankhwala

ku Europe pamene malonda a mwamseri anapeza chipambano

Mkati mwa mwezi womalizira wa Nkhondo ya Dziko II,

maiko 13 owonjezereka, 7 a iwo a mu South America,

analengeza nkhondo pa Germany

Kuimira kwa akazi kwakutenga mbali m’kusankha anthu mu

boma kukhazikitsidwa monga lamulo mu France

Kuwukira boma kosakhetsa mwazi kugwetsa ulamuliro wa

zaka 15 wa Getúlio Vargas, prezidenti wa Brazil

[Zithunzi patsamba 15]

German V-1 missile (kulamanja) ndi V-2 rocket (pansipa) monga mmene zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’Nkhondo ya Dziko ya II

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Imperial War Museum, London

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]

U.S. Air Force photo

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